1. +
Film and Video Editing
Techniques
YOUR NAME

2. + Provide a simple definition of what film editing is
 Editing is the process of selecting and preparing shots in a
coherent and narrative sequence. Also to create a relationship
between each shot. They do this by join the shot together by
adding the beginning of shot B onto the end of shot A.
A B

3. +
Can you list some examples of early film editing? Think
about the different ways that film makers could combine
shots using the technology of the time. Include
weblinks/images where necessary
 An example of early film editing is the Lumiere Brothers. In 1896
they created a shot film called “Arrival of the train at station”. For
their movie there was no story and no editing this was to make
sure the audience was not confused about what's going on they
kept it very simple by using long static shots. There was only one
shot taken and it was taken in one go for 48 seconds. This was of
the train.

4. +
Can you list some examples of early film editing? Think
about the different ways that film makers could combine
shots using the technology of the time. Include
weblinks/images where necessary
Another example is George Melies. In 1903 he created the film “A
trip to the moon” In this film he used editing. There are over 15
shots, a lot more than the other films and he also connected each
shot by a dissolve giving it the effect they faded into each other.
This was very advanced for their year, in the film he used close up
and different shots. The film has no audio but instead has music
played over it. Also the shots are filmed very wide to give the
audience the feel they are in a theatre. They have done this because
everyone was used to watching play and this was very new and to
make sure this did not shock them or scare them they try to create a
surrounding they are used to.

5. +
Can you list some examples of early film editing? Think
about the different ways that film makers could combine
shots using the technology of the time. Include
weblinks/images where necessary
 A final example Is Edwin Porter. In 1903, Edwin
created “The Great Train Robbery”. He was one of
the first people to discover cutting between shots
without a dissolve. He figured this out by running
out of film one day and putting some back with the
person not in the shot and realising you could just
cut the video and make the person disappear. He
used this for his film. In the film there are only 12
shots that take up 12:09 and they are long and
static shots. There are no close ups just long shots
of the actions. He also started to use props in his
film to make to action look more realistic in the 4th
shot he throws a dummy off instead of a person to
give It the effect of him throwing a person off.

6. + Describe the concept of ‘montage’ and juxtaposition
[remember Eisenstein and Kuleshov] and give an
example
Lev Kuleshov was on of the first people to experiment
with montage by creating the Kuleshov effect. This was
made in the 1910’s and 1920’s and was two shots that
were edited together, this can also be known as the
juxtaposition. The purpose of this film was to let the
audience bring there own emotion's to the sequence of
images and how they interpret it. In three scenes of his
face people believe they change due to the shot after but
his face is the same all along and its people emotions and
views that make them think the face has changed. An
example of his work he placed a sill image of a man face
and placed it against three shots. The first shot is his face
placed next to a a bowl of food, this is to portray hunger.
The next shot of his face is placed next to a girl in a
coffin, this is t portray sadness. The final shot was placed
next to a women lying down, this was to portray lust.

7. + Describe the concept of ‘montage’ and juxtaposition
[remember Eisenstein and Kuleshov] and give an
example
After the Kuleshov effect Sergei Eisenstein created his own theory of montage
which contained 5 methods of montage metric, rhyme, tonal, overtonal and
intellectual. Rhyme montage is cutting shots to match the pace of the film, an
example of rhyme montage is the masika on the odessa step scene in the
Battleship Pokekemin directed by Sergei Eisenstein. He cut the shots rapidly of
the marching of soldiers and people running away to build pace and visual
continuity. An other example in this film that is used is intellectual, This is taking
two more shots with meaning of their own and putting them together to create a
new meaning. An example of this is the soldiers walking strongly down the stairs
with force then cuts to civilians fleeing shows the helplessness of the Russian
people, creates a new meaning of the forces brutality.

8. + List the types of cut/edit you can use and provide an
example of each on in use
 Cuts- Instant transition between two different shots.
 Fade-outs- When the shots get darker until the screen in
completely black.
 Fade-ins- This is an opposite to a fade out. The screens
is black and gradually gets lighter.
 Dissolves- Where shots A is briefly overlaid over the
beginning of shot B.
 Wipes- A moving Lines crosses the screen. Shot B
pushes shot A off the screen.

