Group 2 structure 3.1 PUC

STRUCTURAL
ANALYSIS
Presented by : Group2
ID: 1601111600213
1601111600218
1601111600230
1601111600236

CONTENT
1.History
1.1 Pre Historic period
1.1.1 Time period: 9000 BC to 5000 BC Neolithic age
1.1.2 Time period: (3000-2750) BC Stone henge
1.1.3 Time period: (3200 BC -14 AD) Egyptian Architecture
1.1.4 Time period: (2371-325BC) Asian Architecture
1.1.5 Time period: (600-30)BCGreek Architecture
1.1.6 Time period: (1250-300)BCWest Asiatic Architecture
1.1.7 Time period: (300BC-365AD) Roman Architecture
1.1.8 Time period: (313-800AD) Early Christian
1.1.9 Time period: (330-1453AD) Byzantine architecture
1.1.10 Time period: (12th-16th century) Gothic architecture
1.1.11 Time period: (14th-17th century) Renaissance architecture
2.Introduction
2.1Structure
2.1.1 Substructure
2.1.2 Superstructure
2.1.3 Structural requirements
2.1.3 Types of structural system

3.Strucrtural Types
4.1 Wall Slab structure.
4.1.1 What is wall slab structure.
4.1.2 NIDRABILASH ground floor plan pointing
4.1.3 Load transfer system
4.1.4 Load Bearing Walls
4.1.5 Advantage/Disadvantage
4.1.6 Beams & columns
4.1.7 Braces & truss
4.1.8 Load Bearing Construction
4.1.9 Window openings
4.1.10 Materials
4.1.11 Wall slab Characteristics
4.1.12 Advantages and Disadvantages
4.1.13 Swot analysis
4.2 CASE STUDY (LOCAL)
4.2.1 Nach Ghar (Jamidar Bari)
4.2.2 P.K. Sen Bhaban
4.3 CASE STUDY (INTERNATIONAL)
4.3.1 First Unitarian Church of Rochester
4.3.2 Louis Kahn's Korman Residence

5. Post Lintel structure
5.1 What is post lintel structure
5.2 Load transferring system
5.3 Concept
5.4 Orientation of members
5.5 Expression
5.6 Foundation SYSTEM
5.7 StructuralTypes
5.8 COLUMN-BEAM STRUCTURALSYSTE
5.9 Structure in staircase
5.10 Punch
5.11 Thumb rules
5.12 Materials
5.13 Advantages and Disadvantages
5.14 Swot analysis
5.2.1 SIKDER RESIDENCE
5.2.1 Nikunjo Residence
5.3.1 IT Building / Ambrosi I Etchegaray
5.3.2 Empera Headquarters

6. Post Slab structure
6.1 What is post lintel structure
6.2 POST – SLAB STRUCTURAL SYSTEM
6.3 TYPES OF POST SLAB
6.4 FLAT WITH DROP POST SLAB
6.5 EDGE BEAM POST SLAB
6.7 REINFORCEMENT SYSTEM OF POST SLAB
6.8 COLUMN-BEAM STRUCTURALSYSTEM
6.9 EQUATION OF POST SLAB THICKNESS
6.10 CONSIDERATION OF PUNCH IN POST SLAB
6.11 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
6.12 Punch in slab
6.13 COLUMN DETAIL FOR DIFFERENT SHAPE OF SLABS
6.14 ADVANTAGES and dis ADVANTAGES
6.15 Swot analysis
6.2.1 MIAZI BARI JAME MOSQUE
6.2.1
6.3.1 SP SETIA HEADQUARTER
6.3.2 Villa Tugendhat

7. STEEL STRUCTURAL SYSTEM
7.1 What’s steel structure
7.2 Where & when use steel structures
7.3 Long-span structures
7.4 High-rise buildings
7.5 Buildings of heavy duty plant
7.7 Tower & Mast structures
7.8 Portal frames
7.9 Bridges
7.10 Infrastructures
7.11 Agricultural buildings
7.12 SIGHT-SEEING
7.13 Generalized structures
7.14 Main structural types
7.15 Main structural types
7.15 Advantages and Disadvantages
7.15 Swot analysis
7.2.1 REFRESHING GREEN EXPERINCE
7.2.1 Aki building material pavilion
7.3.1 Woolston Community Library
7.3.2

Pre-Historic period:
Stone Age
In the earliest prehistoric era, before Man knew how to build
shelters, they made use of the natural environment to provide them
with shelter.
The earliest forms of shelter were those in trees, where it would
provide minimal protection against the searing heat of the sun and
the cold of the rain.
Also, trees protected Man against animals that could not climb up
the trees.
Another natural form of shelter was the cave, which provided greater
protection against inclement weather, though offering less protection
against wild animals
Other materials such as huge stone slabs, bones, and even animal
hide were used to built the structures, which then provided much
more stability, security and comfort.
A cave formed within a mountainous rock
A shelter made from bones.

Time period: 9000 BC to 5000 BC
Neolithic age
 Neolithic, also known as the New Stone Age.
 Man came from cave for hunting.
 Building materials included bones such as mammoth
ribs, hide, stone, metal, bark, bamboo, clay, and more.
 Use of timber for building materials.
 The structural system was post and lintel type.
Time period: (3000-2750) BC
Stone henge:
 The massive stones that made up the monuments of
stone henge.
 Tribulated structural system.
 Load is transferred from beam to column.
 Accurate structural system is since unknown.

Time period: (3200 BC -14 AD)
Egyptian Architecture:
 Huge structure to show their power.
 Use of timber beam.
 Works of monolithic stone masonry.
 Columns made by single rock.
 The structural system was post lintel.
 Massive walls and lintels was supported by flat roof.
Time period: (2371-325BC)
Asian Architecture:
 Stone was rarely used as building materials as it was not available.
 Sun dried or kiln burnt bricks were used as building materials.
 Use of timber as a column and logs as main roofing materials.
 Flat timber roof was used to cover a larger span and it allowed
 columns to be slander and graceful.

