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isolate a passage in a selected reading from the Gutenberg
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Psychology: A Journey, Second Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 9
Chapter 9
Motivation and Emotion
Chapter 9
Motivation
Dynamics of behavior that initiate, sustain, direct, and terminate
actions
What makes us start, persist, focus on, and stop what we do?
Chapter 9

Types of MotivesPrimary (or Biological) Motive: Innate
(inborn) motives based on biological needs we must meet to
surviveStimulus Motive: Innate needs for stimulation and
information (but not necessary for survival)Secondary (or
Learned) Motive: Based on learned needs, drives, and goals
Chapter 9
Chapter 9
A Model of Motivational ActivitiesModel of how motivated
activities work
Need: Internal deficiency; causes
Drive: Energized motivational state (e.g., hunger, thirst);
activates a…
Response: Action or series of actions designed to attain a…
Goal: Target of motivated behaviorIncentive Value: Goal’s
appeal beyond its ability to fill a need
Chapter 9
Chapter 9
Hunger: Big Mac Attack?Homeostasis: Body equilibrium;
balanceHypothalamus: Brain structure; regulates many aspects
of motivation and emotion, including hunger, thirst, and sexual

behaviorLateral Hypothalamus: If turned on, an animal will
begin eating; if destroyed, an animal will never eat
again!Ventromedial Hypothalamus: Stops eating behavior
Chapter 9
Figure 9.2
FIGURE 9.2 In Walter Cannon’s early study of hunger, a simple
apparatus was used to simultaneously record hunger pangs and
stomach contractions.
Chapter 9
Figure 9.3
FIGURE 9.3 Location of the hypothalamus in the human brain.
Chapter 9
Figure 9.4
FIGURE 9.4 This is a cross section through the middle of the
brain (viewed from the front of the brain). Indicated areas of the
hypothalamus are associated with hunger and the regulation of
body weight.
Chapter 9
More on Eating Behavior (Hungry Yet?)Neuropeptide Y (NPY):
Substance in the brain that initiates eatingGlucagon-like Peptide

1 (GLP-1): Substance in brain that terminates eatingSet Point:
Proportion of body fat that is maintained by changes in hunger
and eating; point where weight stays the same when you make
no effort to gain or lose weight
Chapter 9
The Final Word on Eating BehaviorLeptin: Substance released
by fat cells that inhibits eatingExternal Eating Cues: External
stimuli that tend to encourage hunger or elicit eating; these cues
may cause you to eat even if you are stuffed (like Homer
Simpson, who eats whatever he sees!)
Chapter 9
Behavioral DietingWeight reduction based on changing exercise
and eating habits and not on temporary self-starvationSome
keysStart with a complete physicalExerciseBe committed to
weight loss
Chapter 9
Behavioral Dieting (cont'd)Observe yourself, keep an eating
diary, and keep a chart of daily progress.Eat based on hunger,
not on taste or learned habits that tell you to always clean your
plate.Avoid snacks.Reward yourself if you change eating habits
and punish yourself if you do not.

Chapter 9
TasteTaste Aversion: Active dislike for a particular food VERY
difficult to overcome
Chapter 9
Eating Disorders: Anorexia NervosaActive self-starvation or
sustained loss of appetite that seems to have psychological
originsControl issues seem to be involvedVery difficult to
effectively treatAffects adolescent females overwhelmingly
Chapter 9
Figure 9.6
FIGURE 9.6 Women with abnormal eating habits were asked to
rate their body shape on a scale similar to the one you see here.
As a group, they chose ideal
figure is much thinner than what they thought their current
weights were. (Most women say they want to be thinner than
they currently are, but to a lesser degree than women with
eating problems.) Notice that women with eating problems
chose an ideal weight that was even thinner than what they
thought men prefer. This is not typical of most women. Only
women with eating problems wanted to be thinner than what
they thought men find attractive
Chapter 9
Eating Disorders: Bulimia Nervosa (Binge-Purge

Syndrome)Excessive eating usually followed by self-induced
vomiting and/or taking laxativesDifficult to treatProzac
approved by FDA to treat bulimia nervosaAffects females
overwhelmingly
Chapter 9
Causes of Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia NervosaAnorectics
and bulimics have exaggerated fears of becoming fat; they think
they are fat when the opposite is true!Bulimics are obsessed
with food and weight; anorectics with perfect
control.Anorectics will often be put on a “weight-gain” diet to
restore weight.
Chapter 9
Thirst and PainExtracellular Thirst: When water is lost from
fluids surrounding the cells of the bodyIntracellular Thirst:
When fluid is drawn out of cells because of increased
concentration of salts and minerals outside the cell Best
satisfied by drinking waterPain Avoidance: An episodic
driveDistinct episodes when bodily damage takes place or is
about to occur
Chapter 9
Sex DriveEstrus: Changes in animals that create a desire for
sex; females in heatEstrogen: A female sex hormoneAndrogens:
Male hormones

