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本初子午線は
グリニッジ天文台を通らない
Takashi Yamamiya
2021-12-10
緯度・経度とは何か?
法的根拠
測量法施行令
• 第二条 法第十一条第一項第四号に規定する日本経緯度原点の地
点及び原点数値は、次のとおりとする。
• 一 地点 東京都港区麻布台二丁目十八番一地内日本経緯度原点金属標の
十字の交点
• 二 原点数値 次に掲げる値
• イ 経度 東経百三十九度四十四分二十八秒八八六九
• ロ 緯度 北緯三十五度三十九分二十九秒一五七二
• ハ 原点方位角 三十二度二十分四十六秒二〇九(前号の地点において真北を基準
として右回りに測定した 城県つくば市北郷一番地内つくば超長基線電波干渉計観
測点金属標の十字の交点の方位角)
https://elaws.e-gov.go.jp/document?lawid=324CO0000000322_20191216_501CO0000000183
東京都港区麻布台二丁目十八番一に何が?
LeoTschW - 投稿者自身による作品, CC 表示-継承 4.0,
https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=75586344による
日本経緯度原点
1892年(明治25年)に
参謀本部陸地測量部によって定められた
帝国大学付属東京天文台に由来する
日本経緯度原点を示す金属標
東経139度44分28秒8869
緯度:北緯35度39分29秒1572
を現す
出典: フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア(Wikipedia) 』
https://www.gsi.go.jp/KIDS/PAMPHLET/p9.htm
https://www.gsi.go.jp/KIDS/PAMPHLET/p9.htm
確かめて
みよう
グリニッジ天文台
結構違うの
では?
本初子午線はグリニッジ天文台を通らない
グリニッジ子午線
IERS 本初子午線
(経度 = 0)
102 メートルの差
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00190-015-0844-y
Wikipedia の説明
IRMとグリニッジ子午線との間の約5.3秒のずれは、
グリニッジ子午線が
グリニッジにおける局所的な鉛直を用いた局所座標系で
あったために生じたものである。
IERS基準子午線 出典: フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)』
分かったような分からないような。。。
Airy s Transit
Circle (1850)
グリニッジ天文台が時刻を決める方法
• 水銀桶(水平器) を使って太陽の角度を測る
• 太陽が鉛直方向にある時刻が12時
http://www.royalobservatorygreenwich.org/articles.php?article=1234
1秒は一日の
!
"#×%&×%&
ではない
La seconde, symbole s, est l’unité de temps du SI. Elle est définie en
prenant la valeur numérique fixée de la fréquence du césium, Cs, la
fréquence de la transition hyperfine de l’état fondamental de l’atome de
césium 133 non perturbé, égale à 9 192 631 770 lorsqu’elle est exprimée
en Hz, unité égale à s−1.
-- Le Système international d unites
SI (国際単位系) の原典はフランス語、翻訳はあくまで参考資料
セシウム百三十三の原子の基底状態の二つの超微細準位の間の遷
移に対応する放射の周期の九十一億九千二百六十三万千七百七十
倍に等しい時間
平成四年政令第三百五十七号計量単位令
色々な時刻の定義
The origin of TAI is such that UT1-TAI was approximately 0 on 1
January 1958.
Notes on Coordinated Universal Time
• TAI: 1958/1/1 から SI 秒を積算。地球自転の揺れでどんどんズレる。
• UT1: 地球の自転時間から求めた時刻。地球自転の揺れで一秒がズレる。
• UTC: SI 秒を使った人工的な時刻。うるう秒で UT1 と合わせる。
これまでのまとめ
• グリニッジ天文台の位置を経度0と定める。
• グリニッジ天文台の水銀桶で見た太陽の南中時刻を12時と定める。
GPSの発明
GPS では、衛星からの時刻情
報と光速を使って位置を計測
する。
100万分の1秒で誤差300m
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Positioning_System
水銀桶が指す真上と
人工衛星の軌道中心がズレていた!
グリニッジ天文台での鉛直
(重力方向)
GPS衛星が周る地球の重心
定義上正午に太陽は経度0度を通らなくては。。。
今更時刻は変えられない。。。
経度0の位置をズラせば良い!
測定技術の進歩と定義の変遷
単位 昔の定義 今の定義
1メートル 赤道から北極点の一千万分の一 光が1秒に進む距離の
!
299792458
1秒 一日の86400分の一 セシウム133のxxx周期の91億
xxx万倍の時間
経度0 グリニッジ天文台の
子午環の場所
グリニッジ天文台の
東 102 m 辺り
次に変わるのは何だろう???

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本初子午線はグリニッジ天文台を通らない