week4Activities Checklist - 17.SU.HIS.2215.pdf201767 .docx

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17.SU.HIS.2215.500 SURVEY OF AFRICAN HISTORY
Table of Contents Week 4 Empires Activities Checklist
Activities Checklist
To meet the learning objectives for this topic, you will complete
these activities. Print this page and use it as a checklist.
Review the Introduction and Objectives page.
Read Pages 67-81 in your textbook.
Read the lesson, Nubia: Egypt's Rival.
Read the lesson, The Other Kingdoms of Nubia.
Read the lesson, Winning the Battles Doesn't Mean Winning the
War.
Complete all activities on the Learning Activities page.
Read the Spotlight: Mauritania page.
Participate in the Discussion: Empires.
Complete Quiz 1: Geography and Natural Resources.
Post and questions about the course or assignments in the Help!

Discussion.
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Introduction
There seems to be a common misnomer
that Egypt was the only real civilization
of Africa. The argument at least implies
that the other African Kingdoms arose in
the shadow of Egypt adopting Egyptian
culture, religion, administration, and
values. This module explores a few of
the African Kingdoms from Eastern and
Northern Africa demonstrating their
interaction and contributions to world

history.
Objectives
After completing the learning activities for this topic, you will
be able to:
Compare and contrast the unique characteristics and similarities
between African kingdoms of
Eastern and Northern Africa.
Synthesis the information regarding ancient African kingdoms
with previous knowledge of Global
Civilization and Western Civilization.
Analyze the information regarding ancient African kingdoms in
the context of Afrocentric versus
Eurocentric perspectives.
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17.SU.HIS.2215.500 SURVEY OF AFRICAN HISTORY
Table of Contents Week 4 Empires Learning Activities
Learning Activities

Go to the Picture Book, Nubia: Egypt's Rival and explore more
about the Nubian culture. To turn the pages double click, or pull
, on the
page's corner.
Note: Works best in Google Chrome.
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Ancient Nubia, also referred to as Kush, was roughly the
region of modern Sudan. Geographers refer to northern
Nubia as "Lower Nubia" and to southern Nubia as "Upper
Nubia." The reason for this is because the Nile River in
Nubia, unlike other rivers of the world, flows from the south
to the north. So up the Nile is actually going south.
The Nubian section of the Nile contains six rock filled rapids
called cataracts. It was from the south that the original
ancestors of the Egyptians settled the land of Egypt. They
recorded in their writings that their ancestors came from the
south. The Edfu is an inscription still found in the Temple of
Horus at Edfu. It tells us that the origin of Egyptian
civilization was taken from the south by a band of invaders led
by King Horus (Source: Rulers of Egypt's
25th Dynasty & Ancient Nubia).
A rich and powerful nation, which was at periods the center of c
ulture and military might in Africa,
ancient Nubia had a wealth of natural resources such as gold, iv
ory, copper, frankincense, and ebony
but they also produced and traded a variety of goods such as pot
tery (Source: MACLEOD, 1997).
Though south of Egypt, they were neither a carbon copy of Egy
pt or dependent on Egypt for culture and

progress.
Throughout the Old Kingdom, Egypt documented the presence o
f Nubia referencing them as trading
partner and imperial rivals. Archaeological evidence uncovered
over the last few decades supports the
belief that the Nubians were not just vassals and trading partner
s of the Egyptian Pharaohs but also the
creators of an ancient and impressive civilization of their own,
with a homegrown culture that may have
been the most complex and cosmopolitan in all Africa (Source:
MACLEOD, 1997).
The number of pyramids in ancient Nubia total 223, double thos
e of its neighbor Egypt. The
underground graves of the Nubian pyramids were richly decorat
ed. Because of the sheer number of
pyramids, these were not monuments for kings only, but also for
priests and other high ranking officials
(Source: Ancient Nubian Pyramids).
week4/question and requirements.docx
Please answer the following question. Your answer should be
thorough and demonstrate your understanding of the material.
An Afrocentric perspective of this topic argues a position that
Africa during the period discussed was the history not of
diverse people with diverse culture, but a single cultural unit
based around the Nile Valley civilization. The argument
advocates that to focus on the difference of the Kingdoms is a
mistake and that the focus should be on the similarities which
define the continent. The opposite argument says to place
emphasis on the similarities without acknowledging the
creativity and adaptive behavior is a mistake. Take a position.