Chapter 9
Figure 9.7
FIGURE 9.7 These graphs show the frequency of sexual
intercourse for American adults. To generalize, about one third
of the people surveyed have sex twice a week or more, one third
a few times a month, and one third a few times a year or not at
all. The overall average is about once a week
Chapter 9
Sexual Behavior and OrientationErogenous Zones: Areas of the
body that produce pleasure and/or provoke erotic desires
(genitals, breasts, etc.)Sexual Orientation: Degree of emotional
and erotic attraction to members of the same sex, opposite sex,
or both sexesHeterosexual: Attracted romantically and
erotically to the opposite sexHomosexual: Attracted
romantically and erotically to the same sex Bisexual: Attracted
romantically and erotically to both sexes
Chapter 9
Human Sexual Response: Masters and JohnsonSexual response
can be divided into four phases that occur in the following
order:Excitement: Initial signs of sexual arousalPlateau:
Physical arousal intensifiesOrgasm: Climax and release of
sexual tensionResolution: Return to lower levels of sexual
tension and arousal

Chapter 9
Arousal: The need for stimulation
7.bin
Chapter 9
Stimulus DrivesReflect needs for information, exploration,
manipulation, and sensory inputSensation Seeking: Trait of
people who prefer high levels of stimulation (e.g., the
contestants on “Eco-Challenge” and “Fear Factor”)Yerkes-
Dodson Law: If a task is simple, it is best for arousal to be in
the middle; if the task is complex, lower levels of arousal
provide for the best performance
Chapter 9
Figure 9.11
FIGURE 9.11 (a) The general relationship between arousal and
efficiency can be described by an inverted U curve. The optimal
level of arousal or motivation is higher for a simple task (b)
than for a complex task (c).
Chapter 9
How to Cope With Test
AnxietyPreparationRelaxationRehearsalRestructuring thoughts

Chapter 9
Circadian RhythmsCyclical changes in bodily functions and
arousal levels that vary on a 24-hour schedulePreadaptation:
Gradual matching of sleep-waking cycles to a new time
schedule before an anticipated circadian rhythm change (e.g.,
trying to adjust to new time zone to avoid jet lag)
Chapter 9
Figure 9.12
FIGURE 9.12 Core body temperature follows a circadian
rhythm. Most people reach a low point 2 to 3 hours before the
time they normally wake u
Page It’s no wonder that both the Chernobyl and Three-Mile
Island nuclear power plant accidents occurred around 4 A.M.
Rapid travel to a different time zone, shift work, depression,
and illness can disrupt the body’s core rhythm, with disturbing
effects
Chapter 9
Figure 9.13
FIGURE 9.13 Time required to adjust to air travel across six
time zones. The average time to resynchronize was shorter for
westbound travel than for eastbound flights.
Chapter 9

Learned MotivesSocial Motives: Acquired by growing up in a
particular society or cultureNeed for Achievement (nAch):
Desire to meet some internal standard of excellenceNeed for
Power: Desire to have impact or control over others
*
People tend to describe this in themselves in terms of the
extrinsic motivation involved – the attainment of rewards.
There is also an intrinsic need for achievement, the
accomplishment of goals for their own sake.
Chapter 9
Measure Your Own Need for AchievementWe’ll use two
measures
Caution—be aware of the social desirability response bias
Use meta-cognitive skills—”Do I honestly feel this way or am I
just trying to look good?”
*
***Test your own need for achievement –Huffman p. 447 Test
1—on Elmo camera
Before you begin, beware of the social desirability response
bias—People’s tendency to act in ways that they believe others
will approve of (Rosenberg, 1969).
Given our strong cultural emphasis on independence and
achievement, most people’s responses to the following tests
might reflect not only their appraisal of their achievement

needs, but also a tendency to say good things about themselves.
Researchers are constantly on guard against social desirability
biases contaminating their measurements.
However, when taking and scoring your own tests, there are few
safeguards against this response bias. Thus, you must rely on
critical thinking skills. As you take these tests, use meta-
cognition (thinking about your won thoughts) to monitor your
responses. Ask yourself “Do I honestly feel this way, or am I
just trying to look good?”
Critical thinking helps us overcome our personal biases and
self-deceptive reasoning…Using metacognition will result in a
more accurate measurement of your need for achievement.
Take both Test 1 and Test 2.
Then score both tests. See Huffman p. 393
Chapter 9
8.bin
Chapter 9
ScoringTest 1Count the number of “yes” responsesThe more
“yes” responses, the higher your need for achievementTest
2Give yourself a point each time any of the following is

