(17 - Salt analysis 1 to 24.pdf

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Practical Chemistry
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EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
I. Priliminary Tests : :
a) Colour White Cu+2
, Fe+2
, Ni+2
& Mn+2
Cations may be absent
b) State Crystalline
c) Flame test :
Clean the platinum wire by Colour flame is not observed Ca+2
,Sr+2
,Ba+2
,Cu+2
,
dipping in con. HCl and heat Zn+2
(or) Mn+2
, Pb+2
are
it on flame upto no colour absent.
appears. Now, prepare the
paste of con.HCl + salt in
watch glass, then introduce
this paste by platinum wire
loop into the flame.
d) Action of Heat :
A small quantity of salt is Reddish Brown vapours are May be Nitrate (NO–
3
)
taken a dry test tube and evolved. salt is present
strogly heated
II. Identification of Anion :
a) Action of dil.HCl :
A small quantity of salt is No reaction Carbonate (CO–2
3
) &
taken in a dry test tube Acetate (CH3
COO–
)
and dil.HCl is added. ions are absent.
b) Action of conc. H2
SO4
:
A small quantity of salt is a) Before heating no reaction. Chloride (Cl–
) &
taken in a dry test tube Bromide (Br–
) ions are absent.
and conc.H2
SO4
is added. b) After heating Reddish Brown Nitrate (NO–
3
) ion may
vapours are evolved. be present
c) Action of Cu-turnings
and conc.H2
SO4
: Reddish Brwon Vapours of NO2
Nitrate (NO–
3
) ion is
To the small quantity of salt is are evolved and the solution turns present
taken in a test tube 1 or 2 pieces pale blue
of Cu turning and conc. H2
SO4
are added and then heated.
SALT-1-Aluminium Nitrate .
.
III. Preparation sodium carbonate extract :
To a small amount of the salt, add twice the amount of sodium carbonate, a few ml of distilled water and
boil it for five minutes. It is filtered and the filtrate is known as sodium carbonate extract.
IV. Confirmation test for Nitrate ion :
Brown – Ring test
A small quantity of Na2
CO3
extract Dark Brown Ring is formed in Nitrate (NO–
3
)
solution is neutralized with dilute. between the junction of two layers ion is confirmed.
H2
SO4
until the brisk efferverscence (Nitroso ferrous sulphate) (FeSO4
.NO)
is ceased and same amount of freshly
prepared FeSO4
solution is added, then
few drops of conc. H2
SO4
is added by
keeping the test tube in an inclined
position.

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V. Identification of Cation :
Preparation of original salt solution : Original salt solution can be prepared by dissolving excess
amount of given salt in a suitable solvent.
VI. Test for Ammonium (NH+
4
)ion :
Reaction with NaOH : To the small colour less gas (NH3
) with Ammonium (NH+
4
)
quantity of salt is taken in a dry test pungent smell is not evolved. cation is absent.
tube few drops of NaOH solution is
added and heated strongly.
VII. Group Separation Table :
a) Test for I Group Cations :
To the salt solution a few drops of No ppt. is formed. Lead (Pb+2
) cation is
dil HCl solution is added. absent.
b) Test for II Group Cations :
To the salt solution a few drops of No ppt. is formed. Copper (Cu+2
) cation
dil HCl solution is added and is absent.
H2
S gas is passed.
c) Test for III Group Cations:
To the salt solution NH4
Cl White gelatinous ppt. is formed. Aluminium (Al+3
)
salt and NH4
OH solution are cation is present
added.
d) Test for IV Group Cations:
Salt solution + NH4
Cl salt + White ppt. ZnS is not formed. Zinc (Zn+2
) absent
NH4
OH solution + H2
S gas passed Flesh colour ppt. MnS is not formed. Manganese (Mn+2
) absent
Black ppt. NiS is not formed. Nickel (Ni+2
) absent
e) Test for V Group Cations:
Salt solution + NH4
Cl salt + White ppt. CaCO3
is not formed. Calcium (Ca+2
) absent
NH4
OH solution +(NH4
)2
CO3
White ppt. BaCO3
is not formed. Barium (Ba+2
) absent
solution is added White ppt. SrCO3
is not formed. Strontium (Sr+2
) absent
f) Test for VI Group Cations :
Salt solution + NH4
Cl salt + White ppt. is not formed Magnesium (Mg+2
)
NH4
OH solution +(NH4
)2
CO3
+ absent
Na2
HPO4
solution is added
VIII. Confirmation Tests for Aluminium :
a) Actions of NaOH solution:
To the salt solution NaOH White gelatinous ppt. is formed. Aluminium (Al+3
)
solution is added. which is soluble in excess of cation is confirmed.
NaOH solution
b) Action of NH4
OH solution:
OH White gelatinous ppt. is formed. Aluminium (Al+3
)
solution is added. which is soluble in excess of cation is confirmed.
NH4
OH solution.
IX. Report :
The given Cation is : Aluminium (Al+3
) ;
The given Anion is : Nitrate (NO–
3
)
The given salt is : Aluminium Nitrate [Al (NO3
)3
]

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a) Colour : White Cu+2
, Fe+2
, Ni+2
& Mn+2
Cations may be absent.
c) Flame test :
, Sr+2
,Ba+2
, Cu+2
, Zn+2
dipping in con.HCl and (or) Mn+2
, Pb+2
are absent.
heat it on flame upto no
colour appears. Now,prepare
the paste of con.HCl + salt in
d) Action of heat :
A small quantity of salt is Water droplets are formed on May be Hydrated salt
taken in a dry test tube and the inner walls of test tube
strongly heated
3
) &
taken in a dry test tube Acetate (CH3
COO–
) ions
and dil.HCl is added are absent.
b) Action of conc.H2
SO4
:
A small quntity of salt is a) Before heating no reaction Chloride (Cl–
) &
taken in a dry test tube bromide (Br–
) ions are absent.
and conc. H2
SO4
is added b) After heating no reaction. Nitrate (NO–
3
)ion is absent
c) Action of Cu-turnings and
conc. H2
SO4
:
To the small quantity of No reaction Nitrate (NO–
3
) ion is absent.
salt is a taken in test tube
1 or 2 pieces of Cu
turnings and conc. H2
SO4
are added and then heated.
d) Action of BaCl2
solution :
To the salt solution BaCl2
White ppt. of (BaSO4
) Sulphate (SO–2
4
) ion is
solution is added. is formed. present
IV. Confirmation test for Sulphate ion :
Action of BaCl2
solution :
) is formed. Sulphate (SO–2
4
) ion is
solution is added. Solubility : Above ppt. is insoluble confirmed.
in Conc. HCl
SALT-2-Aluminium Sulphate .
.

