2. The economist’s idea of cost is based on the fact
that resources are scares and have alternative
uses.
Thus if resources are used for the production of
some commodities, then it means that the
production of some alternative commodities are
forgone.
3. OPPORTUNITY COST
The cost of this choice is the benefit of the next best
alternative foregone. This is called opportunity cost.
This choice implies sacrifice of other alternatives. hence
cost of this choice will be evaluated in terms of the
sacrificed alternatives.
Therefore, opportunity cost is the highest valued benefit
that must be sacrificed as a result of choosing
alternative.
4.
5. EXPLICIT COST- OUT OF POCKET COSTS
The money payment, which a firm makes to those
‘outsiders’ who supply labour services, raw
materials, transport services, electricity etc. are
called explicit costs
6. IMPLICIT COST
The cost of “self owned” resources
Salary of proprietor
Interest on entrepreneurs own investment
Rent on own land
7. FIXED COST & VARIABLE COST
SHORT RUN & LONG RUN
9. AVOIDABLE AND UNAVOIDABLE COST
At times a firm faces a problem of retrenchment or
contraction , costs which can be avoided are called
as avoidable costs and costs which cannot be
avoided are called as unavoidable costs.
10. INCREMENTAL AND SUNK COSTS
Costs which increases because of expansion of a
firm are called incremental costs.
Cost which have to be born whether there is
expansion or not are called sunk costs
11. IF COMPANY WANTS TO PURCHASE A
MACHINE
Cost of purchase
Installation charges
Maintenance charges
Operational charges
19. DISECONOMIES OF SMALL SCALE PRODUCTION
Expenses
Labour costs
Wastage
No real feel of market
20. ECONOMIES OF SCALE
Internal economies are those advantages of large
production which accrue to a firm on account of its
superior technique and management
27. DISECONOMIES OF LARGE SCALE
PRODUCTION
As a firm expands beyond a certain limit,it becomes
unmanageable and unwieldy.
Management and supervision becomes difficult
Labour unions
Loss of coordination ( No direct contact with
customers)
35. 4.
For a firm, the average cost function is estimated as
AC = 100/Q + 20 + 4Q
What is total variable cost for the firm at an output
of 15 units?
36. 5.
If the production function is Q = 20K 0.3 L 0.3, what is
the marginal rate of technical substitution of labor
for capital?
37. 6.
Which of the following cost functions signifies a
long-run cost function?
a. TC = 250 + 3Q b. TC = 300
c. TC = 50 + 100Q + 2Q2 d. Both (b) and (c)
e. None of the above.
38. 7.
Mr. Subba Rao, owner of Billow Garments &
Brothers, employs labor and knitting machines as
inputs to produce woolen garments. The following
are the marginal productivity functions of labor and
capital for the firm:
MPK = 0.75L0.75/K0.25 , MPL = 0.75 K0.75/L0.25
If the wage paid to the laborers is Rs.8 and the cost
of capital is Rs.5 each, what is the cost minimizing
proportion of L to K?
39. 8.
The production function of a firm is Q = 250L0.5.
What should be the quantity of labor that the firm
should hire to maximize total profits, when price of
the good is Rs.2 and wage rate is Rs.25.
40. 9
If the total cost function is TC = 200 – 4Q + 6Q2 and
the output is 4 units, what is the marginal cost ?