1. Computerized Physician Order
Entry (CPOE) and Medication
Safety
Azmi Nor Mohd Farez bin Ahmat
B. Pharm (UKM), M. Clinical Pharmacy (UKM), BCPS.
2. CPOE?
……Is the process of a medical
professional entering medication
orders or other physician
instructions electronically
instead of on paper charts.
Institute of Medicine (IOM)
……E-prescribing is a subset of
full CPOE, with order entry
limited to prescribing.
6. To Err is Human:
Building a Safer Health System
Human beings, in all lines of work, make
errors.
Errors can be prevented by designing systems
that make it hard for people to do the wrong
things and easy for people to do the right
thing.
In health care, building a safer system means
designing processes of care to ensure that
patient are safe from accidental injury.IOM, National Academy of Sciences, 2000.
8. Errors!
..approximately 200k people die every year in
the US as a result of preventable medical errors.
..Medication errors are estimated to account for
at least 7,000 deaths in the United States alone
every year.
..Medication error is one of the most common
causes of unintentional harm in Australia which
results in an estimated 80,000 hospital
admissions every year
Kohn et al. 1999. Institute of Medicine;
Federal Minister for Health and Ageing Australia, 9 September
2003
9.
10. .. a 2013 Meta-analysis found that the likelihood of a
prescribing error was reduced by 48%
when using CPOE compared with paper-based
orders.
..estimated 17.4million medication errors
averted in the USA in one year.
Why CPOE?
Radley et al. 2013. J. Am Med Inform Assoc.
11. .. A study done at a pediatrics hospital in Canada
showed a decrease by 40% in medication
error rates.
..identify 62% of potential
medication errors including drug-allergy
interactions, dosing limits and inappropriate
routes of administration.
Why CPOE?
Chaparro et al. 2016. J. Am Med Inform Assoc.
King et al. 2003. Pediatrics.
12. .. A study done at a pediatrics hospital in Canada
showed a decrease by 40% in
medication error rates.
…Mortality and LOS decreased in medical and
surgical ward.
Why CPOE?
Lyons et al. 2016. J. Am Med Inform Assoc.
King et al. 2003. Pediatrics.
13. .. A study done at a pediatrics hospital in Canada
showed a decrease by 40% in
medication error rates.
…Mortality and LOS decreased in medical and
surgical ward.
Why CPOE?
Lyons et al. 2016. J. Am Med Inform Assoc.
King et al. 2003. Pediatrics.
14. Improving both efficiency
and accuracy of orders…
Reduce errors from poor handwriting.
Reduced Incorrect transcription
Reduced incomplete prescription
Allow direct transmittal of prescription to
pharmacies.
15. ..The majority of medical
mistakes happen when the
physician orders
services and
prescriptions for the
patients.
..Physicians using a paper
prescription pad often do
not have legible
handwriting, and
prescriptions often not able
to be read by the individuals
who process and prepare
them for the patient.Charles et al, 2014. Perspectives in health information
management
16. …If the pharmacist is not able to read a
prescription handwritten by the physician, the
patient is at risk of ADEs.
…A CPOE may be the solution to decrease the
number of ADEs in a hospital, enhanced patient
safety and decrease preventable medical errors.
Charles et al, 2014. Perspectives in health information
management
19. E-prescribing
..Remove abbreviations and acronyms and
increasing order speed through the used of E-
prescribing.
..Remove the need of transcribing.
..Remove in-complete prescription.
..Increased accessibility of patients medical
records.
20. E-prescribing
..Warning and alert system.
..Improved formulary adherence.
..Increased patient convenience by reducing
waiting time.
..Provider mobility – can approved medication
from any desktop.
27. Warning and alert
systems
DUR- Patient current
drugs
- Interaction
- Drug allergy
- Diagnosis
- Body weight
- Age
- Drug
appropriateness
- Correct dosing
- Contraindications
- Duplicate orders
34. Interaction alert…
..Alert system managed to prevent a large
number of inappropriate medication orders for
the older patient.
Massachusetts Medical Centre. 2004
41. AE..
…The number of ADR/ADE decreased by
84%.
…If the pharmacist is not able to read a
prescription handwritten by the physician, the
patient is at risk of ADEs.
…A CPOE may be the solution to decrease the
number of ADEs in a hospital, enhanced patient
safety and decrease preventable medical errors.
Charles et al, 2014. Perspectives in health information
Editor's Notes
There is ways to prevent errors such as:
Prescribing – electronic prescription – reduced risk of transcribing errors.
Admixture and labeling – prepared by skill pharmacist technician and label to minimize error.
Scanning – bar code scanning to minimized error.
Check data and start – check patient information before serving medication.
Documentation – document all process involved.
The most common process in which the error occur are during prescribing – manual prescribing. Follow by dispensing and administration.