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4
)ion :
4
)
VII.Group Separation Table :
) cation is
) cation
H2
S gas is passed.
Cl White gelatinous ppt. is formed. Aluminium (Al+3
)
salt and NH4
added.
Salt solution + NH4
) absent
NH4
OH solution + H2
) absent
) absent
Salt solution + NH4
) absent
NH4
OH solution +(NH4
)2
CO3
White ppt. BaCO3
) absent
) absent
Salt solution + NH4
)
NH4
OH solution +(NH4
)2
CO3
+ absent
Na2
HPO4
solution is added
VIII. Confirmation Tests for Aluminium :
a) Action of NaOH Solution :
To the salt solution NaOH White gelatinous ppt. is formed. Aluminium (Al+3
)
solution is added Which is soluble in excess of Cation is confirmed.
NaOH Solution.
b) Action of NH4
OH solution :
OH White gelatinous ppt. is formed. Aluminium (Al+3
)
solution is added. Which is soluble in excess of cation is confirmed.
NH4
OH solution.
IX. Report :
The given Cation is : Aluminium (Al+3
)
The given Anion is : Sulphate (SO–2
4
)
The given salt is : Aluminium Sulphate [Al2
(SO4
)3
]

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I. Priliminary Tests :
, Fe+2
, Ni+2
& Mn+2
b) State Crystalline Cations may be absent.
c) Flame test :
, Sr+2
,Ba+2
,Cu+2
, Zn+2
dipping in con.HCl and heat (or) Mn+2
, Pb+2
are absent
it on flame upto no colour
d) Action of heat :
A small quantity of salt is Charateristics smell of vinegar May be Acetate
taken in a dry test tube and (CH3
COO–
) ion is present.
strongly heated.
A small quantity of salt is Colourless vapours with smell May be Acetate (CH3
COO–
)
taken in a dry test tube and of vinegar is evolved and ion is present
dil.HCl is added. which turns blue litmus to red.
IV. Confirmation test for Acetate ion :
a) Action of Neutral FeCl3
solution :
To the small quantity of salt Deep Red filtrate is formed. Acetate (CH3
COO–
)
is taken in a test tube and On boiling above solution with ion is confirmed.
neutral FeCl3
solution is water is becomes brownish red ppt.
added.
b) Esterification test :
To the salt solution Fruity odour is obtained. Acetate (CH3
COO –
)
conc. H2
SO4
and C2
H5
OH ion is confirmed.
are added and heated.
It poured into water
SALT-3-Ammonium Acetate .
.

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4
)ion :
Reaction with NaOH :
To the small quantity of salt is colour less gas with pungent Ammonium (NH4
+
)
taken in a dry test tube a few smell of ammonia (NH3
) is cation may be present.
drops of NaOH solution is evolved and gives dense white
added and heated strongly. fumes (NH4
Cl) with glass rod
when dipped in conc.HCl
Note: If Ammonium cation is identified then write following table. Do confirmation test of Ammonium Cation.
Group Group Reagents Name of the Precipitate Name of the Cation
(Identification Tests of cations)
a) Salt solution + dil. HCl is added White ppt. PbCl2
is not formed. Lead (Pb+2
) absent
b) Salt solution + dil.HCl + H2
S
gas passed Black ppt. CuS is not formed. Copper (Cu+2
) absent
c) Salt solution + NH4
Cl salt + White gelatinous ppt.Al(OH)3
is Aluminium (Al+3
) absent
NH4
OH solution is added not formed.
Dirty Green ppt. Fe (OH)2
is not Ferrous (Fe+2
) absent
formed.
e) Salt solution + NH4
) absent
NH4
OH solution + H2
S gas Flesh colour ppt. MnS is not Manganese (Mn+2
) absent
passed formed.
) absent
f) Salt solution + NH4
) absent
NH4
OH solution +(NH4
)2
CO3
White ppt. BaCO3
) absent
) absent
g) Salt solution + NH4
)
NH4
OH solution +(NH4
)CO3
+ absent
Na2
HPO4
solution is added
VII. Confirmation Tests for Ammonium :
Action of Nessler’s reagent :
To the salt solution Nessler’s Reddish Brown colour ppt. is . Ammonium (NH+
4
)
reagent [K2
HgI4
] is added. formed (Iodide of Million’s base) cation is confirmed
VIII. Report :
The given Cation is :Ammonium (NH+
4
)
The given Anion is : Acetate (CH3
COO–
)
The given salt is : Ammonium Acetate [NH4
(CH3
COO)]

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, Fe+2
, Ni+2
& Mn+2
b) State : Crystalline Cations may be absent.
c) Flame test :
, Sr+2
,Ba+2
,Cu+2
, Zn+2
dipping in con.HCl and heat (or) Mn+2
, Pb+2
are absent
d) Action of heat :
A small quantity of salt is Colourless gas with ammonia May be Ammonium
taken in a dry test tube and smell is evolved sublimate (NH+
4
) salt is present.
strongly heated is formed
A small quantity of salt No reaction Carbonate (CO3
–2
) &
is taken in a dry test tube Acetate (CH3
COO–
)
b) Action of Conc. H2
SO4
:
A small quantity of salt is Reddish Brown vapours with Bromide (Br–
) ion
taken in a dry test tube and pungent smell are evolved. may be confirmed.
Conc. H2
SO4
is added. Which turns starch to Yellow.
IV. Confirmation test for Bromide ion :
a) Action of MnO2
&
Conc. H2
SO4
:
To the small quantity of salt is Reddish Brown vapour (Br2
) Bromide (Br–
) ion is
taken in a test tube pinch of with pungent smell are evolved. confirmed.
MnO2
and conc. H2
SO4
are Which turns starch to yellow.
added.
b) Action of AgNO3
Solution :
To the salt solution AgNO3
Pale yellow ppt. of (AgBr) is Bromide (Br–
) ion
solution is added is formed. confirmed
Solubility : Above ppt. is
partially soluble in NH4
OH
solution
SALT-4-Ammonium Bromide .
.

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4
)ion :
To the small quantity of salt is colour less gas with pungent Ammonium (NH4
+
)
) is cation may be present.
Cl) with glass rod
Note: If Ammonium cation is identified then write following table. Do confirmation test of Ammonium Cation.
) absent
S
) absent
is Aluminium (Al+3
) absent
NH4
) absent
formed.
) absent
NH4
OH solution + H2
) absent
passed formed.
) absent
) absent
NH4
OH solution +(NH4
)2
CO3
White ppt. BaCO3
) absent
) absent
)
NH4
OH solution +(NH4
)CO3
+ absent
Na2
HPO4
solution is added
To the salt solution Nessler’s Reddish Brown colour ppt. is . Ammonium (NH+
4
)
reagent [K2
HgI4
VIII. Report :
The given Cation is :Ammonium (NH+
4
)
The given Anion is : Bromide (Br–
)
The given salt is : Ammonium Bromide [NH4
Br]

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, Fe+2
, Ni+2
& Mn+2
Cations may be absent.
b) State : Crystalline
c) Flame test :
Clean the platinum wire by Colour flame is Ca+2
, Sr+2
, Ba+2
, Cu+2
,
dipping in con.HCl and heat not observed Zn+2
(or) Mn+2
, Pb+2
are
it on flame upto no colour absent
d) Action of heat :
A small quantity of salt is Colourless gas with May be Ammonium
taken in a dry test tube and ammonia smell is evolved. (NH+
4
) salt is present.
strongly heated.
A small quantity of salt is Colour and smell less gas Carbonate (CO–2
3
) ion
taken in a dry test tube and (CO2
) evolved with brisk may be present
dil.HCl is added. effervescence. The gas puts
off a burning splinter. It turns
Lime water into milky.
To a small amount of the salt, add twice the amount of sodium carbonate, a few ml of distilled water
and boil it for five minutes. It is filtered and the filtrate is known as sodium carbonate extract.
IV. Confirmation test for Carbonate ion :
Action of BaCl2
solution :
A small quantity of salt solution White ppt. (BaCO3
) is formed. Carbonate (CO–2
3
) ion
is taken in a dry test tube and Solubility : Above ppt. is soluble is confirmed.
BaCl2
solution is added dil.HCl
V. Identification of Cation
SALT-5-Ammonium Carbonate .
.