Time period: (1250-300)BC
West Asiatic Architecture:
 Tribulated structural system.
 Columns were well ornamented.
Time period: (600-30)BC
Greek Architecture:
 Stone was the main construction materials
 Tribulated structural system.
 Establishment of post lintel system.
 Columns were used in Greek pattern.
 Columns are set as vertical supporting element of the main structure.
 Acropolis: Great example of Greek Architecture.

Time period: (300BC-365AD)
Roman Architecture:
 The Architecture was that of Greek but they developed the post and lintel
system.
 Structural system was post slab and post lintel.
 Post lintel system developed as column are used in circular and
rectangular way.
 Stability of Structure was easily ensured.
Time period: (313-800AD)
Early Christian:
 Handmaid rubble, concrete brick or stone were main building materials.
 Construction system was archuated and trabeated.
Time period: (330-1453AD)
Byzantine architecture:
 Construction material was limestone and sand mortar.
 Construction system was wall slab.

Time period: (12th-16th century)
Gothic architecture:
 Structural system was mainly post-lintel.
 Use of tall structure.
Time period: (14th-17th century)
Renaissance architecture:
 Symmetrical arrangement in free standing wall and support.
 The wall thickness was lessened.
 It diminished equally from the center.

Structure
Structure is a fundamental, tangible or intangible notion Construction or framework of identifiable
elements (components, entities, factors, members, parts, steps, etc.) which gives form and stability,
and resists stresses and strains.
The basic frame work and skeleton provide for both erection and stability of any structure consist of
two portion:
1. substructure
2. superstructure
01
Introduction

Substructure
 The substructure of a house is defined as the structural
work below ground level used to support the structure
above.
 Foundations, basement, subfloor are some components of
this area.
Superstructure
 A superstructure is an upward extension of an existing
structure above a baseline called Ground Level in general
and it usually serves the purpose of the structure's intended
use.

Structural requirements
To perform its function of supporting a building in response to whatever loads may be applied to
it, a structure must possess four properties:
 it must be capable of achieving a state of
equilibrium.
 it must be geometrically stable.
 it must have adequate strength.  it must have adequate rigidity.
04

Types of structural system
There are many types of structural system are used in modern day building technology .but mainly 3
types of structural system in highly used.
■ 1. Load bearing wall structure .
■ 2. Post lintel structure.
■ 3. Post slab structure.

What is Load-bearing wall structure?
■ A load-bearing wall or bearing wall is a wall that
bears the weight of the house above said wall,
resting upon it by conducting its weight to a
foundation structure.
■ The materials most often used to construct load-
bearing walls in large buildings are concrete, block,
or brick.
Fig: Load Bearing Structure

Load bearing Walls
■ L.B.W have 2 primary functions;
■ To support the loads of suspended floors
■ To support roofs
Load Bearing Components of a Building
The main load-bearing structural
elements are:
1. Beam
2. Columns
3. Walls
4. Braces
5. Trusses

Load Bearing Walls
Supported Walls
Punch wall
openings
NIDRABILASH ground floor plan

Load transfer system
SECTION OF SINGLE STORY HOUSE

Load Bearing Walls
 A load bearing wall transfers the loads form slabs
above it to the foundation. These walls can be
made of concrete, masonry or block materials.
Most of the exterior walls of a building structure
are considered as load bearing.
 Removal of load bearing wall as a part of
renovation must be conducted only after
providing alternative support for the above-
supported structures.

Beams
 Beam forms one of the primary load-bearing component of
structure which can be made from wood, concrete or metal. It
is a primary member utilized to take the load on the building.
The capacity of load bearing depends on the depth and width
of the beam element.
Columns
 The structural columns are one of the important
elements in a structure which have effective role in the
transmission of dead and live loads to the foundation
that the building structure is subjected to.

Braces
 Braces are structural elements used in the framework
structural system. This load bearing elements helps in
stiffening the framework effectively.
Trusses
 Trusses are load-bearing elements that supports the roof
elements in building structure. The roof loads are uniformly
transmitted to the truss. The truss is subjected to tension
and compression forces. The trusses are not subjected to
any kind of moments.

Load Bearing Construction
■ The key idea with this construction is that every wall acts
as a load carrying element.
■ Load bearing masonry construction was the most widely
used form of construction for large buildings from the
1700s to the mid-1900s.
■ It is very rarely used today for large buildings, but
smaller residential-scale structures are being built.
■ It essentially consists of thick, heavy masonry walls of
brick or stone that support the entire structure, including
the horizontal floor slabs, which could be made of
reinforced concrete, wood, or steel members.

Window openings
 Flat gauged arch- found more in high quality Victorian homes
 Segmental arch- found in low quality Victorian housing
 Wooden lintel- used mainly on Edwardian cheap housing
 Not more than 30% of the load bearing wall
 Continuous horizontal opening avoided
 Arch framework or lintel is used
 Opening can be made from floor to wall
 Small opening

Materials
■ Stone
■ Clay Units
■ Concrete Masonry Units
Span
• Economic span : 15 feet
• Maximum span : 20 feet
• Wall thickness: 10-15 inch
• Large span of roof Is problem and it may be solved by
waffle slab
• One way slab casting : L=1.5W
Clay Units Concrete Masonry Units
Stone

Bricks
■ Bricks can be classified into 3 categories;
■ Commons- used for general work which will
be covered in render
■ Facing brick- used where the brickwork
face well be exposed
■ Engineering brick- These are dense bricks
with high compressive strength used for
manholes, retaining walls etc.