Where should the emphasis be? On the similarities of cultures
or on those things that make the cultures unique?
Make sure you support your answer with evidence from the
readings.
week4/Spotlight_ Mauritania - 17.SU.HIS.2215.pdf
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Population (July 2015) 3,596,702
Poverty Rate (2015) 40%
Literacy Rate (2015) 52.1%
System of Government Presidentiaal Republic
What other name(s) has this nation/region been known as:
French West Africa
Basic Demographics
Top 5 Things to Know About this Nation
1. If you look at Mauritania from space, you can see a clear bull

’seyelike image called “The Eye of
Africa” with a diameter of about 30 miles. The cause of the rin
g is still argued among scientist.
2. Seventy percent of the country is desert - which is growing d
ue to droughts.
3. Three times the size of Arizona.
4. One of the last nations in the world to aboolish slavery, thoug
h it is estimated that there are nearly
100,000 slaves today.
5. Mauritania’s Bay of Nouadhibou, hides one of the biggest sh
ip cemeteries in the world. There are more
than 300 wrecks from all nations beached permanently on its sh
ores.
Nation's Connection to Theme
This land represents the heart of the kingdoms of Mali, Ghana, a
nd Songhai. Its extensive natural resources
include an abundance of gold, which helps explain Mali's wealt
h and Sundiata's pilgimage to Mecca and his
spending spree along the way.
Nation's Historical Significance to the World
The main commercial routes that connected the empires in Moro
cco with the south passed through Mauritania,
carrying Saharan salt and Mediterranean luxury products such a
s fine cloth, brocades, and paper in exchange
for gold.
The small political elite that guided the independence movement
of the 1960s from France was divided over
whether the country should be oriented toward Senegal and blac
k, French-speaking Africa or toward nearby

Arab Morocco and the rest of the Arab world. This was complic
ated by the fact that Morocco was undergoing its
own challenges with its ethnic identity. The political direction
under its first king was one of cautious balance
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between the country’s African and Arab roots; independence ca
me with close ties to France and full
participation in the Organization of African Unity (later the Afri
can Union) and also membership in the Arab
League. The political conflict of those early years continues to
manifest itself decades later.
Nation's Modern Day Significance to the World
Modern-day slavery is still common in Mauritania - now called
human trafficking. Some estimates put the
number enslaved at nearly 20% of the population, largely black
Moors. Anti-trafficking law enforcement efforts
are virtually non-existent. Prosecution of those who are holding
individuals in bondage requires slaves, most of
whom are illiterate, to file the complaint. NGOs (non-goverme
ntal organizations) provide most of the support
to victims of slavery without support of the government. Now
that alone should tell you a lot about the
government of Mauritania.

week4/The Other Kingdoms of Nubia - 17.SU.HIS.2215.pdf
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Kerma
The Kerma kingdom evolved around 2500 BCE and was noted f
or its state-level,
or political system that unified the various peoples of Nubia. Fo
rtified cities,
magnificent courts and gardens, and its massive architectural sit
es, are
distinguishing characteristics of the emergence of this kingdom
(Source:
Karenga, 2002).
What's clear is that Kerma's civilization emerged out of an ancie
nt pastoral
culture that had flourished in that part of Sudan since at least 70
00 BCE when
the first settlements were established. Archaeologist uncovered
the oldest
evidence of cattle domestication ever found in Sudan and even
within the Egyptian Nile Valley, which
formed the foundation of their economic system. Kerma was an
extremely prosperous empire. It was an
advanced Black African state which established itself very succ

essfully as a middle-man between sub-
Saharan Africa and Egypt. It therefore supplied ancient Egypt w
ith everything from tropical animals and
slaves to gold and precious hardwoods (Source: Keys).
Napata
From the capital city of Napata, Nubian kings emerged dedicate
d to uniting Nubia and
begin the extension of power into Egypt. Pankhi, also known as
Piye, is the ruler who
conquered Egypt during its Twenty-Fifth Dynasty. Though he di
d not rule Egypt,
leaving that to his successor, he is noted for leaving Victory Te
xt, a detailed account
of his conquest. The text reveals that Pankhi was a generous kin
g who preferred
diplomacy to warfare and who rejected the Assyrian model of vi
cious warfare.
Pankhi was a deeply religious man who acknowledged an omnip
otent and omnipresent
deity, Atum. He insisted that his troops pray before going into b
attle, writing For there
is no strength without Amon Re. He makes the weak armed into
the strong armed so
that the multitudes flee from the feeble and one aloe take a thou
sand captive. He
continues, Anoint yourself with the waters of his altars and bow
n down to the earth before Him and say
make us a way that we might fight in the shadow of your strong
arm (Source: Karenga, 2002).
Another Nubian ruler of the Egyptian Twenty-fifth Dynasty was
Shabaka who is noted for copying and
preserving The Memphite Theology which is the earliest recorde