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4
)ion :
To the small quantity of salt is Colour less gas with pungent Ammonium (NH+
4
) cation
) is may be present
Cl) with glass rod
Note : If Ammonium cation is identified then write following table. Do confirmation test of Ammonium cation
) absent
S
) absent
is Aluminium (Al+3
) absent
NH4
) absent
formed.
) absent
NH4
OH solution + H2
) absent
passed formed.
) absent
) absent
NH4
OH solution +(NH4
)2
CO3
White ppt. BaCO3
) absent
) absent
)
NH4
OH solution +(NH4
)CO3
+ absent
Na2
HPO4
solution is added
To the salt solution Nessler’s Reddish Brown colour ppt. is Ammonium (NH+
4
)
agent [K2
HgI4
VIII. Report :
The given Cation is : Ammonium (NH+
4
)
The given Anion is : Carbonate (CO–2
3
)
The given salt is : Ammonium Carbonate [ (NH4
)2
CO3
]

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, Fe+2
, Ni+2
& Mn+2
c) Flame test :
, Sr+2
,Ba+2
,Cu+2
, Zn+2
dipping in con. HCl and heat it (or) Mn+2
, Pb+2
are absent
on flame upto no colour appears.
Now, prepare the paste of
con.HCl + salt in watch glass,
then introduce this paste by
platinum wire loop into the flame.
d) Action of heat :
A small quantity of salt is taken Colourless gas with ammonia May be Ammonium
in a dry test tube and strongly smell is evolved and white (NH+
4
) salt is present.
heated. sublimate is formed.
3
) &
taken in a dry test tube and Acetate (CH3
COO–
)
dil.HCl is added. ions are absent
SO4
:
A small quntity of salt is Colour less gas (HCl) with Chloride (Cl–
) ion
taken in a dry test tube and pungent small is evolved and may be present
conc.H2
SO4
are added. gives dense white fumes
(NH4
Cl) with glass rod
when dipped in NH4
OH
IV. Confirmation test for Carbonate ion :
a)Action of MnO2
& Conc.H2
SO4
:
To the small quantity of salt Greenish yellow colour Chloride (Cl–
) ion is
is taken in a test tube pinch of vapours (Cl2
) with pungent smell confirmed.
MnO2
and Conc.H2
SO4
are evolved.
are added.
b)Action of AgNO3
solution :
White curdy ppt. of (AgCl) is Chloride (Cl–
) ion
solution is added. formed. is confirmed.
Solubility: Above ppt. is
completely soluble in NH4
OH
SALT-6-Ammonium Chloride .
.

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4
)ion :
4
) cation
) is may be present
Cl) with glass rod
Note : If Ammonium cation is identified then write following table. Do confirmation test of Ammonium cation
) absent
S
) absent
is Aluminium (Al+3
) absent
NH4
) absent
formed.
) absent
NH4
OH solution + H2
) absent
passed formed.
) absent
) absent
NH4
OH solution +(NH4
)2
CO3
White ppt. BaCO3
) absent
) absent
)
NH4
OH solution +(NH4
)CO3
+ absent
Na2
HPO4
solution is added
To the salt solution Nessler’s Reddish Brown colour ppt. is. Ammonium (NH+
4
)
reagent [K2
HgI4
VIII. Report :
4
)
The given Anion is : Chloride (Cl–
)
The given salt is : Ammonium Chloride [NH4
Cl]

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, Fe+2
, Ni+2
& Mn+2
c) Flame test :
, Sr+2
, Ba+2
, Cu+2
, Zn+2
dipping in con. HCl and heat it (or) Mn+2
, Pb+2
are absent
d) Action of heat :
A small quantity of salt is taken Colourless gas with ammonia May be Ammonium
in a dry test tube and strongly smell is evolved (NH+
4
) salt is present.
heated.
A small quantity of salt No reaction Carbonate (CO–2
3
) &
is taken in a dry test tube and Acetate (CH3
COO–
)
dil.HCl is added. ions are absent
SO4
:
A small quntity of salt is taken a) Before heating no reaction. Chloride (Cl–
) &Bromide
in a dry test tube and b) After heating no reaction. (Br–
) ion are absent
Conc. H2
SO4
is added Nitrate (NO–
3
) ion is absent.
c) Action of Cu turnings and
Conc. H2
SO4
:
To the small quantity of salt No reaction Nitrate (NO–
3
) ion is absent.
is taken in a test tube 1 or 2
pieces of Cu turnings and
Conc.H2
SO4
are added and
then heated.
d) Action of BaCl2
solution:
) is Sulphate (SO-2
4
) ion is
solution is added. formed. present.
SALT-7-Ammonium Sulphate .
.

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Action of BaCl2
Solution:
4
) ion is
solution is added. Solubility : Above ppt. is insoluble confirmed.
in Conc. HCl
4
)ion :
4
) cation
) is may be present
Cl) with glass rod
Note : If Ammonium cation is dentified then write following table. Do confirmation test of Ammonium cation
) absent
S
) absent
is Aluminium (Al+3
) absent
NH4
) absent
formed.
) absent
NH4
OH solution + H2
) absent
passed formed.
) absent
) absent
NH4
OH solution +(NH4
)2
CO3
White ppt. BaCO3
) absent
) absent
)
NH4
OH solution +(NH4
)CO3
+ absent
Na2
HPO4
solution is added
To the salt solution Nessler’s Reddish Brown colour ppt. is. Ammonium (NH+
4
)
reagent [K2
HgI4
VIII. Report :
4
)
The given Anion is : Sulphate (SO4
–2
)
The given salt is : Ammonium Sulphate [(NH4
)2
SO4
]

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, Fe+2
, Ni+2
& Mn+2
c) Flame test :
Clean the platinum wire by Grassy - green colour flame Ba+2
May be present
dipping in con.HCl and heat it is observed
d) Action of heat :
A small quantity of salt is taken in Charateristic smell of vinegar May be acetate
a dry test tube and strongly (CH3
COO–
) ion is present
heated.
A small quantity of salt is Colourless vapours with May be Acetate
taken in a dry test tube and smell of vinegar is evolved (CH3
COO–
)
dil.HCl is added. and which turns blue litmus ions are present
to red
IV. Confirmation test for Acetate ion :
a) Action of Neutral FeCl3
solution :
To the small quantity of salt Deep Red filtrate is formed. Acetate (CH3
COO–
) ion is
is taken in a test tube and On boiling above solution with confirmed.
neutral FeCl3
solution is water it becomes brownish
added red ppt
b) Esterification test :
To the salt solution Fruity odour is obtained. Acetate (CH3
COO–
) ion is
Conc. H2
SO4
and C2
H5
OH confirmed.
are added and heated.
It is poured into water
SALT-8-Barium Acetate .
.

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4
)ion :
To the small quantity of slat is colour less gas (NH3
) with pungent Ammonium (NH+
4
)
taken in a dry test tube a few smell is not evolved. cation is absent.
drops of NaOH solution is
added and strongly heated
) cation is
) cation
H2
S gas is passed.
Cl No ppt. is formed. Aluminium (Al+3
)
salt and NH4
OH solution are cation absent
added.
Salt solution + NH4
) absent
NH4
OH solution + H2
) absent
) absent
e) Test for V Group Cations :
Salt solution + NH4
Cl salt + White ppt. is formed Calcium (Ca+2
)
NH4
OH solution +(NH4
)2
CO3
Barium (Ba+2
)
solution is added Strontium (Sr+2
)
cations are present
Salt solution + NH4
)
NH4
OH solution +(NH4
)2
CO3
+ absent
Na2
HPO4
solution is added
VIII. Confirmation Tests for Barium :
a) Action of K2
CrO4
solution :
To the salt solution potassium Yellow colour ppt. (BaCrO4
) is Barium (Ba+2
) cation
chromate solution (K2
CrO4
) is formed which is soluble in may be present.
added. dil.Acetic acid and soluble in
dil HCl
b) Action of Ammonium oxalate
soution:
To the salt solution Ammonium White colour ppt. (BaC2
O4
) Barium (Ba+2
) cation
oxalate solution is added. is formed. Above ppt. is soluble is confirmed.
in hot Acetic acid.
VIII. Report :
The given Cation is : Barium (Ba+2
) ; The given Anion is : Acetate (CH3
COO–
)
The given salt is : Barium Acetate [Ba(CH3
COO)2
]

