A presentation by Kyle Chamberlain, first given at the Inland Northwest Permaculture Conference 2011.

1. Restoring Human Habitat
A presentation by Kyle Chamberlain

2. SELF RESPECT

3. THE SHORTCOMMINGS OF OUR CIVILIZATION
• Human needs unknown or disregarded
• Human needs not met
• Human needs met ineffectively or at great
cost
• Human needs met unsustainably

5. UNKNOWN NEEDS
• Vitamins, omega-3 fatty
acids, sunlight
• Heavy metals, asbestos,
PCBs
• Contact and interaction
in human development
• Modern stresses and
human health

6. LEARNING WHAT WE NEED
TRUSTING OUR SENSES
• Humans have complex
physiological, mental, and social
needs
• Our senses correspond to our
needs, and help us choose
favorable environments
• Cave fish have no eyes and no
craving for chocolate
• Everything we need has been
consistently available over the
coarse of our evolution
• Our EEA, the Pleistocene

7. HOME
• Stone tool using ancestors date
back 2.5 million years
• Hunting/gathering eclipses
farming (10,000 years running),
and industry (a mere 200 years
old)
• A few hunter/gatherer groups
survive to this day
• Our diet, environment, and
social structure were all very
different

8. LEARNING WHAT WE NEED
WHEN OUR INSTINCTS LEAD US TO RUIN
• Creatures struggle to
perform basic life processes
outside of their EEA
• “Don’t feed the bears!” not a
respect we presently show
ourselves
• Obesity, diabetes, heart
disease
• Psychosis

9. LEARNING WHAT WE NEED
UNDERSTANDING THE DEEP PAST
- ‘The Great Remembering’
- Knowing about our EEA can help us
distinguish our real needs from contrived
needs
-What are the ROOT causes of modern
problems?
-By recognizing deviations, we can avoid
potential harms
- The Stone Age Baseline- are we taking
one step forward and two steps back?
- A solid foundation for Human Rights

10. A Biological Bill of Rights:
We the Species
• Free and direct access to
food, water, fuel and
shelter
• Total freedom from
manmade toxins and
pollutants
• Communal control of the
immediate environment
• Complete personal and
family sovereignty,
including the right to use
force

11. NEEDS NOT MET
Poverty and deprivation in the developing world is easy to see

12. FORCED TO PRIORITIZE
• Deprivation in the ‘developed’
world is harder to see
• We cheat our higher needs to
satisfy more basic needs, this
indicates scarcity
• Purchased substitutes for
everything
• Most of us rely solely on the
economy for our survival
• The supply and demand
paradigm favors scarcity
• Government and corporations
parasitize our financial lives

13. HOW TO MEET OUR NEEDS
ECOLOGY
• The economy is a recent
contrivance
• Ecology is the original
life support system
• By life for life
• 3 billion years of
resilience and efficiency
• Just add sunlight!
• A LIVING environment

14. HOW TO MEET OUR NEEDS
RELATIONSHIPS
• Resources or relatives?
• The living environment is
a community of
organisms, with needs,
like ourselves
• We survive by our
relationships
• Ecological relationships
mirror human
relationships
• The living community is
like a tribe or a small town

15. A CULTURE OF ABUSE

16. Abusive Relationships Healthy Relationships
• Objectification • Respect
• Annihilation • Allow others to exist!!!
• Dependence • Interdependence
• Unfulfilled needs • Fulfilled needs
• Communication
• Trust
• Reciprocity
Do we trust nature?
(recommended reading: Derrick Jensen’s
‘Culture of Make Believe’)

17. NEEDS NOT ME EFFECTIVELY
NEEDS NOT MET SUSTAINABLY
• Disintegration causes
high transport costs
• ‘Ghost Slaves’
• Degradation inflates
cost of basic
provisions
• EEA and the
workday
• ‘External costs’

18. “EXTERNAL” COSTS?