9. +
Types of edit
Cut
Fade out
Fade in
Dissolve
Wipe

10. + Below, list the four relationships between shots
 Editing and Graphic Relationships
 Editing and Rhythmic Relationships
 Editing and Temporal Relationships
 Editing and Spatial Relationships

11. + For GRAPHIC relationships provide a description and examples of it’s
usage [with a weblink to a sequence on YouTube and still frames where
necessary – you may add more slides if you need to]
Graphic relationship between shots are useful when connecting two different shots
together. You can do this by ending one shot with a frame containing the same
compositional elements as the next shot, to connect the two shots with a smooth
transition.
Director Randal Kleiser has directed this shot
using graphic relationships. Here he has two
very similar shots that are connected to one
another.
The first shot is the red fancy car against a
plain wall , in great condition compared to the
next shot where the car is old and rusty in a
scrap garage. In these two shots the position
of everything is the same, the movement of the
actors, the car are the same the only difference
is the car type/condition. The shots are
basically the same but he has done this is
show the imagination of the character and how
he sees his car compared to what it actually is.

12. + For RYTHMIC relationships provide a description and examples of it’s
usage [with a weblink to a sequence on YouTube and still frames where
necessary – you may add more slides if you need to]
Rhythmic relationship between shots is when
assembling shots according to a rhythmic pattern.
An example of this is the shopping scene in Wild child.
Here they play the song “About you now” by
Sugababes. In the scene the song starts off quite and
has a slow tempo with a long shot of the main character
walking past the clothes but as the music builds up and
the tempo gets faster the shots get shorter such as fast
cut montage and speed up shots to match the tempo
creating a Rhythmic relationship between the music and
the video. Also at the begging the character claps twice
and this start the beat of the song and the tempo of the
clap matches the song.
Here as the music gets faster the shot match's the
beat as each beat happens the shot changes to a
different face, this is visually pleasing to watch and
also creates a cool effect as the rack of clothes gets
pushes along a new face appears.

13. + For TEMPORAL relationships provide a description and examples of it’s
usage [with a weblink to a sequence on YouTube and still frames where
necessary – you may add more slides if you need to]
Temporal relationship uses match on action in
continuity editing where they cut two alternate views
of the same action together at the same moment in
order to make is seem uninterrupted. The reason for
hits is to be able to see the action from multiple
angles.
An example Is the a scene from Sylvester Stallone’s
rocky IV. This is a fight scene where two people are
fighting each other in a ring. The camera stays at the
same level through out the shots. There are different
shots of the same fight so let you see different angle
but you do not miss anything from the fight just see it
from different places. This editing it used to make the
fight more realistic as you would see them at different
angles through out the fight.

14. + Define the ‘Hollywood method’ of continuity editing and why it
became so prevalent…
The Hollywood method is a way of ensuring a smooth flow from shot to
shot and establishing space and spatial.
For this method there are 3 ways you can use to make sure everything
Is smooth.
 180 degree rule- This rule enables the audience to to visually
connect with the unseen movement happening around and behind
the subject.
This rule normally applies to a conversation between two people.
When filming two people are talking an invisible line is drawn between
the two people, the camera is supposed to stay on one side of the line.
In a person is filmed over the right shoulder of the someone else than
the other person will be seen over the left shoulder.
An example of this is a conversation scene in “Harry met Sally”. This is
contestation between the two where the 180 degree rule is used. As
you can see there a front shot of them then is turns to an over the left
shoulder shot of her talking then a shot over the right side of her
shoulder of him. This is stop confusion between the shots and also the
camera stays on the one side of the line through out the scene.

15. +
Another rule to this method is,
 POV and Identification- this is a shot that allows the audience
to see what character/subject is looking at.

16. + Provide a description of a scene where the 180 degree line has
been used, how does it provide spatial continuity/discontinuity?

17. + POV and identification – explain how we are invited to identify
with a character through POV and shot reverse shot

18. + Provide a definition of cross-cutting/parallel editing, what is so
effective about this technique? Where might a director use it?

19. + What is Ellipsis? Select an example and explain how it
works…

20. + What is meant by the term ‘intensified continuity’? Why do you
think continuity editing has developed in this way?

21. +
Your Case Study

22. +
Free choice case study
 Your individual case study should describe the development of
editing in film and aim to highlight the different aspects of
editing discussed in the lecture [with examples]
 You should select at least 2 different examples/clips to discuss
– you should include links to these and use still images to
support your arguments
 Use the questions listed on the next slide to start your
investigations

23. +
Questions to ask
 When any two shots are joined, you can ask several questions:
1. How are the shots graphically continuous or discontinuous?
2. What rhythmic relations are created?
3. Are the shots spatially continuous? If not, what creates the
spatial discontinuity? [Cross-cutting? Ambiguous cues?] If the
shots are continuous, how does the 180-degree system
create the continuity?
4. Are the shots temporally continuous? If so, what creates the
continuity? [e.g. matches on action?] If not, what creates the
discontinuity?