3. 2nd May
Achievement seems to be connected with action. Successful
men and women keep moving. They make mistakes, but they
don't quit. Conrad Hilton
Anatomy
• Skill
• Socio Cultural
Describe the mechanisms of venous return that ensure
enough blood is returned to the heart during the
training run 4 MARKS
The long term memory is almost limitless in its capacity and
information can be retained in there for many years.
Describe four strategies that could help a performer retain
information in the long term memory. 4 MARKS
How can both funding and the media help to
develop sporting excellence in the UK?
6 MARKS
4. 3rd May
“The winners in life think constantly in terms of I can, I will,
and I am”
Waitely. D
• Anatomy
• Skill
• Socio Cultural
Identify two ways in which carbon dioxide is carried in the
blood during aerobic performance
Marks 2
Identify and explain three factors that can influence a
performer's reaction time
Marks 3
What are the characteristics of physical recreation
Marks 3
5. 4th May
The difference between the impossible and the
possible lies in a person’s determination” Lasorda, T
• Anatomy
• Skill
• Socio Cultural
During sub maximal exercise (aerobic) the predominant muscle
fibre type would be slow oxidative (type I). Give one structural
and one functional characteristic of this fibre type
Marks 2
Explain why selective attention is important to the short
term memory
Marks 2
Name each stage of the performance pyramid
Marks 4
6. 5th May
For every finish-line tape a runner there are the hours of hard
and often lonely work that rarely gets talked about.
Grete Waitz
Anatomy
• Skill
• Socio Cultural
How will a cool down aid the vascular system
Marks 2
Give three characteristics of the short term memory
Marks 3
What are the positive effects of fair play on sport or
a sporting situation
Marks 4
7. 6th May
My main focus is on my game.
Woods. T
• Anatomy
• Skill
• Socio Cultural
A cool down has a number of effects on the vascular system
which aid the performer. One effect is the prevention of blood
pooling. Identify two other effects.
Marks 2
Why is variability of practice important to schema theory?
Marks 1
What is meant by the terms physical prowess and
physical endeavour
Marks 2
8. 7th May
Most of us who aspire to be tops in our fields don't really
consider the amount of work required to stay tops.
Althea Gibson
Anatomy
• Skill
• Socio Cultural
Identify the name and blood pressure value for an adult at rest
in both phases of the cardiac cycle.
Marks 4
Identify the three different types of reinforcement used in
acquiring movement skills.
Marks 3
Describe the nature of sport in the USA.
Marks 5
9. 8th May
For every pass I caught in a game, I caught a thousand
in practice. Don Hutson
Anatomy
• Skill
• Socio Cultural
Why do the changes in pressure at altitude reduce performance
Marks 4
Name the 4 main aspects of Bandura’s observational
learning theory
Marks 4
How do National Governing Bodies support
performers at the top of the performance pyramid?
Marks 5
10. 9th May
"Think little goals and expect little achievements. Think
big goals and win big success."
David Joseph Schwartz
Socio Cultural
Identify 4 roles of a National Governing Body
Marks 4
Anatomy
Explain how oxygen is transported in the blood to the working muscle
tissues
Marks 2
Skill
Use the example of a gymnast performing a handstand to explain
closed loop control
Marks 4
11. 10th May
"By working hard, you get to play hard guilt-free"
Rohn, J.
Socio Cultural
Explain how education, physical recreation and sport can all exist
within a school PE programme
Marks 3
Anatomy
Explain the conduction system of the heart
Marks 3
Skill
Use an example from Physical Education or sport to explain recall and
recognition schema
Marks 4
12. 11th May
“Hard work brings prosperity, playing around brings poverty”
The Bible
Socio Cultural
What can young people gain as a result of a positive Outdoor
Education experience
Marks 4
Anatomy
Identify two mechanisms that aid venous return during exercise
Marks 2
Skill
Use a practical example to explain the stages of the psychological
refractory period
Marks 5
13. 12th May
Guidance
You need to be able to.........