19. HOW TO BEST MEET OUR NEEDS
ECOLOGICAL DESIGN
• PERMACULTURE!
• Healing damaged
relationships takes
direction and work
• We need to re-integrate
• Nature’s incredible
diversity and productivity
should be our inspiration

20. THE ORGINAL LIFE SUPPORT SYSTEM:
HABITAT
A pack rat’s example:
-On site food and water
-On site building
materials and
insulation
-Use of by-products in
building
-Animal wastes benefit
plant system

21. HOW TO BEST MEET OUR NEEDS
THE STONE AGE BASELINE

22. THE MODERN LIFE SUPPORT SYSTEM

23. RUNNING DRY
• The Snake River has been known
to vanish completely at Milner
Dam near Twin Falls, Idaho
• Columbia Basin aquifers are
dropping as quickly as 3 ft. per year
(Columbia Institute)
• Since 2006, Washington State has
been funding the study of NEW
dam sites, including Crab Creek,
Hawk Creek, Black Rock Canyon,
and Shankers Bend
• The Columbia is already the most
heavily dammed watershed on
earth

24. PLOWED UNDER
• Soil loss from Palouse wheat fields is
measured in TONS per acre, per year
• In 1978, cultivated Palouse land was
losing 14 tons/acre/year (USDA)
• Regional dust storms are visible from
space
• 80% of the original shrub steppe has
been lost (Nature Conservancy)
• 99% of Palouse grassland has been lost
• (World Wildlife Fund)
• Over 300 Washington native plants are
now sensitive, threatened or
endangered

25. FUEL FOR THOUGHT
• The US food system uses 10
fossil fuel calories to
produce one food calorie
• Average American ‘eats’ 500
gallons of oil per year
(Pimentel)
• Land clearing initiated the
anthropogenic greenhouse
era, and has been
influencing world climate
for thousands of years
(Ruddiman)

26. TOXIC FALLOUT
• Between 2000-2006, there were 15
reported pesticide-exposure incidents
involving 43 ill people at schools in
Washington (Washington DOH)
• The 2005 Journal of the American
Medical Association article identified
2,593 pesticide-related illnesses at
schools nationwide over a 5-year period
• 14 of 27 of wells tested in Walla Walla
contained pesticides (WDE)
• Some contaminants in Washington’s
fish: mercury, PCBs, dioxins and furans,
chlorinated pesticides, and PBDE flame
retardants (Washington Dept. Ecology)
• Midnite Mine, on the Spokane
Reservation has made Blue Creek a
radioactive watershed
• Leaks at Hanford will threaten the
Columbia for thousands of years

27. FROM FORESTS TO WOOD
Productivity
Practice Impact
response
Area removed Up to 30% of
Roads
from production forest area losta
Long-term
effects not
measured;
Organic matter
observed loss of
loss
Fire organic matter
Disease
leading to
reduction
growth reduction
from water and
nutrient stressb
Height reduction
Reduced water of 50%c or more Chart by William J. Elliot, Deborah
Compaction availability and Volume Page-Dumroese, and Peter R.
increased runoff reduction up to
75%d
Robichaud. From:
Up to 50%
Loss of organic a Megahan and Kidd, 1972.
reduction if site
Tree harvest matter and site
is severely b Harvey et al., 1979.
disturbance
compactede c Reisinger et al., 1988.
d Froehlich, 1978.
e Amaranthus et al., 1996.

28. DISTURBING DEVELOPMENTS
“ Annually…, …more than I million acres are lost from cultivation as urbanization,
transportation networks and industries take over croplands.” Pimentel and Istituto

29. UNDER STRESS

30. THE OTHERS
• Our imperiled species
• US roads kill an estimated
11.5 vertebrates every
second (High Country News)
• Government sanctioned
harassments continually
exclude big game from the
Columbia Basin

31. HABITAT VS. THE TECHNO-COLONY
-Landscape defoliated, dusty,
sun scorched
-Shoes and protective clothing
necessary
-Clean water must be piped in
-Food must be purchased from
importers
-Hard work necessary to
survive and maintain ‘order’
-Costly, temperature
controlled, electrically lighted
structures offer the only
shelter. These require constant
cleaning
-Waste becomes pollution
-Complex technologies
required for survival
-Hostile atmosphere

33. HABITAT VS. THE TECHNO-COLONY
-Trees provide shade, air
conditioning, and shelter
-Forest floor safe for barefoot
walking
-No need to walk very far anyway,
since all needs are close by
-Little clothing needed
-Clean water available
-Food is everywhere
-Little work necessary
-Wastes return to nature
-Simple technologies meet needs
-Pleasant and stimulating
atmosphere
-Provides for active and engaging
lifestyle

34. ECOLOGY AND ECONOMY
The species most in need of a refuge is our own. By
neglecting to restore habitat for ourselves, we
perpetuate dependence on the same abusive economic
system which imperils all habitats.