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, Fe+2
, Ni+2
& Mn+2
c) Flame test :
Clean the platinum wire by Grassy-green colour flame Ba+2
May be present
dipping in con.HCl and heat is observed
appears. Now, prepare the paste
of con.HCl + salt in watch glass,
d) Action of heat :
A small quantity of salt is taken Water droplets are formed on the May be Hydrated salt.
in a dry test tube and strongly inner wall of test tube.
heated.
A small quntity of Salt is taken No reaction Carbonate (CO–2
3
) &
in a dry test tube and dil. HCl Acetate (CH3
COO–
)
is added. ions are absent.
SO4
:
A small quantity of salt is taken Raddish brown vapours Bromide (Br–
) ion
in a dry test tube and with pungent smell are may be present
conc. H2
SO4
is added evolved . Which turns starch
to yellow
IV. Confirmation test for Bromide ion :
a) Action of MnO2
& Conc. H2
SO4
:
To the small quantity of salt is Reddish Brown vapour (Br2
) with Bromide (Br–
) ion
taken in a test tube pinch of MnO2
pungent smell are evolved. Which is confirmed.
and Conc. H2
SO4
are added. turns starch to yellow.
b) Action of AgNO3
solution :
Pale yellow ppt. of (AgBr) is formed. Bromide (Br–
) ion
solution is added. Solubility : Above ppt. is partially is confirmed.
soluble in NH4
OH solution
SALT-9-Barium Bromide .
.

34 eeee
Janani Publications
4
)ion :
4
)
drops of NaOH
) cation is
) cation
H2
S gas is passed.
)
salt and NH4
added.
Salt solution + NH4
) absent
NH4
OH solution + H2
) absent
) absent
Salt solution + NH4
)
NH4
OH solution +(NH4
)2
CO3
Barium (Ba+2
)
)
cations are present
Salt solution + NH4
)
NH4
OH solution +(NH4
)2
CO3
+ absent
Na2
HPO4
solution is added
a) Action of K2
CrO4
solution :
) is Barium (Ba+2
)
CrO4
) is formed which is soluble in cation is confirmed.
added dil. Acetic acid and soluble
in dil HCl
soution:
O4
) is Barium (Ba+2
) cation
oxalate solution is added. formed. Above ppt. is soluble is confirmed.
in hot Acetic acid.
IX. Report :
)
The given Anion is : Bromide (Br–
)
The given salt is : Barium Bromide [BaBr2
]

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Janani Publications
, Fe+2
, Ni+2
& Mn+2
c) Flame test :
Clean the platinum wire by Grassy-green colour flame is Ba+2
May be present
dipping in con. HCl and heat observed.
d) Action of heat :
A small quantity of salt is taken Water droplets are formed on the May be Hydrated salt.
in a dry test tube and strongly inner wall of test tube.
heated.
A small quntity of Salt is taken No reaction Carbonate (CO–2
3
) &
in a dry test tube and dil. HCl Acetate (CH3
COO–
)
is added. ions are absent.
SO4
:
A small quantity of salt is Colour less gas (HCl) with Chloride (Cl–
) ion
taken in a dry test tube and pungent smell is evolved and may be present
Conc.H2
SO4
is added gives dense white fumes
(NH4
Cl) with glass rod
when dipped in NH4
OH.
IV. Confirmation test for Chloride ion :
a) Action of MnO2
& Conc. H2
SO4
:
To the small quantity of salt is Greenish Yellow colour vapour (Cl2
) Chloride (Cl–
) ion
with pungent smell are evolved. is confirmed.
and Conc.H2
SO4
are added.
b) Action of AgNO3
solution :
To The salt soluton AgNO3
White curdy ppt. of (AgCl) is formed. Chloride (Cl–
) ion
solution is added. Solubility: Above ppt is completely is confirmed.
soluble in NH4
OH
SALT-10-Barium Chlorides .
.

36 eeee
Janani Publications
4
)ion :
4
)
) cation is
) cation
H2
S gas is passed.
)
salt and NH4
added.
Salt solution + NH4
) absent
NH4
OH solution + H2
) absent
) absent
Salt solution + NH4
)
NH4
OH solution +(NH4
)2
CO3
Barium (Ba+2
)
)
cations are present
Salt solution + NH4
)
NH4
OH solution +(NH4
)2
CO3
+ absent
Na2
HPO4
solution is added
a) Action of K2
CrO4
solution :
) is Barium (Ba+2
)
CrO4
) is formed which is soluble in cation is confirmed.
added dil. Acetic acid and soluble
in dil HCl
soution:
O4
) is Barium (Ba+2
) cation
in hot Acetic acid.
IX. Report :
) ; The given Anion is : Chloride (Cl–
)
The given salt is : Barium Chloride [BaCl2
]

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Janani Publications
, Fe+2
, Ni+2
& Mn+2
c) Flame test :
Clean the platinum wire by Grassy-green colour flame is Ba+2
May be present
dipping in con. HCl and observed.
heat it on flame upto no colour
appears. Now, prepare the paste
of con.HCl + salt in watch glass,
d) Action of heat :
A small quantity of salt is taken Reddish Brown vapours are May be Nitrate (NO3
–
)
in a dry test tube and strongly evolved salt is present
heated.
A small quntity of Salt is No reaction Carbonate (CO–2
3
) &
COO–
)
dil. HCl is added. ions are absent
SO4
:
A small quantity of salt is a) Before heating no reaction Chloride (Cl–
) & Bromide
taken in a dry in a dry test tube b) After heating Reddish (Br–
) ions are absent
and conc.H2
SO4
Brown vapours are evolved. Nitrate (NO–
3
) ion may be
present.
conc.H2
SO4
:
To the small quantity of salt Reddish Brown vapour of NO2
Nitrate (NO–
3
) ion present
is taken in a test tube 1 or 2 are evolved and the solution
pieces of Cu turning and turns pale blue.
Conc.H2
SO4
are added and
hen heated.
a) Brown – Ring test :
A small quantity of salt Dark Brown Ring is formed Nitrate (NO–
3
) ion is
solution is taken in a test tube in between the junction of confirmed.
and same amount of freshly two layers. (Nitroso ferrous
prepared FeSO4
solution is sulphate) (FeSO4
.NO)
added, then few drops of
conc.H2
SO4
is added by
keeping the test tube in an
inclined position.
SALT-11-Barium Nitrate .
.

38 eeee
Janani Publications
4
)ion :
4
)
) cation is
) cation
H2
S gas is passed.
)
salt and NH4
added.
Salt solution + NH4
) absent
NH4
OH solution + H2
) absent
) absent
Salt solution + NH4
)
NH4
OH solution +(NH4
)2
CO3
Barium (Ba+2
)
)
cations are present
Salt solution + NH4
)
NH4
OH solution +(NH4
)2
CO3
+ absent
Na2
HPO4
solution is added
a) Action of K2
CrO4
solution :
) is Barium (Ba+2
)
CrO4
)is formed which is soluble in cation is confirmed.
added. dil. Acetic acid and soluble
in dil HCl
soution:
O4
) is Barium (Ba+2
) cation
in hot Acetic acid.
IX. Report :
) ; The given Anion is : Nitrate (NO3
–
)
The given salt is : Barium Nitrate [Ba(NO3
)2
]

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Janani Publications
, Fe+2
, Ni+2
& Mn+2
c) Flame test :
Clean the platinum wire Brick red colour flame is Ca+2
May be present
by dipping in con.HCl observed
and heat it on flame upto no
colour appears. Now, prepare
the paste of con.HCl + salt in
watch glass, then introduce this
paste by platinum wire loop
into the flame.
d) Action of heat :
A small quantity of salt is Water droplets are formed May be Hydrated salt.
taken in a dry test tube and on the inner walls of test tube.
strongly heated.
a) Action of dil HCl :
3
) &
COO–
) ions
dil.HCl is added. are absent.
b) Action of conc. H2
SO4
:
) ion may be
taken in a dry test tube and pungent smell is evolved and present.
conc. H2
SO4
is added. gives dense white fumes (NH4
Cl)
with glass rod when dipped in
NH4
OH.
IV. Confirmation test for Chlorides ion :
a) Action of MnO2
& Conc. H2
SO4
:
To the small quantity of salt is Greenish yellow colour vapour (Cl2
) Chloride (Cl–
) ion
with pungent smell are evolved. is confirmed.
and conc.H2
SO4
are added.
b) Action of AgNO3
solution :
White curdy ppt. of (AgCl) is Chloride (Cl–
) ion
solution is added formed confirmed.
OH
SALT-12-Calcium Chloride .
.