Describe the different types of guidance
Evaluate critically the types of guidance
4 types.......................Draw a picture to help remember
V_________________
V_________________
M________________
M_________________
They are all best suited for the different phases of learning.
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ is the first phase. Performances are often _ _ _ _ _ and uncoordinated. They need to have _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ feedback as they are beginners. They rely heavily on _ _ _ _ _ _ guidance, for example a
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ which must be accurate so it can be copied. It also provides the learner with a
_ _ _ _ _ _ image of the skill. This is often backed up and reinforced with _ _ _ _ _ _ guidance. This cannot be
too much or it will _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ the performer.
VERBAL JERKY OVERLOAD VISUAL COGNITIVE
CORRECT DEMONSTRATION
’pain is temporary. quitting lasts
forever’’
Lance Armstrong
14. 13th May
“Follow your dreams and enjoy the ride!”
Father of Davis Love III
Socio Cultural
Define sports sponsorship and identify possible negative effects of
sponsorship to sports performers
Marks 4
Anatomy
Why would endurance performance decrease when performing at
altitude
Marks 2
Skill
Explain the term motor programme
Marks 3
15. 14th May
“Defeat is not the worst of failures. Not to have tried is the true failure.”
George Edward Woodberry
Socio Cultural
Identify two roles of the media
Marks 2
Anatomy
How would a warm up benefit the strength of muscle contractions
when performing the strengthening exercise
Marks 3
Skill
Explain proactive and retroactive transfer and give an example of
each
Marks 4
16. 15th May
Success is how high you bounce when you hit bottom.
George S. Patton
Socio Cultural
Discuss both the positive and negative effects of the media on sport
Marks 4
Anatomy
Identify two ways in which carbon dioxide is carried in the blood
during aerobic performance
Marks 2
Skill
Use an example from Physical Education or sport to explain how a
performer learns by operant conditioning
Marks 4
17. 16th May
"I've never known anybody to achieve anything without
overcoming adversity."
---Lou Holtz
Socio Cultural
Describe public, private and voluntary funding of sport
Marks 3
Anatomy
Identify 2 structures of the hip joint and describe their role during
physical performance
Marks 4
Skill
What strategies are used to ensure that information can be stored
and easily retrieved from the long term memory
Marks 3
18. 17th May
Success isn't something that just happens - success is learned, success
is practiced and then it is shared.
-- Sparky Anderson
Socio Cultural
What is meant by the term American Dream?
Marks 1
Anatomy
Describe how cardiac output is increased during endurance activities
Marks 4
Skill
Use a practical example to illustrate Thorndike's Laws of Learning and
how each law can be applied to Physical Education or sport. 1) Law
of Effect 2) Law of exercise 3) Law of readiness
Marks 6
19. 18th May
The Six W's: Work will win when wishing won't.
-- Todd Blackledge
Socio Cultural
Why might negative transfer occur
Marks 2
Anatomy
Explain how gas exchange is increased at the lungs to ensure that a
greater amount of oxygen is diffused into the blood during exercise
Marks 4
Skill
Negative transfer can adversely affect the learning of movement skills.
Give three ways in which negative transfer a can be avoided
Marks 3
20. 19th May
The difference between failure and success is doing a thing nearly right and
doing it exactly right.
-- Edward C. Simmons
Socio Cultural
What are some of the possible causes of crowd violence at sporting
events
Marks 3
Anatomy
During the training run blood needs to be diverted away from non-
essential organs to the working muscles. Explain how the vasomotor
centre controls this distribution.