Size Of Brick
■ Traditional Brick
F.P.S:
■ 9.5”x 4.5”x 2.75”
(without mortar)
■ 10”x 5’’x 3’’
(with mortar)
Frog mark
Header
Stretcher
Arrises

Blocks
■ These are classified into 2 types;
■ Concrete- also known as dense blocks.
■ Ideal for load bearing or party walls because of their
density
■ Good sound insulation value
■ Good conductors of heat- not suitable for cavity work
Blocks
■ Lightweight blocks- made form lightweight aggregates
■ Generally used for internal skin on cavity work
■ Light and easy to use
■ Good thermal values

Wall slab Characteristics
■ Solidity.
■ Fire safety.
■ Heat resistance .
■ Thick wall.
■ Small opening.
■ Aesthetical.

Advantages:
■ Low cost.
■ Space is cool
■ Environment friendly.
■ Easy construction.
■ True expression of brick.
■ Acoustic & fire insulated.
■ Aesthetically beautiful.
■ It is good & cheap for less than 2 floored
construction because bricks are cheap.
■ Not applicable in high-rise building
■ Small span.
■ Can not resist in earthquake.
■ Doors & windows cannot placed easily.
■ Regular structure.
■ Collapse in high lateral force .
Disadvantages:
Advantages and Disadvantages

Swot analysis
strength weakness
 Fire safety.
 For hot dry climate this
type of structure gives
extra benefit.
 Arch, dome, and vaults
can be constructed in this
type of structure
 This type of structure
lasted for thousand
years.
 Large ,unbroken plans
could be expressed
 Less & small opening
 Too much Solidity
 Not more than 2 or 3 stored
building
 In elevation – small punches
 Generally 2/3 storied
 This structural system having
much the risk of danger of
earthquake.
opportunity
 This type of structure lasted for
thousand years

Jomidar bari (nach ghor)
Building was built in British period
Owner : Jomidar Chandan
Built area : 3056 sq feet
After british period the building was
used as a regional office of fire service.
Mortar Material :
Lime & surki
Northen wall :
Size : 154’’x174’’
Brick size : 10”x 5”x 3”
Mortar thickness : ¾
Wall length : 154”
Floor clearance : 180”
Door height : 82”
Wall depth : 20”

Material: Brick, Cement,
lime, Mortar
Brick (9.5*4.5*2.75),
Flemish bond
Mortar ¾ inch
Openings: 2 Door,
Door size: 1. 4’*7’, 2. 3’*6’.
Façade : thickness 20
inch
Façade condition: cracked
by tree roots and
moisturus
.
Ceiling: steel beam, 12
purlins, 4 I beam.
condition: cracked and
damaged

Southern wall :
Size (lxh) = 15’-9” x 114’-6”’ = 283.5 sft
Brick size : 10”x5”x3” (old)
Mortar thickness : ½ “
Mortar material : surki, cement
Masonry condition : There are three
windows.
a) Wooden window ;
one part is half broken
b) Wooden window ;
one part is repaired by tin
later
c) Wooden window,
not really damaged
 Plastered
 Painted yellow & red later
(faded away)
 Effected by fungus
 Cracked in spaces
 Damp , moisture
Opening type :
a) Width – 3’-2”
length – 4’-10”
frame – 2 ½ “
palla – 15”
louver – 4”
b) & c) same
Wall condition :
 Drainage
hole
 Window a  Window b  Window ccrack
 Window c
exterior
 Effected by
Fungus
 Damp wall
Recommendation: necessary steps should be
taken to repair cracks & broken windows.

a narrow acutely pointed arch having two centers of equal radii.
Sometimes shortened to: lancet Also called: acute arch, Gothic
arch, pointed arch or ogive
Lancet Arch
English Bond

P.K. Sen Bhaban
 P.K.Sen Babhan is situated at sadarghat in
Chittagong city. The construction of the building
was started in 1920 and com-
 pleted in 1923.The building was constructed with
Reinforced Concrete. Former owner of the building
was P.K. Sen (Jomin-dar in Noa Para) and later it
was purchased from P.K. Sen in 1947.

LOAD BEARING WALL
WINDOWS
SUPPORTED LOAD BEARING
GROUND FLOOR PLAN

SECTION
P.K. Sen Bhaban
LOAD BEARING
SUPPORTED LOAD BEARING
SATIR CASE

First Unitarian Church of Rochester
•Architects - Louis Kahn
•Location :Rochester, NY, United States
CASE STUDY (INTERNATIONAL)

Load bearing wall
Ground floor plan
Load bearing wall
Supported wall
window

Load bearing wall
Load bearing wall
windows
Exterior surface

Section
Load bearing wall
Opening
Non load bearing

Louis Kahn's Korman Residence
Location : Fort Washington, United States
Project Year : 2014

Ground Floor
Supported wall Supported wall
Openings

First Floor
Supported wall
Openings

Load bearing wall (wooden)
Exterior surface
Interior surface
Window

 Two upright members, the posts, hold up a third member, the beam, laid horizontally across their top surfaces. In Britain it
is called post-and-lintel system, but in the U.S. “lintel” is usually reserved for a short beam that spans a window or door
opening.
 The post and beam formed the basis of architecture from prehistoric to Roman times, and is illustrated by such ancient
structures as Stonehenge. All structural openings evolved from this system, which is seen in pure form only in colonnades
and in framed structures, the posts of doors, windows, ceilings, and roofs usually being hidden in walls.
 The beam must bear loads that rest on it as well as its own load without deforming or breaking. Post-and-beam
construction has largely been supplanted by the modern steel frame.
What is post lintel structure ?

Loads on structure
Mainly there are 2 types of loads :
• DEAD LOAD
• LIVE LOAD
LATERAL LOAD
• WIND LOAD
• EARTHQUAKE LOAD
 Live loads may be fully or partially in place or present at all. They may change in location.
 Dead load is a constant load in a structure that is due to the weight of themembers, the supported structure, and
permanent attachments oraccessories.
 Most lateral loads are live loads. Typical lateral loads would be a wind load against a facade, an earthquake, the earth
pressure against a basement wall.