mentioned:Defining a problemSolving a problemObstructions to
solving a problemTechniques that can help overcome the
problemAnticipation of success or resolution of the problem
Chapter 9
Achievement MotivationCharacteristics of those high in need
for achievementmoderate risk takers Avoid goals that are too
easy or too hardComplete difficult tasksEarn better gradesTend
to excel in chosen occupationsAttribute success to ability;
failure to insufficient effortMore likely to renew efforts when
they perform poorlyCan you think of some disadvantages of a
direct, objective test like this?
Chapter 9
Measuring the Need for AchievementTATMeasuring the need
for achievement is complex and difficult to do.
It involves looking at not only how much, but also why some
people achieve more than others.
A projective personality test, the Thematic Apperception Test or
TAT, has been used for this purpose.
*
TAT
The stories that people make up in response to the pictures in
the test are analyzed for themes related to achievement
motivation.
It is a moderately useful procedure, although the need for

achievement and actual achievement both correlate with IQ
scores too, so IQ predicts actual achievement just as well as the
TAT does.
Chapter 9
TAT—Thematic Apperception TestDeveloped by Henry Murray,
personality theoristProjective device consisting of 20 drawings
(black and white) of various situationsPeople must make up
stories about the people in itCentral themes are examined and
interpreted Good at revealing feelings about a person’s social
relationshipsDisadvantages?
Chapter 9
Abraham Maslow and NeedsHierarchy of Human Needs:
Maslow’s ordering of needs based on presumed strength or
potency; some needs are more powerful than others and thus
will influence your behavior to a greater degreeBasic Needs:
First four levels of needs in Maslow’s hierarchy Lower needs
tend to be more potent than higher needsGrowth Needs: Higher-
level needs associated with self-actualization
Chapter 9
Figure 9.14
FIGURE 9.14 Maslow believed that lower needs in the
hierarchy are dominant. Basic needs must be satisfied before
growth motives are fully expressed. Desires for

selfactualization are reflected in various metaneeds (see text).
Chapter 9
Types of Motivation
Intrinsic Motivation: Motivation coming from within, not from
external rewards; based on personal enjoyment of a task
Extrinsic Motivation: Based on obvious external rewards,
obligations, or similar factors (e.g., pay, grades)
Chapter 9
EmotionsState characterized by physiological arousal and
changes in facial expressions, gestures, posture, and subjective
feelings
Physiological Changes: Include heart rate, blood pressure,
perspiration, and other involuntary bodily responses
Emotional Expression: Outward signs of what a person is
feeling
Emotional Feelings: Private emotional experience
Chapter 9
Plutchik’s First Four Primary EmotionsMost basic emotions
are:FearSurpriseSadnessDisgust
Chapter 9

Plutchik’s Last Four Primary Emotions
(cont'd)AngerAnticipationJoyAcceptance
Chapter 9
Figure 9.15
FIGURE 9.15 Primary and mixed emotions. In Robert Plutchik’s
model, there are eight primary emotions, as listed in the inner
areas. Adjacent emotions may combine to give the emotions
listed around the perimeter. Mixtures involving more widely
separated emotions are also possible. For example, fear plus
anticipation produces anxiety.
Chapter 9
Figure 9.16
FIGURE 9.16 Folklore holds that people who work or attend
school on a weekly schedule experience their lowest moods on
“Blue Monday.” Actually, moods tend to be generally lower for
most weekdays than they are on weekends. The graph shown
here plots the average daily moods of a group of college
students over a 5-week period. As you can see, many people
find that their moods rise and fall on a 7-day cycle. For most
students, a low point tends to occur around Monday or Tuesday
and a peak on Friday or Saturday.
Chapter 9
Brain and EmotionAutonomic Nervous System (ANS): Neural
system that connects brain with internal organs and

glandsSympathetic Branch: Part of ANS that activates body for
emergency actionParasympathetic Branch: Part of ANS that
quiets body and conserves energy
Chapter 9
Figure 12.2
The autonomic nervous system consists of the sympathetic and
parasympathetic nervous systems, which sometimes act in
opposing ways and sometimes cooperate. The sympathetic
nervous system readies the body for emergency action; the
parasympathetic nervous system supports digestive and other
nonemergency functions.
*
The Role of the Autonomic Nervous System
The autonomic nervous system is the division that controls the
functioning of the internal organs.
The ANS has two subdivisions, the sympathetic and
parasympathetic nervous systems.
The sympathetic nervous system is comprised of two chains of
neuron clusters just to the left and right of the spinal cord.
It increases the heart rate, breathing rate, production of sweat,
and flow of adrenaline.
It prepares the body for intense activity, “fight or flight” and
other stress-related behaviors. It is the “crisis management”
center.