40 eeee
Janani Publications
VI. Test for Ammonium (NH4
+
) ion :
To the small quantity of salt is colourless gas (NH3
) with Ammonium (NH4
+
)
taken in a dry test tube a few drops pungent smell is not evolved. cation is absent
of NaOH solution is added and
strongly heated.
) cation is
) cation
H2
S gas is passed.
)
salt and NH4
added.
Salt solution + NH4
) absent
NH4
OH solution + H2
) absent
Black ppt. Nis is not formed. Nickel (Ni+2
) absent
Salt solution + NH4
)
NH4
OH solution +(NH4
)2
CO3
Barium (Ba+2
)
)
cations are present
Salt solution + NH4
)
NH4
OH solution +(NH4
)2
CO3
+ absent
Na2
HPO4
solution is added
VIII. Confirmation Tests for Calcium :
a) Action of K2
CrO4
solution :
To the salt solution potassium Yellow colour ppt. (CaCrO4
) is Calcium (Ca+2
)
CrO4
) is not formed. cation is confirmed.
added (Yellow colour solution is formed.)
soution:
To the salt solution Ammonium White colour ppt. (CaC2
O4
) is Calcium (Ca+2
) cation
is oxalate solution is added. formed. Above ppt. is insoluble confirmed.
in hot Acetic acid.
IX. Report :
The given Cation is : Calcium (Ca+2
) ; The given Anion is : Chloride (Cl–
)
The given salt is : Calcium Chloride [CaCl2
]

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Janani Publications
SALT-13-Calcium Nitrate .
.
, Fe+2
, Ni+2
& Mn+2
c) Flame test :
Clean the platinum wire by Brick red colour flame is Ca+2
May be present
ipping in con.HCl and heat observed.
paste of conc.HCl + salt in
d) Action of heat :
A small quantity of salt is Reddish Brown vapours are May be Nitrate (NO–
3
)
taken in a dry test tube and evolved. salt is present.
strongly heated.
a) Action of dil. HCl :
3
) &
COO–
) ions
SO4
:
) & Bromide
taken in a dry test tube b) After heating Reddish Brown (Br–
) ions are absent
and conc.H2
SO4
is added vapours are evolved. Nitrate (NO–
3
) ion may be
present.
conc.H2
SO4
:
To the small quantity of salt Reddish Brown vapours of NO2
are Nitrate (NO–
3
) ion is
is taken in a test tube 1 or 2 evolved and the solution turns pale present
pieces of Cu turnings and blue
Conc. H2
SO4
are added and
then heated.
3
) ion is
prepared FeSO4
.NO)
conc.H2
SO4
is added by
inclined position.

42 eeee
Janani Publications
4
)ion :
4
)
taken in a dry test tube a few pungent smell is not evolved. cation is absent.
) cation is
) cation
H2
S gas is passed.
)
salt and NH4
added.
Salt solution + NH4
) absent
NH4
OH solution + H2
) absent
) absent
Salt solution + NH4
)
NH4
OH solution +(NH4
)2
CO3
Barium (Ba+2
)
)
cations are present
Salt solution + NH4
)
NH4
OH solution +(NH4
)2
CO3
+ cation is absent
Na2
HPO4
solution is added
VIII. Confirmation Tests for Calcium :
a) Action of K2
CrO4
solution :
To the salt solution potassium Yellow colour ppt. (CaCrO4
) is Calcium (Ca+2
) cation
CrO4
) not formed. is confirmed.
is added (Yellow colour solution
is formed)
solution :
To the salt solution Ammonium White colour ppt. (CaC2
O4
) is Calcium (Ca+2
) cation
oxalate solution is added formed. Above ppt. is insoluble confirmed.
in hot Acetic acid.
IX. Report :
The given Cation is : Calcium (Ca+2
) ; The given Anion is : Nitrate (NO–
3
)
The given salt is : Calcium Nitrate [Ca (NO3
)2
]

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Janani Publications
a) Colour Blue May be Cu+2
cation is
present
c) Flame test :
Clean the platinum wire Bright bluish-green colour Cu+2
May be present
by dipping in con. HCl flame is observed.
and heat it on flame upto
no colour appears. Now,
prepare the paste of
con.HCl + salt in watch
glass, then introduce this
into the flame.
d) Action of heat :
small quantity of salt is Reddish Brown vapours are May be Nitrate (NO–
3
)
taken in a dry test tube evolved. salt is present.
and strongly heated.
3
) &
COO–
) ions
SO4
:
To the small quantity of salt a) Before heating no Reaction. Chloride (Cl–
) & Bromide
is taken in a test tube and (Br–
) ions are absent
conc.H2
SO4
3
) ion
vapours are evolved may be present
Conc.H2
SO4
:
To the small quantity of salt Reddish Brown vapours of NO2
are Nitrate (NO–
3
) ion is
is taken in a test tube 1 or 2 evolved and the solution turns pale present
pieces of Cu-turnings and blue.
conc.H2
SO4
are added and
then heated.
3
) ion is
prepared FeSO4
solution is added, sulphate) (FeSO4
.NO)
then few drops of conc.H2
SO4
is
added by keeping the test tube in an
inclined position.
SALT-14-Copper Nitrate .
.

44 eeee
Janani Publications
4
)ion :
4
)
) cation is
To the salt solution a few drops of Blue ppt. is formed. Copper (Cu+2
) cation
dil HCl solution is added and is present.
H2
S gas is passed.
)
salt and NH4
OH solution are cation is absent.
added.
Salt solution + NH4
) absent
NH4
OH solution + H2
) absent
) absent
Salt solution + NH4
)absent
NH4
OH solution +(NH4
)2
CO3
White ppt. BaCO3
) absent
) absent
Salt solution + NH4
)
NH4
OH solution +(NH4
)2
CO3
+ absent
Na2
HPO4
solution is added
VIII. Confirmation Tests for Copper :
a) Action of NaOH solution :
To the salt solution NaOH Blue colour ppt. is formed. Copper (Cu+2
) cation is
solution is added [Cu(OH)2
] confirmed.
b) Action of K4
[Fe(CN)6
] solution :
To the salt solution Potassium Chocolate colour ppt. is formed. Copper (Cu+2
) cation
ferrocyanide (K4
[Fe(CN)6
]) Cu2
[Fe(CN)6
] is confirmed.
solution is added. Which is soluble in dil.HCl.
IX. Report :
The given Cation is : Copper (Cu+2
)
The given Anion is : Nitrate (NO–
3
)
The given salt is : Copper Nitrate [Cu (NO3
)2
]

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Janani Publications
a) Colour Blue May be Cu+2
cation is
present
c) Flame test :
Clean the platinum wire Bright bluish-green colour Cu+2
may be present
by dipping in con. HCl flame is observed.
paste by platinum wire
d) Action of heat :
A small quantity of salt is Water droplets are formed on May be Hydrated salt.
taken in a dry test tube and the inner walls of test tube.
strongly heated.
3
) &
aken in a dry test tube and Acetate (CH3
COO–
) ions
SO4
:
A small quantity of salt is a) Before heating no Reaction. Chloride (Cl–
)& Brominde
taken in a dry test tube and (Br–
) ions are bsent.
Conc.H2
SO4
is added. b) After heating no reaction Nitrate (NO–
3
) ion is absent
c) Action of Cu-turning and
Conc.H2
SO4
:
To the small quantity of salt No reaction Nitrate (NO–
3
) ion is absent
is taken in a test tube 1 or 2
pieces of Cu turning and
Conc.H2
SO4
are added and
then heated.
d) Action of BaCl2
solution :
4
) ion is
solution is added. present.
SALT-15 - Copper Sulphate .
.