Load transferring system
Load Dead load and Live load
Lintel
Columns
Footing Ground

Concept
Post and lintel, or in contemporary usage Post and beam, is a simple
construction method using a lintel, or header as the horizontal member
over a building void supported at its ends by two vertical columns,
pillars, or posts. This architectural system and building method has been
commonly used for centuries to support weight, such as a roof or deck,
depending on the vertical posts it rests on. It can support a huge amount
of weight, and is effective for reinforcing tall buildings or heavy
structures. The post refers to the vertical support, which is paired with an
identical support to form the full design. Posts can be columns, poles or
beams,
modified to meet as architectural designs. There are two main force
vectors acting upon the post and lintel system: weight carrying
compression at the joint between lintel and post, and tension induced by
deformation of self-weight and the load above between the posts. The
two posts are under compression from theweight of the lintel (or beam)
above.

Post
1. The job of the post is to support the lintel weight and the load above it without crushing or bulking.
2. Failure occurs for excessive weakness or length
3. The material must be specially strong in compression.
4. The posts or columns are made of stone, steel, concrete or reinforced concrete.
5. Masonry posts, including those of bricks, may be highly efficient
COMPRESSION FORCES
Post

Lintel
1. It is a horizontal beam used in the construction of buildings.
2. It is a major architectural contribution of ancient Greece.
3. The job of the lintel is to bear the loads that rest on it, (as its own load) without deforming or
breaking.
4. Failure occurs when the material is too weak or the lintel is too long.
5. May be made of wood, stone, steel or reinforced or pre tensioned concrete.
Lintel

Multiple rectangular gridSingle rectangular grid
Multiple square grid
Single square grid

Orientation of members
RECTANGULAR PLAN
RADIAL GRID
For Column
For Beam

Expression:
 Post and lintel are shown as a frame work.
 Beam can be shown under or over the roof as inverted beam.
 Column and beam can be identified.
 Columns are placed along the edge line of the building.
 Building height increase for the beam to get clear space.
 Unexpected lines can be formed in elevation.
 Unexpected beam can disturb the indoor spatial qualities.

Foundation SYSTEM
The foundation is the part of a structure that is usually placed below the surface of the ground & that transmits the load to the
underlying soil or rock.
Wall Footing
 R.C.C. Wall
 Masonry Wall
Column Footing
•Rectangular
•Square
Combined Footing
Pile
Mat, Raft or Deep Foundation

Structural Types
Basically in building structures there are 2 types of structures:
(1) load bearing structure.
(2) framed structure
A load-bearing wall or bearing wall is a wall that bears a load resting upon it by conducting its weight to a foundation structure.
Framed structures are the structures having the combination of beam, column and
slab to resist the lateral and gravity loads.

• Rectangular column
• Square column
• Circular column
• L -section
• T -section
■ COLUMN
■ Columns are vertical support members subjected to compressive loads. They are also referred to as
pillars, posts, stanchions and struts.
■ They transmit loads from the upper floors to the lower levels and then to the soil through the
■ foundations.
■ TYPES OF COLUMN
■ Classification on the basis of shape Classification on the basis of Reinforcement
• Tied column
• Spiral column
• Composite column
• Pipe column/ Concrete fill column
COLUMN-BEAM STRUCTURALSYSTEM

BEAM
A beam is a horizontal pole. It is usually shaped as a rectangle so there is more balance between the poles. A
beam is held up by one or two columns.
• If there are two columns, they are placed on either side of the beam.
• If there is one column, it is placed in the middle of the beam so each side is balanced.
According to Reinforcement
• Single reinforcement beam
• Double reinforcement beam
SINGLE REINFORCEMENT
BEAM SECTION (USED IN
TENSILE ZONE)
DOUBLE REINFORCEMENT
BEAM SECTION
( USED IN TENSILEAND
COMPRESSED ZONE)
TYPES OF BEAM
According to Support
• Simply Supported Beam
• One end Continuous Supported Beam
• Both end Continuous Supported Beam
• Cantilever Beam
Simply Supported Beam
20
One end Continuous Supported BeamBoth end Continuous Supported Beam

Cantilever Beam
A cantilever is a beam anchored at only one end. The beam carries the load to
the support where it is forced against by a moment and shear stress.
Cantilevers can also be constructed with trusses or slabs.
Cantilever Beam

COLUMN-BEAM (SLAB) STRUCTURALSYSTEM
One-way slab
 A one-way slab is essentially a rectangular beam of
comparative large ratio of width depth. And steel use to
short direction of slab.
 There are two type of slab use in Column- Beam structural
system
Two way slab
 Most rectangular reinforced concrete slab are
 supported on all four side by beam , girders or walls.

Column – Beam connection
•Beams are all set on bearing pads on the column
corbels
•Steel angles are welded to metal panels cast into
the beams and columns and the joint is grouted
solid
Joint demands
gmoments, shears, axial loads actin
on joint
Joint geometry
Interior CornerExterior

Structure in staircase
IN THE POST LINTEL STRUCTURE THERE USED THREE TYPES OF STAIR
SECTION.
1. BEAM HANGING FROM LANDING LEVEL.
2. BEAM INVERTED ON LANDING LEVEL.
3. BEAM HANGING FROM SAME AS SLAB LEVEL.
BEAM HANGING FROM LANDING LEVEL.
BEAM INVERTED ON LANDING LEVEL. BEAM HANGING FROM SAME AS SLAB LEVEL.