Marks 3
Skill
Explain what is meant by an open skill and a closed skill
Marks 4
21. 2nd May – Amy Williams
Anatomy
1. Skeletal muscle pump - muscles contract to squeeze
blood back to the heart
2. Valves prevent backflow
3. Respiratory pump - changes in pressure around
abdominal cavity squeezes blood back to the heart
4. Blood above the heart will return due to gravity
5. Venoconstriction of veins returning blood back to the
heart
Skill
1. Practice/Overlearning/Repetition
2. Link information to that already
stored/relate to past experiences / Association
3. Make information meaningful/relevant
4. Experience is enjoyable/novel/interesting
5. Use of visual imagery/mental rehearsal
6. Reward and reinforce success
7. Chunking / Chaining / group information together
8. Intensify the stimulus
9. Make information unique/unusual
PACCM
Socio Cultural
1. performers can: concentrate on sport / train full time / become professional
2. performers can compete more equally with those from better funded countries
3. provision of or money for high level or specialist facilities or equipment or clothing
4. provision of or money for high level training or coaching
5. fund: UK Sport / UKSI (EIS) / NGBs / H.C. councils / YST / Sports Colleges 6.
6. attracts or provides world class events or competitions
7. scholarships / World Class (Performance) Programme / TASS / gifted and talented
8. raises profile or awareness of sport/s / promotes sport/s
9. positive role models / raises profile or awareness of performers
10. sponsorship / money to sport/s or performer/s
11. influence on : rules or timings or seasons or format or structure of sport
12. use of dvds or videos or websites
13. Increases participation / mass participation / build base of performance pyramid / shatter stereotypes / money / to clubs