The parasympathetic nervous system consists of neurons with
axons extending out from the medulla and the lower spinal cord.
These axons connect to neuron clusters near the internal organs.
The parasympathetic nervous system is the long-term survival
center, promoting rest by decreasing heart rate, digestion, and
other functions that keep an organism alive in the long-term.
Chapter 9
Chapter 9
Figure 12.4 the ultimate rush PARASYMPATHETIC
REBOUND
After the stimulus eliciting the sympathetic response is
removed, that response is reduced, and the opposing
parasympathetic response is enhanced. This is why people
sometimes feel faint at the end of an exciting experience.
*
The Two Divisions of the ANS
Both systems are active, and the shifting between the two
systems helps to keep the body in a balanced condition called
homeostasis.

Emergencies mainly activate the sympathetic nervous system,
but also may involve some parasympathetic activity (i.e., being
frightened causes an individual to lose bowel or bladder
control.)
The Two Divisions of the ANS
We generally cannot directly control autonomic responses, but
we can influence them by voluntary cognition and behavior, for
example, athletes learn to control breathing and focus their
concentration for improved aim.
Chapter 9
Sudden DeathAfter strong emotional shock, sympathetic system
becomes too activeResults in excessive stressParasympathetic
ReboundAfter shock, parasympathetic system overreacts lowers
blood pressure too muchSlows heart to a stop
Chapter 9
Lie DetectorsPolygraph: Device that records heart rate, blood
pressure, respiration, and galvanic skin response (GSR); lie
detectorGSR: Measures sweatingIrrelevant Questions: Neutral,
unemotional questions in a polygraph testRelevant Questions:
Questions to which only someone guilty should react by
becoming anxious or emotionalControl Questions: Questions
that almost always provoke anxiety in a polygraph (e.g. “Have
you ever taken any office supplies?”)

Chapter 9
Figure 12.7b
The polygraph, a method for detecting nervous arousal, is the
basis for the so-called “lie detector” test. The polygraph
operator (a) asks a series of nonthreatening questions to
establish base-line readings of the subject’s autonomic
responses (b), then asks questions relevant to an investigation.
The underlying assumption is that an increase in arousal
indicates nervousness, which in turn indicates lying.
Unfortunately, a large percentage of innocent people become
nervous and therefore appear to be lying.
Chapter 9
Body Language (Kinesics)Study of communication through
body movement, posture, gestures, and facial expressionsFacial
Blends: Mix of two or more basic expressions
Chapter 9
Three Types of Facial ExpressionsPleasantness-Unpleasantness:
Degree to which a person is experiencing pleasure or
displeasureAttention-Rejection: Degree of attention given to a
person or objectActivation: Degree of arousal a person is
experiencing
Chapter 9
Figure 9.19

FIGURE 9.19 When shown groups of simplified faces (without
labels), the angry and scheming faces “jumped out” at people
faster than sad, happy, or neutral faces. An ability to rapidly
detect threatening expressions probably helped our ancestors
survive.
Chapter 9
Theories of EmotionJames-Lange Theory: Emotional feelings
follow bodily arousal and come from awareness of such
arousal.Cannon-Bard Theory: The thalamus (in brain) causes
emotional feelings and bodily arousal to occur at the same
time.Schachter’s Cognitive Theory: Emotions occur when a
label is applied to general physical arousal.Attribution: Mental
process of assigning causes to events; attributing arousal to a
certain source.Facial Feedback Hypothesis: Sensations from
facial expressions and help define what emotion someone feels.
Chapter 9
FIGURE 12.9
According to the James-Lange theory, physiological arousal
determines the nature of an emotion. According to Schachter
and Singer’s theory, physiological arousal determines the
intensity of an emotion, but not which emotion is experienced.
Chapter 9
Figure 9.21
FIGURE 9.21 Theories of emotion.

Chapter 9
A Modern View of EmotionEach of these theories has some
truth, so can we combine them in a way that makes sense?
Chapter 9
Figure 9.23
FIGURE 9.23 A contemporary model of emotion.
Chapter 9
HappinessSubjective Well-Being (SWB): When people are
satisfied with their lives, have frequent positive emotions, and
have relatively few negative emotionsAre these factors related
to happiness?Wealth: No relationEducation: Not reallyMarriage:
Not reallyReligion: Minimally
Chapter 9
Happiness Factors (cont'd) Aging: Happiness does not decline
with age. Sex: Men and women do not differ in happiness.Work:
No.Personality: If you have a “sunny disposition,” you are more
likely to be happy.

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