Transfer of Area Load
To Points
To Lines and Points
To Lines
Single Path Slab
On Walls
Single Path
Slab on
Columns
Dual Path Slab On Beams,
Beams on Columns
Wall
Wall must be placed over a beam. As wall does not carry any load opening can be created
anywhere of the wall,100% opening in wall surface is possible.
Conventional approach
• Assume load transfer in One-Way or Two-Way manner
• Assume beams to support the slabs in similar ways as walls
• Design slabs as edge supported on beams
• Transfer load to beams and design beams for slab load
Load transferring system

Punch
Punched on the slab can be obtained
without any disturbance.
L/2 L/4L/4
Not possible
possible
possible

Thumb rules
Three thumb rules of column to be followed are as follows:
Size of the Columns
Distance between Columns
Alignment of columns
Thumb rule no.1- Size of the columns:
• The size of the columns depends on the total load on the columns.
• Minimum size of the column should not be less than9”x9”.
9”x9” columns are to be used for a single storey structure with M15 grade of
concrete.
In case, 9”x9” column size is to be used for 1 and half storey structure, then itis
advised to use M20 grade concrete.
• A safe and structurally sound column size for a 1 and half storeystructure
should not be less
than 12”x9” using M15 grade concrete. This should be in your most preferred
and practical options list.
Thumb rule no.2: Distance between the columns
•Try to maintain equal distance between the centers of two columns.
Always plan a column layout on a grid.
•The distance between two columns of size 9”x9” should not be more than
4m centre to centre of column.
•If larger barrier free distances are required then going for largercolumn size
is to be used

The size of the columns increase because of two factors:
Increase in the distance between two columns (This increases the dimensions of the columns as well the depth of
the beam.)
Height of the building (Increase in the number of floors is directly proportional to the dimensions of the columns.
Thumb rule no.3 : Alignment of Columns
A rectangular grid is to be made for placing the columns. This helps in avoiding mistakes and placing in columns can
be done in the right way.
The columns can preferably be arranged in two different fashions:
In a straight line with the help of a grid
In a circular fashion for circular buildings.
Thumb rules

Thumb rules
Two thumb rules of beam to be followed are as follows:
• Span of RCC beam
• Size of the Beam
Span for Reinforced concrete beams and Cantilever slabs
Here we usually design beam spans up to 20-22 ft (approx.) and cantilever slabs spans up to 6-8 ft
(approx.) without any special considerations.
BEAM THICKNESS
Clear span of column & the beam thickness is convert to inches for column span length. For an example
column span clear 20’-0” so for this region beam thickness 20” for this span

Materials
wood
stone
concrete
steel

ADVANTAGES
 AESTHETICS
 Sometimes the heavy or rigid masses are treated politely by
using the framework of the post-lintel which gives an extra
ordinary looks.
 SPAN & SPACE
 Larger span (column to column distance) of building is possible.
 ECONOMIC
 The maintenance cost of this system remains lower than the
other structural system for its long lasting characteristics.
 CLIMATE
 Considering the climate this system is more suitable for our
country.
 The control of openings admits the little amount of heat in the
building.
 For the free flowing plan light and ventilation can easily insert
the building.
 DISADVANTAGES
 Extreme variation of solid is not possible.
 Opening should be place considering the post.
 Stair must start with respect to a beam.
 Building height increases for the beam to get clear Space.
 Also duct for air conditioning are used under beam, so floor height
increases which is not acceptable for height.
 This system more costly (30%more)than wall slab system but
economic range can be kept in a lower gird when
 the span is limited 15’ to 25’.
 Uninterrupted vast space can not be created without using vault
dome or waffle.
 Sometimes this problem creates visual disturbance, which is avoided,
in flat slab.
 The construction cost of this system is slightly high for the time
consuming costing of beam and slab and the use of R.C.C.

Swot analysis
strength weakness
 In this structural system construction
process takes a long time for the
casting of beam and slab.
 In post-lintel system ducting process
is not so easier compared to Post-
slab.
 Opening should be place
considering the post.
• This system more costly
(30%more)than wall slab system but
economic range can be kept in a lower
gird when
the span is limited 15’ to 25’.
 It can resist the buckling or
bending effect of the building
from the strong wind flow.
 It has the capability of fire
resistance for the construction
material (R.C.C.).
 In post-lintel system 50%
area of the external facade is
remaining for the openings of
the building
 This system has less
possibility of failure than the
other structural system.
opportunity
 This structural system
having less self-loads which
reduces the risk of danger of
earthquake.
 For 50% opening For this
there is a control over use of
openings.
 It also increases the bearing
capacity of soil as the load
distributes combined.

safi bari
Location: kaposgola , bargarage
CASE STUDY (LOCAL)
 Its 6th stored building

 Column
 Beam
beam
column
veranda
window

Nikunjo Residence
concept
A constant summer wind and winter inclined sunlight along
with a distant view of trees
LOCATION : South Nikunju, Dhaka

COLUMN
SHARE WALL
BEAM
BEAM to column connection

IT Building / Ambrosi I Etchegaray
Architects: Jorge Ambrosi
Category: Apartments
Project Year : 2016
 . The commission requested a building with six apartments on
Iztaccíhuatl street in the Condesa Neighborhood of Mexico City. Recent
re-densification of this consolidated urban area generates disparate
building heights among older and contemporary structures. Parting
from this fact the project proposed a grid that forms a transition
between the heights of two neighboring buildings.
CASE STUDY (INTERNATIONAL)

Column
Typical floor plan
baem

 Column
 Beam
Distribution load transfer
Slab beam coloum

Share wall
Column
beam
Beam and column
Working as a frame

Empera Headquarters
Architects : Yerce Architecture , Zaas
Location : Gaziantep, Turkey
Project Year : 2018

GROUND FLOOR
Post
Lintel
windows

FIRST FLOOR
Post
Lintel
beam
windows

Exterior surface
 Column
 Beam

DEFINATION OF POST SLAB
COLUMN
 VIEW SHOWING FLAT SLAB CONSTRUCTION
 POST SLAB ALSO KNOWN AS BEAMLESS THE R.C.C SLAB SUPPORTED ON
COLUMNS WITHOUTTHE AGENCY 0F BEAMS OR GIRDERS . THE SLAB IS BUILT
MONOLITHICALLY WITH THE SUPPORTING COLUMNS . WHICH ARE ARRANGED
 IN SUCH A MANNER THAT THEY FORM SQUARE OR EARLY SQUARE PANELS .
CAPITAL DROP PANEL
SLAB