22. 3rd May – Steven Redgrave
Anatomy
1. Dissolves in the plasma
2. Combines with
haemoglobin
3. Forms
carbaminohaemoglobin
4. Dissolves in water
Skill
1. RT deteriorates with age
2. Males have faster RT then females
3. Experience of a skill speeds up RT
4. Anticipation of the stimulus,
5. The strength/clarity of the stimulus
6. Expecting a particular response to a
stimulus
7. Expecting a stimulus to be presented,
8. PRP - presentation of a second stimulus
before a first is cleared
9. Arms react quicker than legs - length of
neural pathway
10. Drugs/Alcohol can affect RT
11. Number of choices affect RT - Hicks Law
Socio Cultural
1. Limited skill/fitness
2. Limited organisation/no officials
3. Flexible rules
4. Limited competition
5. Enjoyable/Non serious
6. Basic equipment
7. Time decided by participants
8. Amateur/Hobby/Choice
9. Space decided by participants
23. 4th May Answers - AP McCoy
Anatomy
• Structural - 1. Size - Small
• 2. Colour - Red
• 3. Capillaries - Many
• Function 4. Slow to fatigue
• 5. Slow contractile speed
• 7. Low force output
• 8. High aerobic capacity
Skill
• 1. Limited capacity/5-9 items/Up to
30 seconds
• 2. Only allows relevant information
through/filters irrelevant information
• 3. Brain operates as a single channel
organ/bottleneck occurs when more
than one item tries to pass through
• 4. STM initiates movement therefore
the quicker the relevant detail enters
the STM the quicker the response
Socio Cultural
•1. Excellence/elite
•2. Performance
•3. Participation
•4. Foundation
24. 5th May – Mo Farraw
1. Flushes
out lactic
acid/waste
products
2. Keeps
capillaries
dilated/maint
ains blood
flow to
muscles
3. Maintains
skeletal
pump/muscu
lar pump
4. Prevents
blood
pooling
5. Maintains
venous
return
6. Maintains
stroke
volume/cardi
ac output
7. Maintains
blood
pressure
8. Gradually
decreases
heart rate
1. Limited capacity/5-9 items, 2.
Up to 30 seconds
3. Initiates movement/working
memory/two way process between
STSS/STM/LTM
4. Chunking information can
extend capacity, 5. Information is
encoded/passed onto LTM
1. helps officials
2. helps the flow
of the
game/improves
spirit of the game
3. increases
enjoyment/goodw
ill amongst
players
4. increases
enjoyment
amongst
crowd/prevents
hooliganism
5. raises status
of the
sport/positive
image
6. produces
positive role
models/reinforce
s positive
behaviour
25. 6th May – Ronnie O Sullivan
Anatomy
1. Maintain stroke volume/cardiac output
2. Gradual decrease in temperature
3. Maintain blood pressure
4. Removal of waste products/carbon
dioxide/lactic acid
5. Keeps capillaries dilated/maintains blood
flow/oxygen to muscles/reduces oxygen
debt
6. Maintains skeletal pump/respiratory pump
7. Maintains venous return
Skill
Different experiences in
practice situations will
build up/extend the
schema/schema will be
able to be used in many
situations/greater
transfer of skills
Socio Cultural
Physical Prowess - Physical skill/expertise/proficiency/fitness
Physical Endeavour - Effort/commitment/determination
26. 7th May – Andy Murray
Anatomy
• Contraction Phase
• 1. Systolic 100-130 mmHg
• Relaxation Phase
• 2. Diastolic 70 – 90 mmHg
Skill
1. Positive (reinforcement)
2. Negative (reinforcement)
3. Punishment.
Socio Cultural
1. (American Dream)Sport a vehicle for achieving the American Dream or going from rags to riches or achieving upward social
mobility
2. (win ethic) (Driven by) ‘win ethic’ or Lombardian ethic / win at all costs / very competitive / no draws
3. (commercialism) Commercialism / sport is (big) business /
sport or performers make money / used to promote or advertise products / performers or sports or teams heavily sponsored or
endorsed / performer as commodity or billboards
4. Media media (& advertising) fund pro. sport or influence it e.g. influence rules or timings or dictate commercial breaks
5. (golden triangle) Golden triangle / relationship between sport, sponsorship and media / sport linked with sponsorship
6. (entertainment) Sport is entertainment or part of entertainment industry /
e.g. marching band or ‘pom pom’ girls or cheerleading squads or other suitable example
7. (capitalist) Reflects capitalism or free enterprise or private enterprise
8. (dominates) ‘Big 4’ or professional sport dominates / little mass participation / limited or no system of local sports clubs
9. (school / uni sport) High status of high school or uni sport / high school players local stars / scholarships to universities /
university sport feeds professional sport /large crowds at high school or uni ‘games’
10. (draft) (Importance of the) draft system / (top) college athletes drafted into professional sport.
11. (hero worship) Sport stars as heroes
27. 8th May – Toby Flood
Anatomy
1. Less oxygen available,
2. Partial pressure of oxygen is reduced
3. Increased rate of
breathing/hyperventilation,
4. A reduction in the diffusion gradient occurs
5. Haemoglobin saturation depends on the
partial pressure of oxygen
6. Haemoglobin is not fully saturated,
7. Less oxygen is carried in the blood
8. Less oxygen available for the muscles,
9. Fatigue sets in quicker
Skill
1. Attention
2. Retention
3. Motor Re-production
4. Motivation
Socio Cultural
1. select or manage national team / talent ID / select for World Class Programme
2. provide funding
3. provide sports science information
4. high level coaching or training / performance directors / national coach / train high performance coaches or officials / academies
5. seek sponsorship or develop commercial links / obtain media coverage / negotiate with media
6. give access to high level facilities or equipment.
7. Work with UK SPORT or UKSI or HCSCs eg Sp England or sports colleges or high level clubs
8. organise or provide or inform about competitions
9. provide anti-doping education
10. encourage or support academic education / provide lifestyle or career advice
28. 9th Answers – Jessica Ennis
Anatomy
• 1. attached to haemoglobin
• 2. forms oxyhaemoglobin
• 3. dissolved in plasma
Skill
• 1.
Kinaesthetic/Proprioceptive/Internal
feedback informs performer about
position of the body
• 3. Comparison is made between
actual movement (perceptual trace)
and memory trace
• 4. Changes that may be required are
initiated by effector mechanism
• 5. Muscular system adjusts the body
• 6.