35. TO RECAP
To understand our needs, and meet them sustainably, we
must:
• Understand our deep past
• Foster healthy ecological relationships
• Apply ecological design (permaculture)
Next, we’ll examine the story of our species, and it’s
relationship with the Inland Northwest. Then we’ll
explore the ecological relationships available to us in this
region. Finally, we will discuss practical methods for
designing our habitats.

36. BECOMING HUMAN
• All living things are related
• Life’s story goes back at least 3 billion years
• Humans stem from a branch of life’s tree called the
primate family
• Primate like mammals date back to the extinction of
the dinosaurs, making ours one of the oldest extant
mammal families
• Our special relationships with flowering plants extend
back at least as far
• Primates have always been picky eaters, with senses
honed to finding the highest quality forage available

37. NOCTURNAL INSECTIVORES AT THE FEET OF THE
DINOSAURS
• These ancestors lived in
the Paleocene, 65-50
million years ago
• Dinosaurs had recently
been wiped out
• Nocturnal habits favored a
strong sense of smell
• Flowering plants were
gaining ground with help
from animals
• Pangaea had been splitting
up

38. ARBOREAL FRUGIVOROUS PRIMATES
• These ancestors lived 50-
10 million years ago,
spanning the Eocene,
Oligocene, and Miocene
• Diurnal frugivorous
habitats favored a strong
sense of sight
• We become social
creatures
• The warm humid climate
was gradually cooling and
drying
• Grasses evolve

39. APES: OUR COUSINS
• The last common
ancestor of the great apes
and humans lived about
15 million years ago
• The last common
ancestor of chimpanzees
and humans lived about 7
million years ago
• These ancestors were
forest dwellers
• They ate mostly fruits and
foliage, but were
opportunistic and
omnivorous

40. SURVING RELATIVES: ORANGUTANS
• Share 97% of our DNA
• Morphologically, more
like us than chimps
• Fruit specialists
• Fond of fig family fruits
like the Durian

41. Plant your garden like an orangutan
does. Be a fruit friend!
• Animals move more than 95% of tropical seeds (Terborgh et al.
2002)
• Chimps have dispersed seeds as far as 3000 meters (Lambert 1997)

42. SURVING RELATIVES: GORILLAS
• ‘Dexterous
Herbivores’
• Mountain Gorillas
live in a near
temperate climate
• Fond of nettles,
cleavers, thistles,
and bamboo
shoots

43. Avoid competition from herbivores like
a gorilla does. Be a dexterous
herbivore!
There’s enough forage for everybody!

44. SURVIVING RELATIVES: CHIMPANZEES
• They share 96% of our DNA
• Generalist omnivores, using nearly 200
plant species
• Diet is 60-70% fruit
• Fond of the fig family fruits
• Occasionally hunt easy prey
• Use simple tools
• Crack nuts
• Construct woven nests in trees
• Use spears and digging sticks on the
savannah margins of their forest habitat!
(‘Savanna chimpanzees use tools to harvest the
underground storage organs of plants’ R. Adriana
Hernandez-Aguilar , Jim Moore , and Travis Rayne
Pickering)
(‘Savanna Chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes verus, Hunt
with Tools’ Jill D. Pruetz, Paco Bertolani)

45. EARLY HOMINIDS: ONTO THE
SAVANNA
• 3.6 million years ago our
Australopithecine ancestors left
shrinking forests and became
savanna creatures
• Meat and plant roots replaced
fruits as fuel for our hungry
brains
• Growing brain, shrinking gut
• We probably did a lot of
scavenging
• Fruits, meat, roots, and nuts
would continue to be our staple
foods until just 10,000 years ago

46. Paleolithic Diet
THE STAPLES WE EVOLVED TO EAT:
MEAT
FRUIT
ROOTS
NUTS
YOU ARE NOT A GRAINIVORE!!!!!!

47. PLANT/ANIMAL RELATIONSHIP POTENTIAL
WHAT PLANTS OFFER ANIMALS WHAT ANIMALS OFFER PLANTS
• STORED ENERGY • DISPERSAL
• NUTRIENTS • DISTURBANCE
• USEFULL CHEMICALS • NUTRIENT CONCENTRATION
• MATERIALS • REGULATION OF OTHER
• FAVORABLE ENVIRONMENT ORGANISMS
• OXYGEN • CARBON DIOXIDE
This is our relationship toolbox!
Primates like ourselves need strong relationships with plants. But
many plants do fine without animal help, and offer little to us. The
best plant allies will be ecological underdogs.

