IEEE Standards Impact in IoT and 5G, Day 2 - Architectural Requirements for Smart Cities
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The presentation on Architectural Requirements for Smart Cities on the second day of the "IEEE Standards Impact in IoT and 5G" conference in Bangalore, India, describes the vision of a Smart City and shows that there are two paths to building a Smart City. Either Top/Down or Bottom/Up. The presentation describes Open Societies, and how to create Digital equivalents of Open Societies, or Open Smart Societies. It shows how standards, interoperability, monetization, privacy and security are key factors, and how IEEE 1451.99 can help lay a strong foundation for a Smart City.
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IEEE Standards Impact in IoT and 5G, Day 2 - Architectural Requirements for Smart Cities
- 1. Architectural Requirements for Smart Cities Trust Anchor Group TAG Trust Anchor Group Infrastructure and smart transactions for modern societies Peter Waher
- 3. What does smart mean? Trust Anchor Group TAG ● Smart Meters ● Smart Phones ● Smart TV ● Smart Homes ● Smart Buildings ● Smart Cars ● Smart Cities ● Smart Societies ● … ● Is “Smart” just a buzz word, or does it mean anything?
- 4. Smart? Meter Trust Anchor Group TAG ● Performs calculations ● Records consumption ● Communicates ● Control load Smart means connected. It also indirectly reports when you’re home and some of what you do… Smart?
- 5. Smart?-phone Trust Anchor Group TAG ● Pocket computer ● Apps Has phoning become better/easier/different? Smart means flexible tool / toy. It also helps keep you unaware, while it siphons your personal data… Smart?
- 6. Smart? TV Trust Anchor Group TAG ● Apps ● Internet Smart means easier access to online entertainment. Does it watch you back?
- 7. Smart Home Trust Anchor Group TAG ● Home Automation ● Helps control common tasks ○ Lighting ○ Locks ○ Temperature ○ Electricity ○ Kitchen ○ Surveillance ○ Assisted Living ○ … Smart means to help / automate. Is it necessary for someone outside of your home, to know what you do inside?
- 8. Smart Building Trust Anchor Group TAG ● Building Automation ● Administration ○ Heating ○ Water ○ Electricity ○ Air-conditioning ○ Laundry ○ Maintenance ○ Surveillance ○ … Smart means to help / automate. The point is to help the owner/manager, not necessarily the inhabitant.
- 9. Smart Car Trust Anchor Group TAG ● Autonomous Driving ● Connectivity ● Automate control ○ Speed ○ Lights ○ Breaks ○ Signals ○ Steering ○ … Smart means to help / automate. Will they be smart enough?
- 10. Smart City / Society Trust Anchor Group TAG ● Automation ● Open Data ○ Transport ○ Traffic (C-ITS) ○ Parking ○ Utilities ○ Health Care ○ Law enforcement ○ Schools ○ Libraries ○ Waste management ○ Citizens? ○ … Smart for whom?
- 11. Common Denominators Trust Anchor Group TAG Is: ● Automation ● Optimization ● Connectivity Sufficient for labeling something as “smart”? “Smart” is a great buzz word. It helps vendors appear better, and consumers feel better, even if the technology happens to be “stupid”.
- 13. What can be Trust Anchor Group TAG
- 14. Chinese Social Credit System Trust Anchor Group TAG (World’s most?) ambitious “Smart City” project. Calculates economic and social reputation, based on mass surveillance and AI: ● Honesty ● Commercial Integrity ● Social Integrity ● Judicial Credibility
- 15. Chinese Social Credit System Trust Anchor Group TAG Collects data from: ● Online activity ● Searches ● Shopping behavior ● Locations ● Friends ● Health ● Bank accounts ● Messages ● Smart Home appliances ● News sources ● Dating ● …
- 16. Chinese Social Credit System Trust Anchor Group TAG Affects: ● Job positions ● Salaries ● Living ● Travel restrictions ● Visa restrictions ● Access to schools ● Social status ● Loans ● Internet bandwidth ● …
- 17. Good or Bad idea? Trust Anchor Group TAG How about: ● Environmental impact rating? ● Diversity index? ● Common value compliance? ● … Can technology be used to fight crime, foster “good” behavior, desist “bad” behavior?
- 18. UN Declaration of Human Rights Trust Anchor Group TAG Article 12: No one shall be subjected to arbitrary interference with his privacy, family, home or correspondence, nor to attacks upon his honour and reputation. Everyone has the right to the protection of the law against such interference or attacks. https://www.un.org/en/universal-declaration-human- rights/ Well… it all depends on how you choose to interpret “arbitrary” and “attack”…
- 19. Which way? Trust Anchor Group TAG ● Chinese style top-down approach? ● Open Society, bottom-up approach? Some criticize the open, free society, by claiming it allows companies to do similar things, but not transparently.