Kinaesthetic/Proprioceptive/Internal
feedback occurs again
Socio Cultural
1. Encourage participation/develop grassroots, 2. Select national team, 3.
Talent identification/select performers for world class programme
4. Trains coaches/officials, 5. Controls the finance of their sport/seeks
sponsorship, 6. Maintains rules/oversees rule changes
7. Deal with discipline issues, 8. work with other organisations, 9. Organises
leagues/cups/competitions
10. Obtains media coverage, 11. Gives information/supports clubs, 12.
Improves facilities for participation
29. 10th Answers – Andrew Flintoff
Anatomy
• 1. attached to haemoglobin
• 2. forms oxyhaemoglobin
• 3. dissolved in plasma
Skill
• 1. (initial conditions)Information
about the environment - eg, stance
needed when serving in tennis
• 2.(response specification) How hard
the pass needs to be - what direction
• 3.(Sensory consequences) Sensory
information during or after the
movement - eg, overbalancing during
a headstand (KP)
• 4. (Response outcome) - eg ball
landed on the green in golf (KR)
Socio Cultural
1. Education - theory/things learnt/exams/NC
2. Physical recreation - PE run clubs for all/school trips/free time in lessons
3. Sport - inter school fixtures/competitive part of PE
30. 11th Answers – Paul Gascoigne
Anatomy
• 1. Valves
• 2. Respiratory Pump
• 3. Skeletal Muscle Pump
• 4. Gravity forces blood from above
the heart
Skill
• 1. First stimulus is identified/detected
(GK sees free kick struck)
• 2. Response to first stimulus is
initiated (Keeper moves to his left)
• 3. Second stimulus received (Ball
strikes the wall and is deflected)
• 4. Second response is initiated
(Keeper tries to move back right
towards the ball)
• 5. Delay is second response caused
by the bottleneck in the brain/First
response is not cleared before
second stimulus is received
Socio Cultural
1. Health/Fitness, 2. Outdoor Education specific skills, 3. Leadership
4. Personal well being/increased self esteem/confidence, 5. Decision
making/problem solving
6. Team work/co-operation/communication, 7. Preparation for active
leisure/career in outdoor education
8. Appreciation of the natural environment
31. 12th – Lance Armstrong
4 types.......................Draw a picture to help remember
V__ISUAL
V__ERBAL
M_ANUAL
M_ECHANICAL
They are all best suited for the different phases of learning.
COGNITIVE is the first phase. Performances are often JERKY and uncoordinated. They need
to have EXTRINSIC feedback as they are beginners. They rely heavily on VISUAL guidance,
for example a DEMONSTRATION which must be accurate so it can be copied. It also
provides the learner with a CORRECT image of the skill. This is often backed up and
reinforced with VERBAL guidance. This cannot be too much or it will OVERLOAD the
performer.
VERBAL JERKY OVERLOAD VISUAL COGNITIVE
CORRECT DEMONSTRATION
32. 13th Answers – Lewis Hamilton
Anatomy
• 1. The partial pressure of oxygen is reduced
• 2. Less oxygen available at high altitude
• 3. Hyperventilation/ performer breathes faster
• 4. A reduction in the diffusion gradient occurs
• 5. Haemoglobin saturation depends on the partial
pressure of oxygen
• 6. Haemoglobin is not fully saturated
• 7. Less oxygen is carried in the blood
• 8. Less oxygen is available for muscles/aerobic
respiration
• 9. Fatigue sets in quicker
Skill
• 1. Generalised series of movements/Plan of a skill
• 2. Stored in LTM
• 3. Made up of sub routines
• 5. Initaited by one stimuli / decision
• 6. Programme created through practice
• 7. Put into action by effector mechanism
• 9. Modified after each attempt
Socio Cultural
Description - The money/other support to individuals/teams/events to gain
publicity
Negative affects, 1. Money can be withdrawn/limited time, 2. Some
sponsorship can give poor image (alcohol, tobacco)
3. Sponsors can control/manipulate performer, 4. Performers may be/feel
exploited
5. Not always available/not available to all, 6. Performers may become reliant
on a particular sponsor, 7. Pressure to win/cheating