48. ECOLOGICAL PROXIES
THE STORY OF HAWAII’S EDIBLES

49. LATER HOMINIDS: OUT OF AFRICA
• Homo habillis made the
first stone cutting tools 2.5
million years ago
• Increasing hunting
prowess allowed us to
spread out of Africa
• Homo erectus occupied NE
China as early as 1.6
million years ago
• Eurasia was later colonized
by Neanderthal and
Denisovan hominids
• Clothing and fire

50. MODERN HUMANS: UPPER
PALEOLITHIC TO MESOLITHIC
• Projectile weapons
• We followed the meat
highway
• Rapidly occupied every
continent but Antarctica
• Up yours Columbus!
• Central Asia was occupied
tens of thousands of years
before Europe

51. Timeline of dietary shifts in the human line of evolution
from Nicholson (www.beyondveg.com)
-65 to 50 million years ago (Mya): Ancient primates, mostly insectivores.
-50 to 30 Mya: Shift to mostly frugivorous/herbivorous.
-30 to 10 Mya: Maintenance of mostly frugivorous pattern.
-7 to 5 Mya: Last common ancestor branches to gorillas, chimps, humans.
-4.5 Mya: First known hominid (proto-human).
-3.7 Mya: First fully bipedal hominid (Australopithecus).
-2 Mya: First true human (Homo habilis), first tools, increased meat-eating.
-1.7 Mya: Evolution of Homo erectus, considerable increase in meat consumption and widely omnivorous diet,
continues till dawn of agriculture.
-500,000 to 200,000 y.a.: Archaic Homo sapiens.
-150,000 y.a.: Neanderthals evolve.
-140,000 to 110,000 y.a.: First anatomically modern humans, possible increase in fire use for cooking (insufficient
evidence).
-40,000 B.C.: First behaviorally modern humans.
-40,000 to 10,000 B.C.: Late Paleolithic, latest period of universal hunting/gathering subsistence, seafood use
becomes evident in certain areas.
-20,000 B.C. to 9,000 B.C.: Mesolithic transition period.
-Approx. 10-8,000 B.C.: Neolithic period, beginnings of agriculture, precipitous drop in meat consumption, great
increase in grain consumption, decline in health as indicated by signs in skeletal remains.

52. TO NORTH AMERICA AND THE INLAND
NORTHWEST
• There is clear evidence for
the arrival of humans to
North America as early as
14,000 years ago
• They arrived from Asia, via
Beringia
• They left as the Old World
was developing sedentism,
bows, pit houses, and
pottery
• 20,000? 40,000?
• It was a bountiful land

53. ANTIQUITY OF PRIMATES IN NORTH
AMERICA
• Fossil primate teeth from the John
Day Fossil Beds hint at the regional
antiquity of our family
(Ekgmowechashala)
• The early primate, Tielhardina, lived
in North America over 55 million
years ago
• The primate like mammal,
Plasiadapis, of 58 million years ago,
also lived in North America
• North America and Asia formed a
single landmass when primates
evolved
• Many of our reptilian ancestors
walked this rock when it was part of
Pangaea
• Homo erectus occupied Northeast
China 1.6 million years ago, an
environment very similar to our own

54. CLOVIS
• Pleistocene North America hosted
teeming herds and a fantastic array
of giant mammals
• The Clovis culture specialized in
hunting these massive creatures
• The Manis mastodon site near
Sequim is over 13,000 years old
• Famous Wenatchee site
• High mobility
• Clovis culture spread rapidly, but
lasted only 300-500 years
• The decline of the Clovis culture
coincided with mass extinctions
• Most of America’s large mammals
were lost, and human hunting is
suspect

55. FOLSOM AND PLANO
• Bison antiquus was largest
animal left
• The Folsom culture specialized
in hunting them
• B. antiquus becomes B. bison
under hunting pressure
• Plano type cultures specialize
in hunting modern bison
• Evidence of modern bison
hunting at Lind Coulee, 8,000-
9,000 years ago
• Bison range later contracts