- 20. Authoritarian (Top/Down) Trust Anchor Group TAG ● Easy to make decisions ● Laws ● Quick ● Ubiquitous ● Sacrifices individual freedoms ○ Freedom of expression ○ Creativity Smart for whom? The State.
- 21. Open & Free (Bottom/Up) Trust Anchor Group TAG ● Market forces ○ Segmented (limited interoperability) ○ Not well thought through ○ Not transparent ○ “Robber Barons” ● Consensus difficult ● Slow ● Standards ● Laws ● Smart for whom? The citizen, (hopefully… in the end…)
- 23. SharingTrust Anchor Group TAG Would you share your devices with others for free? ● Places load on your systems ● Decreases life-times ● Allows for unfair competition Unless there’s an economic feedback, answer is no.
- 24. MonetizationTrust Anchor Group TAG Free markets is the most effective method known, to incentivize development and inventiveness. Open Smart Cities and Societies need to ● Support free markets of information & resources This requires: ● Digital identities (legal identities) of participants ● Digital economy, supporting micro-transactions
- 25. Vision of a Smart City Trust Anchor Group TAG ● Ubiquitous access to ○ Interoperable sensors and things. ○ Data and information from authorities. ● Access to Smart services ○ In all niches of society. ● Ownership of information ● Protection of Privacy ○ by design and by default ● Open markets ○ For access to things and data
- 26. What must Governments do? Trust Anchor Group TAG ● Provide a strong foundation on which smart services can be built. ● Build infrastructure, not services. ● Promote & require use of open standards. ● Build legal framework that protects ownership and privacy. ● Allow for third parties to compete in open free markets. cf. development of ● Access to Internet ● Broad-band
- 28. Open Society Trust Anchor Group TAG How are open societies defined? ● Personal decisions ● Exchange of ideas ● Pluralism ● Responsibility under the law ● Government transparency ● Privacy
- 29. Digital Open Society Trust Anchor Group TAG How do we digitally model: ● Personal decisions? ● Exchange of ideas? ● Pluralism? ● Responsibility under the law? ● Government transparency? ● Privacy?
- 30. Personal decisions Trust Anchor Group TAG To allow maximum freedom of choice: ● Loosely coupled ○ Architectures ○ Communication Patterns ○ Data representation ● Federation ✓✓✓✓ IoT Harmonization ✓✓✓ CoAP(S), XMPP ✓✓ HTTP(S), LWM2M ✓ MQTT, Blockchain
- 31. Exchange of Ideas Trust Anchor Group TAG Translates into Interoperability: ● Transport (Communication) ● Representation ● Operation ✓✓✓ LWM2M, IoT Harmonization ✓✓ CoAP(S), HTTP(S) ✓ XMPP, MQTT ✗ Blockchain
- 32. Pluralism Trust Anchor Group TAG Same infrastructure can support: ● Different types of devices ● Different types of solutions ● Different manufacturers ● Different service providers ● Different operators ✓✓✓✓✓ HTTP(S), CoAP(S), XMPP, IoT Harmonization ✓✓ LWM2M, MQTT ✓ Blockchain
- 33. Responsibility under the law Trust Anchor Group TAG Requires: ● Strong identities ○ Verifiable ○ Legal ● Smart Contacts ● Digital Signatures ✓✓✓✓ Blockchain, IoT Harmonization ✓ HTTP(S), LWM2M, XMPP ✗ CoAP(S), MQTT
- 34. Government Transparency Trust Anchor Group TAG 5-star Open Data: ● Availability ● Structured ● Open format ● URIs ● Links ⋆⋆⋆⋆⋆ IoT Harmonization ⋆⋆⋆⋆ CoAP(S), HTTP(S) ⋆⋆⋆ LWM2M ⋆⋆ Blockchain, MQTT, XMPP
- 35. Privacy Trust Anchor Group TAG Basic requirements: ● Processing on the Edge ● Data ownership ● Actively protects privacy ● Does not contradict GDPR requirements ✓✓✓✓ IoT Harmonization ✓✓ XMPP ✓ HTTP(S), CoAP(S), MQTT, LWM2M ✗ Blockchain
- 36. Openness Summary Trust Anchor Group TAG Blockchain CoAP HTTP IoT.H. LWM2M MQTT XMPP Personal ✓ ✓✓✓ ✓✓ ✓✓✓✓ ✓✓ ✓ ✓✓✓✓ Interop. ✗ ✓✓ ✓✓ ✓✓✓ ✓✓✓ ✓ ✓ Plurality ✓ ✓✓✓✓✓ ✓✓✓✓✓ ✓✓✓✓✓ ✓✓ ✓✓ ✓✓✓✓✓ Law ✓✓✓✓ ✗ ✓ ✓✓✓✓ ✓ ✗ ✓ Transparency ⋆⋆ ⋆⋆⋆⋆ ⋆⋆⋆⋆ ⋆⋆⋆⋆⋆ ⋆⋆⋆ ⋆⋆ ⋆⋆ Privacy ✗ ✓ ✓ ✓✓✓✓ ✓ ✓ ✓✓ 8 15 15 25 12 7 15
- 37. Flexibility Trust Anchor Group TAG CoAP HTTP IoT.H. LWM 2M MQTT XMPP Async. Msg. ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Req/Resp. ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Pub/Sub. ✓✓✓ ✓ ✓✓✓ Federation ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Broker ✓ ✓ ✓ Serverless ✓ ✓ ✓ P2P7 ✓ ✓ 4 2 9 2 2 9
- 39. Trust Anchor Group TAG Ex-Director of National Intelligence James R. Clapper http://www.popsci.com/clapper-americas-greatest-threat-is-internet-things ”America's greatest threat is the Internet of Things” Feb 9, 2016
- 40. Open & Transparent Networks Trust Anchor Group TAG Sealed secure systems? or Open, Interoperable, but vulnerable systems? or is it possible to have: Open, Interoperable & secure systems?