POST – SLAB STRUCTURAL SYSTEM
POST - SLAB STRUCTURE CONTAIN TWO ELEMENTS.
 HORIZONTAL ELEMENT IS THE ROOF.
 VERTICAL ELEMENTS ARE THE POST.
 THE LOAD TRANSFERRING MECHANISM IS POINTED & THE ROOF
TRANSFERS THE LOAD TO THE GROUND THROUGH THE COLUMNS.
HERE THE WHOLE SLAB ACTS LIKE A BEAM.
FREE PLAN ORGANIZATION :
IN THIS TYPE OF STRUCTURE THE DESIGNER HAS THE FREEDOM OF MAKING
DIFFERENT PLANS IN DIFFERENT LEVELS, AS THE WALLS ARE NO LONGER
LOAD BEARING. SO A FREE PLAN ORGANIZATION CAN BE DEV- ELOPED.
Strength
 Economical for low storied structure Shallow Foundation
 Long lasting

effective span
clear span
Cantilever:
Floor slab in all across must be cantilevered and it will be
1/3 of the span of the post
maximum cantilever will be 33- 50% of the span.
Position of wall:
Wall can be built freely as desired in different floors.
it is recommended to built walls on the column strips.
Span:
Effective span
horizontal distance between center points of two vertical support.
Clear span
horizontal distance between internal faces of two vertical support.
Ecomonical17’-22’
L l/2l/3

Materials:
R . C . C , iron
Load transfer system:
The load of the slab it self and other live load transfer to the post by the
slab. both the dead load and live load which the post gets form the slab
transfer to the ground by the post.
Load ▻ slab ▻ column ▻ ground
slab
post
G.L.
footing
Middle
strip
Column
strip

Post slab structural system
flat plate post slab flat slab with capital
flat slab with drop
flat slab with capital &
drop
Members: Column , Slab
Slab_ Horizontal structural member
Post_ Vertical structural member
Classification of post slab
 B. flat slab with capital
with drop
with capital & drop
A. Flat Plate

THERE ARE THREE TYPES OF POST SLAB
1. FLAT PLATE POST SLAB
3. EDGE BEAM POST SLAB
2. FLAT WITH DROP POST SLAB
4 CM THICKNESS OF DROP
COLUMN HEAD DIA OF
COLUMN
THICKNESS OF SLAB
EDGE BEAM EDGE COLUMN
THICKNESS OF SLAB
FLAT PLATE SLAB
DIA OF COLUMN
THICKNESS OF SLAB

FLAT WITH DROP POST SLAB
 WHERE THE COLUMN IS NOT SUFFICIENT FOR BEAR THE LOAD,THERE USE DROPSLAB. AT
FIRST LOAD DISTRIBUTEDIN DROP SLAB THEN IT DISTRIBUTE LOAD INTO COLUMN.
 SUITABLE SPAN : for relatively heavy loads and spans from 20’ to
40’(6 to 12 m)
 A flat slab is a flat plate thickened at its column supports to increase its shear
strength and moment resisting capacity.
 Tensile reinforcement
 SLAB DEPTH :6”to 12”(150 to 305)
 typical slab depth :span/36
 DROP PANEL :Minimum projection of drop panel ; 0.25x slab thickness.
 DROP WIDTH :Minimum width of drop panel ;0.33 span .
20’
3. EDGE BEAM POST SLAB

EDGE BEAM POST SLAB
EDGE BEAM USE FOR CANTILEVER
PORTION . IN THE GROUND LEVEL
THERE USE OF EDGE BEAM.
EDGE BEAM
POST SLAB
SOME TIMES THIS BEAM USE CONTINUOUSLY
IN DOUBLE HEIGHT.

REINFORCEMENT SYSTEM OF POST SLAB
2. REINFORCEMENT IS PLACED IN FOUR
DIRECTIONS & IT CONSISTS OF TWO BANDS OF
MAIN STEEL BAR CARRISD DIRRECTLY FROM
COLUMN TO COLUMN , & TWO OTHER BANDS
PLACED DIGONALLY ACROSS THE PANEL FROM
COLUMN TO COLUMN.
1. TWO-WAY SYSTEM ( THE COLUMN STRIP )
2. FOUR WAY SYSTEM
( THE MIDDLE STRIP)
MIDDLE STRIP
1. REINFORCEMENTS ARE CARRIED
FROM COLUMN TO COLUMN
PARALLEL TO THE SIDE OF PANELS &
A TWO-WAY SYSTEM OF BAR IS
PLACED IN THE CENTRAL PORTION
OF THE SLAB.

THE BETWEEN COLUMN TO COLUMN
MAXIMUM SPANS, LONG DISTANCE DIVIDED
BY SHORT DISTANCE EQUAL 1.33.
LONG
DISTANCE
26
=
SHORT
DISTANCE
20
SLAB THICKNESS
= 1.30
SHORT DISTANCE
20’
LONGDISTANCE=26’
( SO IT IS
CONSIDER)

EQUATION OF POST SLAB THICKNESS
LONG DISTANCE x 12 26 x 12
=
36
36
SLAB THICKNESS : = 8.5”
LONG DISTANCE x 12
CANTILEVER SLAB THICKNESS :
12
CANTILEVER SPAN MAXIMUM : 5’- 8’ (FOR LIVE LOAD)
12’ (FOR DEAD LOAD)
POST SLAB THICKNESS SHOULD BE MINIMUM 5” & MAXIMUM 12” .
ECONOMICAL SPAN : COLUMN TO COLUMN DISTANCE 24’-0”