46 eeee
Janani Publications
Action of BaCl2
solution :
4
) ion is
solution is added. Solubility: Above ppt. is insoluble confirmed.
in conc.HCl.
4
)ion :
4
)
) cation is
To the salt solution a few drops of Blue ppt. is formed. Copper (Cu+2
) cation
dil HCl solution is added and is present.
H2
S gas is passed.
Cl salt No ppt. is formed. Aluminium (Al+3
)
and NH4
OH solution are added. cation is absent.
Salt solution + NH4
) absent
NH4
OH solution + H2
) absent
) absent
Salt solution + NH4
) absent
NH4
OH solution +(NH4
)2
CO3
White ppt. BaCO3
) absent
) absent
Salt solution + NH4
)
NH4
OH solution +(NH4
)2
CO3
+ absent
Na2
HPO4
solution is added
VIII. Confirmation Tests for Copper :
To the salt solution NaOH Blue colour ppt. is formed. Copper (Cu+2
) cation is
solution is added [Cu(OH)2
] confirmed.
b) Action of K4
[Fe(CN)6
] solution :
To the salt solution Potassium Chocolate colour ppt. is formed. Copper (Cu+2
) cation
ferrocyanide (K4
[Fe(CN)6
]) Cu2
[Fe(CN)6
] is confirmed.
solution is added. Which is soluble in dil.HCl.
IX. Report :
The given Cation is : Copper (Cu+2
) ; The given Anion is : Sulphate (SO–2
4
)
The given salt is : Copper Sulphate [CuSO4
]

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Janani Publications
SALT-16 - Ferrous Sulphate .
.
a) Colour : Pale Green May be Fe+2
cation is present
b) State : Crystal line
c)Flame test :
,Sr+2
,Ba+2
,Cu+2
,Zn+2
dipping in con. HCl and heat (or) Mn+2
, pb+2
are absent.
d) Action of heat :
A small quantity of salt is taken Water droplets are formed on May be Hydrated salt.
in a dry test tube and strongly the inner walls of test tube.
heated.
3
) &
COO–
) ions
SO4
:
A small quantity of salt is a) Before heating no Reaction. Chloride (Cl–
) &
taken in a dry test tube and Brominde (Br–
)
Conc.H2
SO4
is added. b) After heating no reaction ions are bsent.
Nitrate (NO–
3
) ion is absent
c) Action of Cu-turning and
Conc.H2
SO4
:
3
) ion is absent
salt is taken in a test tube
1 or 2 pieces of Cu turning
and conc.H2
SO4
are added
and then heated.
d) Action of BaCl2
solution :
4
) ion is
Action of BaCl2
solution :
4
) ion is
in conc.HCl.

48 eeee
Janani Publications
4
)ion :
4
)
) cation is
) cation
H2
S gas is passed.
Cl Dirty green ppt. is formed. Ferrous (Fe+2
)
salt and NH4
added.
Salt solution + NH4
) absent
NH4
OH solution + H2
) absent
) absent
Salt solution + NH4
)absent
NH4
OH solution +(NH4
)2
CO3
White ppt. BaCO3
) absent
) absent
Salt solution + NH4
)
NH4
OH solution +(NH4
)2
CO3
+ absent
Na2
HPO4
solution is added
VIII. Confirmation Tests for Ferrous :
a) Action of NH4
OH solution :
OH Dirty Green ppt. [Fe(OH)2
] is Ferrous (Fe+2
) cation is
solution is added. formed. confirmed.
b)Action of K4
[Fe(CN)6
]
solution :
To the salt solution Potassium Deep Blue ppt. is formed. Ferrous (Fe+2
) cation
ferrocyanide (K4
[Fe(CN)6
]) is confirmed.
solution is added.
IX. Report :
The given Cation is : Ferrous (Fe+2
)
4
)
The given salt is : Ferrous sulphate [FeSO4
]

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Janani Publications
SALT-17 - Lead Nitrate .
.
, Fe+2
, Ni+2
& Mn+2
c) Flame test :
Clean the platinum wire Dull blusish-white colour flame Pb+2
maybe present
by dipping in con. HCl is observed
into the flame.
d) Action of heat :
A small quantity of salt is Cracking sound is observed. May be Lead Salt
taken in a dry test tube and is present.
strongly heated.
A small quantity of salt is No reaction. Carbonate (CO–2
3
) &
COO–
)
dil.HCl is added. ions are absent.
b) Action of Conc.H2
SO4
:
A small quantity of salt is a) Before heating no reaction. Chloride (Cl–
) & Bromide
)ions are absent.
conc.H2
SO4
is added. b) After heating reddish Brown Nitrate(NO3
–
) ion
vapours are evolved. may be present
Action of Cu-turning and
Conc.H2
SO4
:
To the small quantity of Reddish Brown vapours of Nitrate (NO–
3
) ion is
salt is taken in a test tube NO2
are evolved and the solution present.
1 or 2 pieces of Cu turnings turns pale blue
and conc.H2
SO4
are added
and then heated.

50 eeee
Janani Publications
A small quantity of salt solution Dark Brown Ring is formed in Nitrate (NO–
3
) ion is
is taken in a test tube and same between the junction of two layers. confirmed.
amount of freshly prepared FeSO4
(Nitroso ferrous sulphate)
solution is added, then few drops (FeSO4
.NO)
of conc. H2
SO4
is added by
inclined position.
Preparation of original salt solution : Original salt solution can be prepared by dissolving excess amount of
given salt in a suitable solvent.
4
)ion :
4
)
To the salt solution a few drops of White ppt. is formed. Lead (Pb+2
) cation is
dil HCl solution is added. present.
) cationdil
HCl solution is added and is absent.
H2
S gas is passed.
)
salt and NH4
added.
Salt solution + NH4
) absent
NH4
OH solution + H2
)
absent
) absent
Salt solution + NH4
) absent
NH4
OH solution +(NH4
)2
CO3
White ppt. BaCO3
) absent
) absent
Salt solution + NH4
)
NH4
OH solution +(NH4
)2
CO3
+ absent
Na2
HPO4
solution is added
VIII. Confirmation Tests for Lead :
a) Action of K2
CrO4
solution :
To the salt solution Potassium Yellow colour ppt. (PbCrO4
) is Lead (Pb+2
) cation
CrO4
) formed. Which dissolves in is confirmed.
is added. NaOH solution
b)Action KI solution:
To the salt solution Potassium A Yellow colour ppt. is formed Lead (Pb+2
) cation is
iodided (KI) solution is added. which is disolved in hot water confirmed.
and cooled. Golden yellow
spangles are formed.
IX. Report :
The given Cation is : Lead (Pb+2
) ; The given Anion is : Nitrate (NO–
3
)
The given salt is : Lead Nitrate [Pb(NO3
)2
]