- 41. IoT particularly vulnerable Trust Anchor Group TAG https://www.shodan.io/ ● Long-term operation ○ Technologies become obsolete ○ Lack of updates ● Invisible operation ○ No visible clues something is wrong ● No human operator (for normal use case) ● Lack of supervision ● Larger scale ○ More units and attack surfaces ● Affects physical world ● Consumers don’t pay for security
- 42. Security Summary Trust Anchor Group TAG Blockc hain CoAP HTTP IoT.H. LWM2 M MQTT XMPP Identities ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Authentication ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Authorization ✓ ✓ ✓ Encryption ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ E2E ✓ ✓ Consent ✓ ✓ Decentralized ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ By design ✓ ✓ ✓ Flexibility 4 2 9 2 2 9 Openness 8 15 15 24 12 7 15 11 21 20 41 19 10 32
- 43. Openness + Security Trust Anchor Group TAG For Things
- 44. Strong Foundation Trust Anchor Group TAG ● Things are “stupid” and need help with: ● Decision Support ● Ownership ○ Owner consent ● Lifecycle ○ Transfer of ownership ○ Decommissioning ● Discovery ● Interoperability ○ Data ○ Operations
- 45. IEEE 1451.99 IoT Harmonization Trust Anchor Group TAG ● Identity ● Communication Patterns ● Sensor Data ● Control Operations ● Localization (M2M, M2H) ● Tokens for distributed transactions ● Decision Support (for devices) ● Provisioning (for owners) ● Peer-to-Peer communication ● End-to-end encryption ● Concentrator/Bridge (“Thing of things”) ● Discovery ● Ownership ● Clock/Event Synchronization ● Secure Account Creation ● Remote Updates ● Legal Identities ● Smart Contracts ● Automated provisioning ● Monetization ● Economic feedback https://gitlab.com/IEEE-SA/XMPPI/IoT
- 46. Backbone for Smart City Trust Anchor Group TAG ● Efficient ● Interoperable ● Global scalability ● Privacy ● Ownership of information ● Secure foundation ● Bridges technologies vs
- 47. More Information Trust Anchor Group TAG
- 48. IEEE 1451.99 IoT Harmonization Trust Anchor Group TAG ● Identity ● Communication Patterns ● Sensor Data ● Control Operations ● Localization (M2M, M2H) ● Tokens for distributed transactions ● Decision Support (for devices) ● Provisioning (for owners) ● Peer-to-Peer communication ● End-to-end encryption ● Concentrator/Bridge (“Thing of things”) ● Discovery ● Ownership ● Clock/Event Synchronization ● Secure Account Creation ● Remote Updates ● Legal Identities ● Smart Contracts ● Automated provisioning ● Monetization ● Economic feedback https://gitlab.com/IEEE-SA/XMPPI/IoT
- 49. Mastering Internet of Things Trust Anchor Group TAG Raspberry Pi & Arduino Sensors, Actuators, Controllers, Concentrators, Bridges Protocols: MQTT, HTTP, CoAP, LWM2M, XMPP Interoperability Social Interaction Decision Support Product Lifecycle IoT Service Platforms IoT Harmonization Security Privacy Amazon Packt Microsoft Store https://github.com/PeterWaher/MIoT
- 50. Smart City Lectures Trust Anchor Group TAG Lecture 1: How to build a Smart City https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8G8ewFxE_V8 Lecture 2: Privacy in the Smart City https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h5CGPWuNBR8 Lecture 3: An Open and/or Secure Smart City? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bHxwQO2e-5A Lecture 4: Harmonizing the Internet of Things https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uVa-yK5gof4 Lecture 5: Introduction to Encryption https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vO3tt2u2LmE Lecture 6: Earning by Sharing in the Smart City https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RKYAFauXolc https://www.slideshare.net/peterwaher
- 51. https://CyberCity.online Trust Anchor Group TAG Test Integration Server: IEEE P1451.99 XMPP Links Example projects Source Code
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