56. ANIMAL WEALTH SUBSTITUTES
• Furs, leathers, wool, felt (for clothing, shoes, Cotton, linen, nylon, rubber (and washing
bedding) machines)
• Hides (for shelters) Thatch, boards, masonry, tar shingles, wafer board,
tyvec
• Meat, fat, organs, marrow (for food)
Fish, grain crops, formula food
• Sinew, hide (for cord)
Cotton, sisal, nylon
• Bone, tusk, tooth, antler (for implements)
Metal, plastics, fiberglass
• Hide, gut (for containers)
Baskets, clay pots, metal pots, tupperware
• Fat lamps (for lighting)
Plant oils, kerosene, electric lights
• Bone (for fuel)
Wood, peat, coal, oil, natural gas
• Hide and hoof (for glue)
Plant pitches/gums, epoxy, synthetic resins
• Transport
Automobiles, trains, airplanes
• Also: instruments, dyes, dairy products, sealants,
preservatives, Soybean everything
.

57. THE ‘GHOSTS OF EVOLUTION’:
MEGAFAUNA ECOLOGY
“We live in a zoologically impoverished
world, from which all the hugest, fiercest,
and strangest forms have recently
disappeared.” –Wallace
• North America lost a fauna more rich
than modern Africa’s
• Vegetation closed in on parklands
• Fire becomes the dominant
‘herbivore’
• Associated species decline
• ‘Black mats’ form in sediments
• America looks a lot less like our
savanna home
• This happened less than 140 lifetimes
ago
(Ecological consequences of Late
Quaternary extinctions of megafauna
C.N. Johnson)

58. THE BIOMASS PARADOX
• Humans eat the reproductive
and storage organs of plants
• In forests and late succession
communities, plants invest
more energy in maintenance
and competition for sunlight
(wood)
• Thus, total biomass is inversely
correlated with edible biomass
• The burden goes to… the
intervener!
• After the extinctions, humans
used fire to maintain a suitable
habitat
• Evidence of fire management
on the plateau after 2,500 years
ago

59. EAT YOUR COMPETITION
Forage Quality
High
• Nectar
POOR
• Seeds
PREY
LARGER BODIES
• Fatty nuts
Medium
US
• Starchy nuts
• Fruits
• Starchy roots
• Cambium
IDEAL PREY
• Tender buds and leaves
• Tender grasses and
forbs
Low
• Tough forbs
• Tough grasses
• Foliage of conifers

60. SAVANNA THEORY
• The perfect
outdoor
environment?
• “Like a park”

61. ELEMENTS OF PARKLAND
AND THEIR FUNCTIONS
• Close cropped
grass
• Widely space
mature trees
• Large animals
• Flowering shrubs
• Flowering forbs
• Small animals

62. THE RISE OF COMPLEX CULTURES
• The loss of the megafauna forced
humans everywhere to use other
food sources more intensively
• Evidence of intensive use of roots on
the Plateau by 6,000 years ago
• Pit houses, and intensive use of
salmon by 5,000 years ago
• Sedentism in populous villages
• Peak in population and social
complexity occurred between 2,500
and 1000 years ago
• Population and social complexity
then declined to levels observed at
European contact
• Bows not used until after 2,400 years
ago!

63. PLATEAU CULTURE: 7,000 YEARS OF
SUSTAINABILITY
• A beautiful
lifestyle
• Savages!?
• Myths of
destitution

65. We already live in a food forest.
• Plateau Indians used
135 native plants as
food
• Many more excellent
edibles have naturalized
• Our forest/steppe
margin is an ideal
human environment

67. THE ORIGINAL AFFLUENT SOCIETY
Ways rich people are like hunter/gatherers

68. Northwestern Proto-Agriculture
• Estuarine farming on
the Northwest Coast
• Intensive management
of camas meadows and
other resources
• (Irrigation without
agriculture in Owens
Valley, CA)

69. THE DOMESTICATION SPECTRUM

70. AMERICAN AGRICULTURE
• Corn agriculture originated in
Mesoamerica around 7,000 years
ago
• Agriculture arose independently in
several other world regions around
this time
• Corn spread North and got
frighteningly close
• Fremont Culture: AD 700-1300
• Without large domestic animals or
plows, American agriculture was
more limited than Fertile Crescent
agriculture
• The Fremont, Anasazi, and others
eventually abandoned farming for
hunting/gathering

71. OPPORTUNITY OR NECCESITY?
• Sedentism came first
• Agriculture may have been a response
to population stress and game
scarcity
• When the meat is gone, options are
limited
• Agriculture can only occur in a game
vacuum
• Agriculture provides a poor diet and is
tedious work
• Ancient skeletons show that early
farmers were stunted, malnourished,
and diseased
• Agriculture is a proven method for
concentrating wealth

72. TECHNOLOGY AS A RESPONSE TO
STRESS
• Necessity is the mother of invention
• Bows adopted as prey got smaller
• Plant and synthetic products invented after
animal products become scarce
• Governments pioneered to manage crowding
• Showers and microwave ovens allow us to
spend more time at work
• Every war time invention ever!