PUNCH :
L / 4 - DISTANCE MIDDLE STRIP SHOULD
BE PUNCH
CONSIDERATION OF PUNCH IN POST SLAB

STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
 -THE PANEL SERVE THE PURPOSES OF DECRESING THE
SHEAR STTRESS AT THE COLUMN HEAD AND PROVIDES THE
INCREASED DEPTH OF SLAB NECESSA-
 RILY REQUIRED TO SAFELY BEAR THE EXCESSIVE BENDING
MOMENT NEAR
 THE COLUMN.
 -POST SLAB IS ASSUMED THAT THE SLAB IS DEVIDED IN THREE
STRIPS IN EACH- DIRECTION. THE OUTER STRIPS ARE TER-
MED AS COLUMN STRIPS WHILE THE IN- NER STRIP IS TERMED
AS MIDDLE STRIP.
 -IN SLABS WITHOUT DROPS THE WIDTH OF THE COLUMN
STRIP SHOULD BE THE WIDTH OF THE PANEL AND IN SL- ABS
WITH DROPS WITH SROPS IT SHOULD BE EQUAL TO WIDTH OF
THE DR- OPS
Column
strip
Column
strip
Middle
strip
Column
strip
Column
strip
Middle
strip

Punch in slab
in the area common to the slab middle strips.
in the area common to two column strips, not more than one-eighth the
width of the strip in either span should be interrupted by openings..
in the area common to one column strip and one middle strip, not more
than one –fourth of the re-enforcement in either strip should be interrupted
by the opening.

COLUMN DETAIL FOR DIFFERENT SHAPE OF SLABS
Column detail for rectangular shape
Column detail for circular shape
Column detail for Hexagon shape Column detail for irregular shape

DISADVANTAGES
 Since there are a number of tendons and
wires spread inside the post tension slab, it
can result in corrosion.
 Complexity of work.
 Poor workmanship can lead to accidents.
ADVANTAGES and dis ADVANTAGES
 Longer span
 Overall structural cost
 Reduced floor to floor height.
 Deflection &cracks control
 Waterproof slabs
 Early formwork stripping
 Materials handling
 Fast construction
ADVANTAGES
 This slab mainly used by commercial heavy construction
project.
 This is the Beamless Monolithic Structure.
 Saving in the Storey Height.
 Better Lighting & Facilities are available.
 Better workable at HVAC system.
 Easily rearrangement of interior & smoothly uses of
exterior curtain wall.
 Comparatively save the time schedule.
 Designer easily setup the opening and it is visually
comfortable.
 This slab is beamless so, it is risky for earthquake.
 It is strictly maintain by grid system.
 Organic muss handling not easy.
 Difficult for set-back .
 Mostly used by false ceiling.
 Comparatively costly.

Swot analysis
strength weakness
 In this structural system construction
process takes less time for the
casting of COLUMN and slab.
 In post slab system ducting process
is so easier compared to Post-intel.
considering the wall beside the
post.
• This system more costly
(20%more)than wall slab and more
save from post-lintel system
 It can resist the buckling or
bending effect of the building
from the strong wind flow.
material (R.C.C.).
 In post-lintel system 50%
the building
opportunity
earthquake.
openings.

CASE STUDY (LOCAL)
chandanpura masjid Chittagong
Location : the Nabab Siraj ud-Daulah road
 The Chandanpura Masjid is a mosque situated in the old part
(north) of Chittagong on the Nabab Siraj ud-Daulah road in
Bangladesh. It is one of the famous landmarks in Chittagong
and a popular tourist attraction for its impressive architecture
consisting of multiple domes and minarets painted in bright
colors. Although it was renovated in 1952, the mosque has
deteriorated over the years due to environmental factors, such
as air pollution. Little is known about the origin and the history
behind the mosque except for the local historians.

Post
10” thickness wall
Punch window
column
stair
landing

Out side Post
windows
domes
Stair case

EVOLUTION OF chandanpura masjid Chittagong
1998
2003
2006

MIAZI BARI JAME MOSQUE
Year: 2013-15
Location: Professor Para, Chandpur
CASE STUDY (LOCAL)

CASE STUDY(international)
SP SETIA HEADQUARTER
ARCHITECT : Ar. Rafiq Azam|SHATOTTO-ARCHICENTRE JV
Location: Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
 Their new large venture “Setia Alam” is located in the “Shah Alam”
area, south west of Kuala Lumpur. In this approximately five thousand
acres of new city, SP Setiadecided to build their own headquarters on a
four-acre of land. This developed the idea for a very formal design
approach to emphasize on the social commitment of SP Setiato
contribute in the national development of Malaysia through their edifice
in this new city. Further to that, the Setia headquarters have been
designed as a green building and achieved first ever private
commercial building in Malaysia green buildings “platinum” certification.

Roof top slab
column
Circular punch in
slab
Exterior surface

Villa Tugendhat
Architect : Mies van der Rohe
Concept :
Concept of fluid space with the wide-spread use
of glass
Project year : 1928–30
 Situated on a steeply sloping site, the house all but turns its
back on the public street. It is so uncompromisingly oriented
towards the garden that the entrance elevation offers no
views into the house. Even the front door is tucked away out
of sight. A single inviting gesture is, however, made from the
entrance in the form of a framed panoramic view over the
roofs of the city to the castle on the horizon. It serves as an
open belvedere. From the street, the building appears to
consist of several distinct and clearly differentiated elements:
an artificial plateau, a roof slab held up by a column, a non-
loadbearing milk-glass wall that spans membranelike from
floor to ceiling, and a monumental chimney.1 From the
entrance hall, a staircase leads down to the living area.

column
Glass windows
Ground floor plan

R.C.C. roof salb
Bronze column
Basement and utility/facilities
Living , kitchen , servant
rooms