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, Fe+2
, Ni+2
& Mn+2
c) Flame test :
Clean the platinum wire Colour flame is not observed Ca+2
, Sr+2
, Ba+2
, Cu+2
, Zn+2
by dipping in con. HCl (or) Mn+2
, Pb+2
are absent.
d)Action of heat :
A small quantity of salt is Water droplete are formed on the May be Hydrated salt
taken in a dry test tube and inner walls of test tube.
strongly heated.
3
) &
COO–
)
dil. HCl is added. ions are absent.
SO4
:
A small quantity of salt is Colour less gas (HCl). with Chloride (Cl–
) ion
taken in a dry test tube and pungent smell is evolved and may be present.
conc.H2
SO4
is added. gives dense white fumes (NH4
Cl)
NH4
OH
1. Action of MnO2
&
conc. H2
SO4
:
To the small quantity of salt is Greenish yellow colour vapour (Cl2
) Chloride (Cl–
) ion is
taken in a test tube pinch of with pungent smell are evolved. confirmed.
MnO2
and conc.H2
SO4
are added.
2. Action of AgNO3
solution :
White curd ppt. of (AgCl) is formed. Chloride (Cl–
) ion is
solution is added. Solubility : Above ppt. is completely confirmed.
soluble in NH4
OH
SALT-18 - Magnesium Chloride .
.

52 eeee
Janani Publications
4
)ion :
4
)
) cation is
) cation
H2
S gas is passed.
)
salt and NH4
OH solution are cation is absent
added.
Salt solution + NH4
) absent
NH4
OH solution + H2
) absent
) absent
Salt solution + NH4
)absent
NH4
OH solution +(NH4
)2
CO3
White ppt. BaCO3
) absent
) absent
Salt solution + NH4
Cl salt + White ppt. is formed Magnesium (Mg+2
)
NH4
OH solution +(NH4
)2
CO3
+ cation is present
Na2
HPO4
solution is added
VIII. Confirmation Tests for Magnesium :
a) Action of NaOH solution:
To the salt solution NaOH white ppt. is formed. Magnesium (Mg+2
) cation is
solution is added Which is insoluble in excess confirmed.
of NaOH.
b) To the salt solution Na2
CO3
White ppt. is formed. Magnesium (Mg+2
) cation is
solution is added confirmed.
IX. Report :
The given Cation is : Magnesium (Mg+2
)
)
The given salt is : Magnesium Chloride [MgCl2
]

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SALT-19 - Magnesium Sulphate .
.
, Fe+2
, Ni+2
& Mn+2
c) Flame test :
, Sr+2
, Ba+2
, Cu+2
, Zn+2
, Pb+2
are absent.
d)Action of heat :
A small quantity of salt is Water droplets are formed on the May be Hydrated salt
strongly heated.
3
) &
COO–
)
SO4
:
A small quantity of salt is a) Before heating no reaction. Chloride (Cl) & bromide
taken in a dry test tube and b) After heating no reaction (Br–
) Nitrate (NO–
3
) ion is
conc.H2
SO4
is added. absent.
Conc. H2
SO4
:
3
) ion is absent
1 or 2 pieces of Cu turnings
and conc.H2
SO4
are added
and then heated.
d) Action of BaCl2
solution :
White ppt. (BaSO4
4
) ion is

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Action of BaCl2
solution :
4
) ion is
in conc.HCl.
4
)ion :
4
)
) cation is
) cation
H2
S gas is passed.
)
salt and NH4
OH solution are cation is absent
added.
Salt solution + NH4
) absent
NH4
OH solution + H2
) absent
) absent
Salt solution + NH4
)absent
NH4
OH solution +(NH4
)2
CO3
White ppt. BaCO3
) absent
) absent
Salt solution + NH4
Cl salt + White ppt. is formed Magnesium (Mg+2
)
NH4
OH solution +(NH4
)2
CO3
+ cation is present
Na2
HPO4
solution is added
To the salt solution NaOH white ppt. is formed. Magnesium (Mg+2
)
solution is added Which is insoluble in excess cation is confirmed.
of NaOH.
b) To the salt solution Na2
CO3
White ppt. is formed. Magnesium (Mg+2
)
solution is added cation is confirmed.
IX. Report :
The given Cation is : Magnesium (Mg+2
)
4
)
The given salt is : Magnesium Sulphate [MgSO4
]

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a) Colour Pale pink Mn+2
cation may be present
c) Flame test :
Clean the platinum wire Colour flame is not observed Zn+2
(or) Mn+2
, may be
by dipping in con. HCl present
d)Action of heat :
strongly heated.
3
) &
COO–
)
ions are absent.
SO4
:
) ion
taken in a dry test tube pungent smell is evolved may be present.
and conc.H2
SO4
is added. and gives dense white fumes
(NH4
Cl) with glass rod when
dipped in NH4
OH
a)Action of MnO2
& Conc.H2
SO4
:
To the small quantity of salt is Greenish yellow colour Chloride (Cl–
) ion is
vapours (Cl2
) with pungent confirmed.
and conc.H2
SO4
are added. smell are evolved.
b)Action of AgNO3
Solution :
White curd ppt. of (AgCl) is Chloride (Cl–
) ion is
OH
SALT-20 - Manganese Chloride .
.

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4
)ion :
4
)
) cation is
) cation
H2
S gas is passed.
)
salt and NH4
added.
Salt solution + NH4
Cl salt +
NH4
OH solution + H2
S gas passed Flesh colour ppt. MnS is formed. Manganese (Mn+2
)
cation is present.
Salt solution + NH4
)absent
NH4
OH solution +(NH4
)2
CO3
White ppt. BaCO3
) absent
) absent
Salt solution + NH4
)
NH4
OH solution +(NH4
)2
CO3
+ absent
Na2
HPO4
solution is added
a)Action of NaOH solution :
To the salt solution Sodium White ppt. Mn (OH)2
is formed. Manganes (Mn+2
) cation is
Hydroxide solution (NaOH) Which turns to Brown colour. confirmed.
is added. It is insoluble in excess of
NaOH solution.
b) Action of NH4
OH solution :
OH White ppt. Mn (OH)2
is formed. Manganese (Mn+2
) cation
solution is added Which is soluble in excess of is confirmed.
NH4
OH solution.
IX. Report :
The given Cation is : Manganese (Mn+2
)
)
The given salt is : Manganese Chloride [MnCl2
]

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SALT-21 - Manganese Sulphate .
.
a) Colour : Pale pink Mn+2
c) Flame test :
Clean the platinum wire Colour flame is not observed Zn+2
(or) Mn+2
, may be
by dipping in con. HCl present
d) Action of heat :
strongly heated.
A small quantity of a salt is No reaction. Carbonate (CO–2
3
) &
aken in a dry test tube and Acetate (CH3
COO–
) ions
SO4
:
A small quantity of salt is a) Before heating no reaction Chloride (Cl) & Bromide
) ions are absent.
Conc.H2
SO4
is added.
b) After heating no Reaction Nitrate (NO–
3
) ion is absent
Conc. H2
SO2
:
3
) ion is absent.
1 or 2 pieces of Cu turning
and conc. H2
SO4
are added
and then heated.
d) Action of BaCl solution :
) is Sulphate (SO–2
4
) ion is
solution is added. formed. present
Action of BaCl2
solution :
4
) ion is
in conc.HCl.