73. AGRICULTURE: A CAN OF WORMS
AGRICULTURE
CONFLICT SCARCITY
POPULATION
GROWTH LAND DEGRADATION
CONCENTRATION OF
WEALTH

74. AGRICULTURE’S IMPACTS
Ag also lead to:
• Extreme social
stratification
• Epidemic disease
• Chronic disease
• Ownership institutions
• Paradigms of control
AG MUST EXPAND OR DIE

75. CLARIFICATION OF TERMS
Agriculture: growing annual grain/legumes on
plowed land, typically on a broad scale
Horticulture: growing vegetable and/or
perennial crops intensively, typically on a small
scale (gardening)
Pastoralism: raising animals for food

76. AGRICULTURE AND INDUSTRY IMPACT SIMULTANEOUSLY
• Our region was aggressively colonized by
the U.S. in the late 1800’s
• The U.S Army waged a series of bitter
Indian Wars to stifle native resistance
• Disease and environmental destruction
ultimately did more to subdue the tribes
• Native peoples were moved onto
reservations, largely irrespective of
traditional territories
• By 1930, almost all arable land on the
Palouse was being farmed
• Completion of mega dams, like Grand
Coulee (1941) cut off the salmon runs,
breaking the backbone of Plateau
cultures.
• Indians were encouraged to farm

77. RELUCTANT SODBUSTERS
“My young men shall never work. Men who work cannot dream;
and wisdom comes to us in dreams. You ask me to plow the
ground. Shall I take a knife and tear my mother’s breast? Then
when I die she will not take me to her bosom to rest. You ask me
to dig for stone. Shall I dig under her skin for her bones? Then
when I die I cannot enter her body to be born again. You ask me
to cut grass and make hay and sell it, and be rich like white men.
But how dare I cut off my mother’s hair?” -Smohalla
“My people did not farm and had no use for crops until the fish
runs began to disappear from the streams and rivers. White
activities causing pollution, and commercial fishing projects
were the cause of this. Every year, the Colville found fewer
salmon to take, not enough to live on, and so began to farm to
stay alive. Finally, dams were built on the Columbia and the
salmon were stopped altogether from coming above Grand
Coulee. The salmon were gone, and high powered rifles are
doing about the same to our game animals. By the time we saw
the need to farm, the younger generations realized their
ancestors had let the whites have the riches t and most fertile
bottomland. And it was too late to get it back.” –Mourning Dove

78. ECONOMIC SUCCESSION

79. THE REST IS HISTORY
• Ever increasing growth of population and resource
intensification
• Columbia River becomes earth’s most heavily dammed
watershed
• Vast areas of steppe transformed to irrigated monocultures
• Full use of arable land
• “Green” Revolution brings ag chemicals, GMO’s
• Bunchgrass prairies and old growth forests become
memories
• Fossil fuel age blends into the nuclear age
• Unprecedented wage slavery

80. WAITING FOR THE WORLD TO
CHANGE…
?????

81. PROACTIVE SOLUTIONS: BIGGER,
WILDER, VISIBLE FROM SPACE
INFORMED PRIORITIES:
-Reintegrate!!!
-Perennialize
-Expand Savannah
-Pleistocene Rewilding
-Fisheries Restoration/Creation
-Foster Population Decline
-Active Resistance to Abuse

82. APPROPRIATE LAND USE
MOUNTAINS FOOTHILLS BOTTOMLANDS RIPARIAN
-Food Forests -Perennial -Vegetated
-Habitations pasture -Fisheries
-Gardens -Holistic -Beavers
management
-Silvopastoral
-Watershed
Protection
-Old growth
-Hunting
-Community
forestry?