d account of creation described as an
active thought and speech and prefigures the doctrine of Judaic
tradition (Source: Karenga, 2002). Ptah,
the Creator, conceives creation in his heart/mind (ib), as an expr
ession of wisdom (Sia) and through
authoritative utterance (Hu) bring the world into being (Source:
Memphite Theology).
After a century, Nubians rule (both male and female) ended. Th
e Nubian dynasty had offered local
rulers in Palestine military aid as they struggled against the Ass
yrians. The Assyrians retaliated by
invading Egypt and driving the Nubian monarchs southward, ho
wever they took with them a strong
sense of Egyptian culture, specifically in the process of mummif
ication and hieroglyphics.
Meroë
By the end of the fourth century BCE, the center of
Nubian culture moved further southward to Meroë,
perhaps because Meroë was better situated for agriculture
and trade, the economic lifeblood of Nubia. Meroë was a
great city with exquisite palaces and temples, arts and
crafts and a large industrial complex built aound a large
iron industry. The hieroglyphs Nubians had borrowed from
the Egyptians was replaced by a 23 letter alphabet, still
essentially untranslated.
Women of the royal family played an important role in
Meroitic politics. A matrilineal line of succession was impleme
nted in which the king was succeeded by
the son of his sister. Greek, Roman and Biblical sources refer to
a queen of Nubia named Candace. At
least seven queens ruled between 284 BCE and 115 CE (Source:
Bulliet, 2009).

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People of Meroë were noted Ironworkers, knowledge that is beli
eved to have spread from Western Asia.
As is common in history, production of iron proved to be both a
blessing and a curse to Meroë. Iron
weapons made the military powerful and was turned into a majo
r industry. The powerful military was
able to keep the Greeks and Romans at bay. On the other hand,
deforestations caused by the demand
for trees to smelt ore, led to an inability to sustain agriculture le
ading to a gradual decline of Meroë.
week4/Winning the Battles Doesn't Mean Winning the War -
17.SU.HIS.2215.pdf
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Carthage represent the Northern African kingdom near modern
Tunisia. In 275 BC, the Romans defeated Pyrrhus, king of
Epirus in western Greece that gave it control over the island
of Sicily and in direct contact with the Carthaginian in North
Africa. The Phoenician city of Carthage had for centuries
dominated the western Mediterranean and had conquest of
Sicily on their minds. Carthage also had a naval fleet that
made them masters of the Sea. Since Sicily was perceived by
the Romans as a stepping-stone to Italy, the Romans could
not tolerate the possibly.
In 264 BC, Carthage and Rome came to blows over the city of
Messana. This conflict, The First Punic
War, lasted 23 years. Carthage proved to be a formidable oppon
ent to the Romans, wining most of the
battles, which were fought at sea. Able to reinforce its navy wit
h supplies, Roman was quickly taught
that the control of the island of Sicily required an effective fleet
, which they did not initially have. After
adapting its navy to the realities of a maritime war, the Romans
fought and defeated Carthage.
Carthage gave up territory and agreed to pay for the war, which
was not a problem for an African
kingdom with tremendous access to the vast resources of Africa.
The First Punic War though was just the beginning, not the end.
Carthage was a formidable enemy that
too adapted quickly. Forced to conscript its soldiers to Rome, C
arthage simply looked elsewhere to
reinforce its army. After the war, Carthage expanded its power t
o Spain and turned the Iberian Peninsula
into a base and ally. By 219 BC, Carthage had Hannibal, who w
as a brilliant general.
By 218 BC, Carthage had built an empire in Spain and grown w

ealthier and powerful as a result.
Saguntum, a small city in Spain, approached the Romans and re
quested friendship and an alliance.
Rome complied because it gave them an ally in the heart of the
Carthaginian Empire, which had built a
mighty military.
In 218 BC Hannibal marched his army across Europe,
crossed the Alps and entered Italy. Although the army
was tired, they crushed the Roman armies they
encountered in northern Italy. The decisive victories
brought at least 50,000 Gauls from the north to assist in
the battle against Rome. Carthage will ultimately bring
Rome its greatest defeat at Cannae, when their weaken
force decimated the Roman army of 80,000, which
brought Roman enemies to the side of Carthage.
The Romans decided to fight the war through the back
door. They recruited Scipio Africanus to lead the Roman
army. He was successful in conquering Spain, which cut
off Carthage s supply line and took the war to Northern
Africa. This forced Hannibal to retreat in order to defend
his homeland. Despite winning every major battle in the 2nd Pu
nic War, Hannibal ultimately lost the war.
Rome reduced Carthage to a dependent state and now controlled
the entire western Mediterranean,
including northern Africa (Source: Hooker, 1999).
The Third Punic War was an act of revenge by the Romans. Cat
o, a Roman statesman made it his life s
mission to destroy Carthage. Rome demanded that the people ab
andon the city and move into the
interior of Africa. The Carthaginians who were dependent on th
e Sea for trade, refused. Rome declared
war, ordering its army to burn the city to the ground and slaught
ering the inhabitants. The select few

not slaughtered, were enslaved. After burning the city to the gro
und and destroying the harbors, all the
surrounding countryside was sown with salt in order to render it
uninhabitable. Robert Hooker, called it
the greatest systematic execution of a people until World War II
(Source: Hooker, 1999).

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