1. A steel support structure in the form of columns on across-
shaped
floor plan.
2. Main living space connects with external outdoors.
3. Grand seating arrangement in front of the onyxwall.
4. Dining room demarcated by the half-cylinder MarkassarEbony
SimpleShapes
1. Spacious and clear
2. Straight lines
3. Right Angles

Functionalism
1. No fixed walls.
2. Combination of partition and furnitureto
define the function of an area. Partition, made from onyx is
translucent and diffuse light.
Innovative
1. Window with electricaldrive
2. Ventilation-air conditioning
3. Moth chamber

What’s steel structure?
STEEL STRUCTURE:
definition & scope
a structure which is made from organised
combination of structural STEEL members designed to carry loads
and provide adequate rigidity
Steel structure PK RC structure
steel structure, reinforced concrete (RC) structure, concrete-
filled-steel tubular (CFT) structure, steel-RC composite structure?
steel shelf steel
furniture
Steel structure? Yes, but steelwork of buildings,
bridges and civil eng.
works in this course

 Long-span structures
 Multi-storey & high-rise buildings
 Buildings of heavy duty plants
 Tower & mast structures
 Portal frames
 Bridges
 Infrastructures
 Deployable structures
 Generalized structures: mechanical
Where & when use steel structures?

What’s steel structure?
structural member is physically distinguishable part of structure with independent structural function, e.g.
member
element ,cable and their combination
cable
definition & scope

Long-span structures
Airport terminals
Stadiums Exhibition centres
Theatres
Train stations

High-rise buildings
Tai-bei 101 CCTV
World trade centre
Jinmao tower

Tower & Mast structures
TV Tower Eiffel Tower TV Tower

Bridges
the Golden Gate Bridge

Main structural types
buildings and bridges
 truss structures
Bar or truss members
 frame structures
Beams and columns
 grids structures
latticed structure or dome
 arch
 prestressed structures
 beam bridge
 truss bridge
truss members
 arch bridge
 cable-stayed bridge
 suspension bridge

buildings: frame structures

buildings: grid /domes

buildings: prestressed structures

bridges: truss bridges

bridges: arch bridges

bridges: cable-stayed bridges

Advantages: Disadvantages:
 Susceptibility to corrosion
 Maintenance costs / thin-walled structure
 Loss of strength at elevated
 Fireproofing costs
 Susceptibility to buckling
 Slender member in compression
 Fatigue and brittle fracture
 High strength
■ The high ratio of strength to weight (the strength per unit
weight)
 Excellent ductility and seismic resistance
■ Withstand extensive deformation without failure even under
high tensile stress
 Elasticity, uniformity of material
■ Predictability of properties, close to design assumption
 Ease of fabrication and speed of erection

Swot analysis
strength weakness
 In Steel structure system ducting
process is so easier compared to
Post-intel.
considering the wall beside the
post.
• This system more costly than wall slab
other structure system
 In this structural system
construction process takes
much less time for the casting
of COLUMN and slab
material (R.C.C.).
 Steel structure system 50%
the building
opportunity
earthquake.
openings.

Case study (local)
REFRESHING GREEN EXPERINCE
Architects : FORM.3 architects
Location: Banani, Dhaka
 The project intends to celebrate the cultural
heritage of Dhaka-Bangladesh, along with its
greenery in midst of a hardcore urban context
of Banani-Dhaka. It offers a place of
refreshment with a lounge café ATTIN and a
designer’s boutique showroom MUMU MARIA.

v
Steel beam
Steel column
v
Steel frame roof
Vertical steel beam
Load transfer roof to buttom

Aki building material pavilion
Year: 2018
Location: Dhaka International Trade Fair, Agargaon, Dhaka
 With its modern form and expressive materials, this
pavilion reinstates the trend of creating remarkable
structures by architects for expos in Bangladesh. In
its clear glazes and lush indoor space, the pavilion
exemplifies the architect’s vision while complying
with corporate demand and visitor’s comfort. The
pavilion won the 1st Prize in Premium Pavilion
Category - Editor
Case study (international)

Case study (INTERNATIONAL)
Woolston Community Library
Architects : Ignite Architects
Location : Christchurch, New Zealand
Project Year : 2018

Shear wall system
 A type of rigid frame construction.
 The shear wall is in steel or concrete to provide greater lateral
 rigidity. It is a wall where the entire material of the wall is
employed
 in the resistance of both horizontal and vertical loads.
 Is composed of braced panels (or shear panels) to counter the
 effects of lateral load acting on a structure. Wind &
earthquake loads
 are the most common among the loads.
 For skyscrapers, as the size of the structure increases, so
 does the size of the supporting wall. Shear walls tend to be
used only
 in conjunction with other support systems.

 The concept allows for wider column spacing in the
tubular walls than would be possible with only the exterior
frame tube form.
 The spacing which make it possible to place interior
frame lines without seriously compromising interior space
planning.
 The ability to modulate the cells vertically can create a
powerful vocabulary for a variety of dynamic shapes
therefore offers great latitude in architectural planning of
at all building.
Burj Khalifa, Dubai.
BUNDLED TUBE SYSTEM

TUBE-IN-TUBE SYSTEM
 This variation of the framed tube consists of an outer frame
tube, the “Hull,” together
 with an internal elevator and service core.
 The Hull and core act jointly in resisting both gravity and lateral
loading.
 The outer framed tube and the inner core interact horizontally
as the shear and flexural components of a wall-frame structure,
with the benefit of increased lateral stiffness.
 The structural tube usually adopts a highly dominant role
because of its much greater structural depth.

Nature Influenced Structure:
World Trade Center
Transportation Hub
Architect : Santiago calatrava
Location : African Burial Ground
National Monument , 290 broadaway ,
New york
The transportation Hub is conceived at street level
as a free standing structure situated on axis along
the southern edge of the “ Wedge of Light “ plaza .

Group 2 structure 3.1 PUC

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