83. EXPANDING SAVANNA
VEGETATION
CONTROL
• Animal
• Mechanical
• Fire
• Chemical

84. LIFE IS A PARTY!- MAKE INVITATIONS
Healing our ties with nature will require
abandoning abusive relationships, rescuing old
friendships, and making new connections.
Which life forms do we want in our community?
The possibilities are exiting!

85. OUR ASSOCIATES:TREES AND SCHRUBS
NUTS:
FRUITS:
1. Beech Family*
1. Rose Family* 2. Walnut Family
2. Fig Family 3. Rose Family*
3. Dogwood Family* 4. Pine Family*
4. Honeysuckle Family* 5. Birch Family*
5. Oleaster Family* 6. Soapberry Family
6. Ebony Family 7. Bladdernut Family
7. Custard Family Minor Families: Gingko, Pea, Elm*
8. Buckthorn Family*
9. Gooseberry Family* NITROGEN FIXERS:
10. Heather Family*
VINES
11. Chocolate Vine Family 1. Pea Family
12. Grape Family* 2. Birch Family*
13. Kiwi Family 3. Oleaster Family*
14. Tomato Family 4. Buckthorn Family*
Minor Families: Sumac*, Rue, Elm* 5. Rose Family*
6. Poplar Family?*

86. OUR ASSOCIATES: EDIBLE FORBS
TERRESTRIAL ROOTS: AQUATIC ROOTS:
1. Carrot Family 1. Cattail Family
2. Sunflower Family 2. Wapato Family
3. Lily Family …
4. Mustard Family
5. Yam Family HERBACIOUS FRUITS:
6. Pea Family
7. Purslane Family 1. Tomato Family
8. Tomato Family 2. Gourd Family
9. Mint Family
10. Beet Family
11. Oxalis Family
12. Rose Family
…

87. NEGLECTED ALLIES
• Apples
• Pear
• Plums
• Cherry Plums
• Apricots
• Sweet Cherries
• Mulberries
• Carpathian Walnuts
• Black Walnuts
• Blackberries
• Grapes
• Burdock
• Parsnip
• Asparagus
• Watercress
• Black Locust
• Pea Shrub
All have wild breeding populations in
our region!

88. OUR ASSOCIATES:
HERBIVORES
MAMMALS (8): BIRDS (4):
GALLIFORMS
BOVIDS
(chickens, turkeys, quail, grouse, pheasants)
(cattle, bison, yaks, goats, sheep, muskox, siaga)
ANATIDAE
PRONGHORN (ducks, geese, swans)
(only pronghorn)
COLUMIDAE
CERVIDS (pigeons, doves)
(deer, elk, moose, caribou)
RATITES
(ostriches, emus, rheas)
ARTIODACTYLS
(horses, donkeys, tapirs) FISH:
TYLOPODA CYPRINIFORMS
(camels, llamas) (carp, minnows, loaches)
…
SUINA
(pigs, peccaries) INVERTEBRATES:
(mussels, crawfish, snails, cicadas, ants, termites, crickets,
LAGOMORPHS grasshoppers)
(rabbits, hares)
RODENTS
(marmots, porcupines, beavers, squirrels, capybaras)

89. PLIESTOCENE REWILDING
Extinct Large Potential Proxy
Herbivores of North America Species
• Wooly and Columbian Mammoths African Bush Elephant
• American Mastodon Sumatran Elephant?
• Ground Sloths -
• Bison Plains Bison, Woods Bison, Bovids?
• Shrub Oxen Muskox? Bovids?
• Pronghorn Modern Pronghorn
• Giant Moose Modern Moose
• Horses Zebras, Oganers, Przewalski’s Horse
• Tapirs Mountain Tapir
• Camel Bactrian or Dromedary Camels
• Llamas Modern Llama and Alpaca
• Peccaries Chocoan Peccary, Pigs?
• Capybara Modern Capybara
• Giant Beaver Modern Beaver
• Glyptodont -
• Giant armadillo Modern Armadillo

90. HABITAT VS. THE ORCHARD
• All Rose Family
• Clone Monoculture
• Dwarfed Trees
• Close Spacing
• Grass Ground Cover
• Unnatural Climate
• Must Irrigate
• Must Fertilize/Spray
• No animals!?

92. HABITAT VS. THE ORCHARD

93. TEMPORAL DIVERSITY

94. WATER TO GROW

96. CLOSING THE NUTRIENT LOOP