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Janani Publications
4
)ion :
4
)
) cation is
) cation
H2
S gas is passed.
)
salt and NH4
added.
Salt solution + NH4
Cl salt +
NH4
OH solution + H2
S gas passed Flesh colour ppt. MnS is formed. Manganese (Mn+2
)
cation is present.
Salt solution + NH4
)absent
NH4
OH solution +(NH4
)2
CO3
White ppt. BaCO3
)absent
) absent
Salt solution + NH4
)
NH4
OH solution +(NH4
)2
CO3
+ absent
Na2
HPO4
solution is added
a)Action of NaOH solution :
To the salt solution Sodium White ppt. Mn (OH)2
is formed. Manganes (Mn+2
)
Hydroxide solution (NaOH) Which turns to Brown colour. cation is
is added. It is insoluble in excess of confirmed.
NaOH solution.
b) Action of NH4
OH solution :
OH White ppt. Mn (OH)2
is formed. Manganese (Mn+2
)
solution is added. Which is soluble in excess of cation is confirmed.
NH4
OH solution.
IX. Report :
The given Cation is : Manganese (Mg+2
)
4
)
The given salt is : Manganese Sulphate [MnSO4
]

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SALT-22 -Nickel Nitrate .
.
a) Colour : Pale pink Ni+2
c) Flame test :
, Sr+2
, Ba+2
, Cu+2
, Zn+2
, Pb+2
are absent.
d) Action of heat :
A small quantity of salt is Reddish Brown vapours are May be Nitrate (NO3
–
)
taken in a dry test tube and evolved salt is present
strongly heated.
A small quantity of a salt is No reaction. Carbonate (CO–2
3
) &
COO–
)
SO4
:
A small quantity of salt is a) Before heating no Reaction Chloride (Cl) & Bromide
) ions are absent.
conc.H2
SO4
3
) ion may be
vapours are evolved present
Action of Cu-turnings and
Conc. H2
SO2
:
To the small quantity of salt is Reddish Brown vapours of Nitrate (NO–
3
) ion is
taken in a test tube 1 or 2 NO2
are evolved and the present.
pieces of Cu turning and solution turns pale blue
Conc. H2
SO4
are added and
then heated.
3
) ion is
prepared FeSO4
.NO)
conc.H2
SO4
is added by
inclined position.

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Janani Publications
4
)ion :
4
)
) cation is
) cation
H2
S gas is passed.
)
salt and NH4
added.
Salt solution + NH4
Cl salt +
NH4
OH solution + H2
S gas passed Black colour ppt. Nis is formed. Nickel (Ni+2
)
cation is present.
Salt solution + NH4
)absent
NH4
OH solution +(NH4
)2
CO3
White ppt. BaCO3
)absent
)absent
Salt solution + NH4
)
NH4
OH solution +(NH4
)2
CO3
+ absent
Na2
HPO4
solution is added
VIII. Confirmation Tests for Nickel :
To the salt solution sodium Green gelatinous ppt.Ni(OH)2
is Nickel (Ni+2
) cation
Hydroxide solution (NaOH) formed. It is soluble in excess of is confirmed.
is added. NaOH solution
b) Action of NH4
OH solution :
OH Green ppt. Ni (OH)2
is formed. Nickel (Ni+2
)cation
solution is added. It becomes blue violet on addition is confirmed.
of excess of NH4
OH solution
IX) Report:
The given Cation is : Nickel (Ni+2
)
The given anion is : Nitrate (NO–
3
)
The given salt : Nickel Nitrate [Ni(NO3
)2
]

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, Fe+2
, Ni+2
& Mn+2
c) Flame test :
Clean the platinum wire by Crimson red colour flame is Sr+2
may be present
dipping in con. HCl and observed.
the paste of con.HCl + salt
in watch glass, then introduce
d) Action of heat :
taken in a dry test tube inner walls of test tube.
A small quantity of a salt No reaction. Carbonate (CO–2
3
) &
is taken in a dry test tube Acetate (CH3
COO–
) ions
SO4
:
) ion
taken in a dry test tube and pungent smell is evolved and may be present.
Conc.H2
SO4
is added. gives dense white fume (NH4
Cl)
NH4
OH.
a) Action of MnO2
& Conc. H2
SO4
:
To the small quantity of salt is Greenish yellow colour Chloride (Cl–
) ion is
vapours (Cl2
) with pungent confirmed.
and Conc. H2
SO4
are added. smell are evolved.
b) Action of AgNO3
solution :
white curdy ppt. of (AgCl) is formed. Chloride (Cl–
) ion
solution is added. Solubility: Above ppt. is is confirmed
OH
SALT-23 -Strontium Chloride .
.

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4
)ion :
4
)
) cation is
) cation
H2
S gas is passed.
)
salt and NH4
added.
Salt solution + NH4
) absent
NH4
OH solution + H2
) absent
) absent
Salt solution + NH4
Cl salt + Calcium (Ca+2
)
NH4
OH solution +(NH4
)2
CO3
Barium (Ba+2
)
solution is added White ppt. is formed. Strontium (Sr+2
)
cations are present
Salt solution + NH4
)
NH4
OH solution +(NH4
)2
CO3
+ absent
Na2
HPO4
solution is added
VIII. Confirmation Tests for Strontium :
a) Action of K2
CrO4
solution :
To the salt solution sodium Yellow ppt. (SrCrO4
) is formed. Strontium (Sr+2
)cation
Potassium chromate solution It is soluble in acetic acid. is confirmed.
(K2
CrO4
) is added. NaOH solution
b) Action of Ammonium
Sulphate solution:
To the salt solution White ppt. is formed. Strontium (Sr+2
) cation
Ammonium Sulphate It is sparingly soluble in is confirmed.
solution is added. acetic acid and highly soluble
in dil.HCl
IX) Report:
The given Cation is : Strontium (Sr+2
)
The given anion is : Chloride (Cl–
3
)
The given salt : Strontium chloride [SrCl2
]

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SALT-24 -Zinc Sulphate .
.
, Fe+2
, Ni+2
& Mn+2
c) Flame test :
Clean the platinum wire by Green flashes colour flame is Zn+2
or Mn+2
may be
dipping in con. HCl and observed. present
the paste of con.HCl + salt
in watch glass, then introduce
d) Action of heat :
taken in a dry test tube inner walls of test tube.
A small quantity of a salt is No reaction Carbonate (CO–2
3
) &
COO–
)
SO4
:
) &
taken in a dry test tube and Bromide (Br–
)ions are absent.
Conc.H2
SO4
are added. b) After heating no reaction Nitrate (NO–
3
) ion is absent.
Conc. H2
SO4
:
3
) ion is absent
salt is then taken in a test
tube 1 or 2 pieces of Cu
turnings and Conc.H2
SO4
are added and then heated
d) Action of BaCl2
solution :
4
) ion is
olution is added. present.

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Action of BaCl2
soution :
) is Sulphate (SO–2
4
) ion is
insoluble in Conc. HCl
V. Test for Ammonium (NH+
4
)ion :
4
)
VI. Group Separation Table :
) cation is
) cation
H2
S gas is passed.
)
salt and NH4
added.
Salt solution + NH4
Cl salt + White ppt. ZnS is formed. Zinc (Zn+2
) cation
NH4
OH solution + H2
S gas passed is present
Salt solution + NH4
) absen
NH4
OH solution +(NH4
)2
CO3
White ppt. BaCO3
) absent
) absent
Salt solution + NH4
)
NH4
OH solution +(NH4
)2
CO3
+ absent
Na2
HPO4
solution is added
VII. Confirmation Tests for Zinc :
To the salt solution sodium White ppt. Zn (OH)2
is formed. Zinc (Zn+2
) cation is
Hydroxide solution (NaOH) Above ppt. is soluble in excess of confirmed
is added. NaOH solution.
b) Action of NH4
OH solution:
OH White Gelatinous ppt. is Zinc(Zn+2
) cation is
solution is added. formed Above ppt. is soluble in is confirmed.
excess of NH4
OH solution
VII. Report :
The given Cation is : Zinc (Zn+2
)
The given anion is : Sulphate (SO–2
4
)
The given salt : Zinc sulphate [ZnSO4
]

(17 - Salt analysis 1 to 24.pdf

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