2. Heart Failure
Results from any structural or
functional abnormality that impairs
the ability of the ventricle to eject
blood (Systolic Heart Failure) or
to fill with blood (Diastolic Heart
Failure).
3. The Vicious Cycle of Congestive Heart
Failure
Decreased Blood Pressure and
Decreased Renal perfusion
Stimulates the Release
of renin, Which allows
conversion of
Angiotensin
to Angiotensin II.
Angiotensin II stimulates
Aldosterone secretion which
causes retention of
Na+ and Water,
increasing filling pressure
LV Dysfunction causes
Decreased cardiac output
4. Types of Heart Failure
Systolic Heart Failure:
decreased cardiac output
Decreased Left ventricular ejection fraction
Diastolic Heart Failure:
Elevated Left and Right ventricular end-diastolic
pressures
May have normal LVEF
.
6. Clinical Presentation of Heart Failure
Due to excess fluid accumulation:
Dyspnea (most sensitive symptom)
Edema
Hepatic congestion
Ascites
Orthopnea, Paroxysmal Nocturnal Dyspnea
(PND)
Due to reduction in cardiac ouput:
Fatigue
Weakness
7. Physical Examination in Heart Failure
S3 gallop
Low sensitivity, but highly specific
Cool, pale, cyanotic extremities
Have sinus tachycardia, diaphoresis and peripheral
vasoconstriction
Crackles or decreased breath sounds at bases
(effusions) on lung exam
Elevated jugular venous pressure
Lower extremity edema
Ascites
Hepatomegaly
Splenomegaly
Displaced PMI
Apical impulse that is laterally displaced past the
midclavicular line is usually indicative of left ventricular
enlargement>
8. Lab Analysis in Heart Failure
CBC
Since anemia can exacerbate heart failure
Serum electrolytes and creatinine
before starting high dose diuretics
Fasting Blood glucose
To evaluate for possible diabetes mellitus
Thyroid function tests
Since thyrotoxicosis can result in A. Fib,
and hypothyroidism can results in HF.
Iron studies
To screen for hereditary hemochromatosis as cause of heart
failure.
ANA
To evaluate for possible lupus
Viral studies
If viral mycocarditis suspected
9. Laboratory Analysis (cont.)
BNP
With chronic heart failure, atrial mycotes
secrete increase amounts of atrial natriuretic
peptide (ANP) and brain natriuretic pepetide
(BNP) in response to high atrial and
ventricular filling pressures
Usually is > 400 pg/mL in patients with
dyspnea due to heart failure.
10. Chest X-ray in Heart Failure
Cardiomegaly
Cephalization of the pulmonary
vessels
Kerley B-lines
Pleural effusions
14. Cardiac Testing in Heart Failure
Electrocardiogram:
May show specific cause of heart
failure:
Ischemic heart disease
Dilated cardiomyopathy: first degree AV
block, LBBB, Left anterior fascicular block
Amyloidosis: pseudo-infarction pattern
Idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy: LVH
Echocardiogram:
Left ventricular ejection fraction
Structural/valvular abnormalities
15. Further Cardiac Testing in Heart
Failure
Coronary arteriography
Should be performed in patients presenting with
heart failure who have angina or significant
ischemia
Reasonable in patients who have chest pain that
may or may not be cardiac in origin, in whom
cardiac anatomy is not known, and in patients with
known or suspected coronary artery disease who do
not have angina.
Measure cardiac output, degree of left ventricular
dysfunction, and left ventricular end-diastolic
pressure.
16. Classification of Heart Failure
New York Heart Association (NYHA)
Class I – symptoms of HF only at
levels that would limit normal
individuals.
Class II – symptoms of HF with
ordinary exertion
Class III – symptoms of HF on less
than ordinary exertion
Class IV – symptoms of HF at rest
17. Classification of Heart Failure (cont.)
ACC/AHA Guidelines
Stage A – High risk of HF, without
structural heart disease or symptoms
Stage B – Heart disease with
asymptomatic left ventricular
dysfunction
Stage C – Prior or current symptoms
of HF
Stage D – Advanced heart disease and
severely symptomatic or refractory HF
18. Chronic Treatment of Systolic Heart
Failure
Correction of systemic factors
Thyroid dysfunction
Infections
Uncontrolled diabetes
Hypertension
Lifestyle modification
Lower salt intake
Alcohol cessation
Medication compliance
Maximize medications
Discontinue drugs that may contribute to heart
failure (NSAIDS, antiarrhythmics, calcium channel
blockers)
19. Order of Therapy
1. Loop diuretics
2. ACE inhibitor (or ARB if not
tolerated)
3. Beta blockers
4. Digoxin
5. Hydralazine, Nitrate
6. Potassium sparing diuretcs
20. Diuretics
Loop diuretics
Furosemide, buteminide
For Fluid control, and to help relieve
symptoms
Potassium-sparing diuretics
Spironolactone, eplerenone
Help enhance diuresis
Maintain potassium
Shown to improve survival in CHF
21. ACE Inhibitor
Improve survival in patients with all
severities of heart failure.
Begin therapy low and titrate up as
possible:
Enalapril – 2.5 mg po BID
Captopril – 6.25 mg po TID
Lisinopril – 5 mg po QDaily
If cannot tolerate, may try ARB
22. Beta Blocker therapy
Certain Beta blockers (carvedilol,
metoprolol, bisoprolol) can improve
overall and event free survival in NYHA
class II to III HF, probably in class IV.
Contraindicated:
Heart rate <60 bpm
Symptomatic bradycardia
Signs of peripheral hypoperfusion
COPD, asthma
Heart block
23. Management of Refractory Heart
Failure
Inotropic drugs:
Dobutamine, dopamine, milrinone,
nitroprusside, nitroglycerin
Mechanical circulatory support:
Intraaortic balloon pump
Left ventricular assist device (LVAD)
Cardiac Transplantation
A history of multiple hospitalizations for HF
Escalation in the intensity of medical therapy
A reproducable peak oxygen consumption with
maximal exercise (VO2max) of < 14 mL/kg
per min. (normal is 20 mL/kg per min. or more)
is relative indication, while a VO2max < 10
mL/kg per min is a stronger indication.