33. 14th Answers – Shane Warne
Anatomy
• 1. Increase in muscle temperature
• 2. Allows greater stretch/elasticity
• 3. Decreases risk of injury/increase in blood
flow/oxygen
• 4. Nerve impulse conduction is quicker
• 5. Improves co-ordination/increases strength
of contraction
• 6. Less resistance within muscle
• 7. Increased enzyme activity
• 8. More energy available for muscles
Skill
• 1. Proactive - a skill currently being learnt has
an effect on a skill in the future
• 2. Retroactive - a skill currently being learned
has an effect on a skill already learned
Socio Cultural
1. Inform
2. Educate
3. Advertise/promote/publicise
4. Entertain
34. 15th Answers – Tom Daley
Anatomy
• 1. Dissolves in the plasma
• 2. Combines with haemoglobin
• 3. Forms carbaminohaemoglobin
• 4. Dissolves in water
Skill
• 1. Trial and error
• Creating a stimulus response bond
• 2. Behaviour is modified through
reinforcement
• 3. Reinforcement such as positive and
negative reinforcement strengthen
the SR bond
• 4. Punishment weakens the SR bond
• 5. The stronger the SR bond the
greater likely hood of the dominant
response
• 6. Behaviour is shaped - Shaping
Socio Cultural
Positive
1. Role modes produced, 2. Stereotypes can be shattered
3. Can increase participation, 4. Can highlight minority sports/groups
5. Sport is now part of the entertainment industry, 6. Money to the sport/money to the clubs
7. Rule changes which have been positive for the sport
Negative
8. Focus on negative behaviour/poor role models, 9. Stereotypes can be reinforced
10. Reduces participation, 11. Usually focuses on few sports (football)/unequal coverage
12. Financial rewards for only those at the very top
35. 16th Answers – Tanni Grey Thompson
Anatomy
• Shape of bone/socket - wide range of movement
allowed
• Ligaments - hold bone in place/stability/join bone
to bone
• Cartilage - Prevents wear and tear/friction/absorb
compression
• Tendon - provides strength/support
• Synovial Fluid - lubricates joint
• Pads of fat - absorbs shock/protect from wear and
tear
• Synovial Membrane - secretes Synovial fluid
Skill
• 1. PRACTICE/Overlearning/Repetition
• 2. Link information to that already stored/relate to
past experiences
• 3. Make information meaningful/relevant /
ASSOCIATION
• 4. Experience is enjoyable/novel/interesting
• 5. Use of visual imagery/MENTAL REHEARSAL
• 6. Reward and reinforce success
• 7. CHUNKING/ CHAINING/ group information
together
• 8. Intensify the stimulus
• 9. Performer is MOTIVATED
PACCM
Socio Cultural
1. Public - money from government or local authority
2. Private - Money from sponsorship/businesses
3. Voluntary - Money or donations from individuals and charities/fundraising
36. 17th Answers – Graeme McDowell
Anatomy
• 1. Increase Heart Rate, 2. Increase in stroke
volume, 3. Adrenaline is released
• 4. Increase in venous return, 5. Stretches wall
of right atrium which increases firing of SA
node
• 6. Starlings Law, 7. Information sent by
proprioceptors/baroreceptors/chemorecepto
rs to Cardiac Control Centre
• 8. Increase in sympathetic control, 9.
Increase in temperature which speeds up
nerve impulses
Skill
• Effect
• 1. If response is followed by a satisfier then
the S-R bond is strengthened
• 2. eg - A rugby player is pleased to see a
successful conversion
• 3. If the response is followed by an annoyer
the S-R bond will be weakened
• 4. eg - The rugby conversion is not a success
• Exercise
• 5. The S-R bond will be strengthened by
practice
• 6. eg - A badminton player practices serving
• Readiness
• 7. The performer must be
physically/mentally capable of attempting
the skill
• 8. eg - A young footballer must be able top
grasp the principles of offside before he is
taught it/the high jump bar must be low
enough for the athlete to be able to clear it
Socio Cultural
1. Anyone can achieve success/wealth/status
2. Rags to Riches
3. Everyone has an equal chance of success,
4. happiness is achieved through wealth
5. Hard work will be rewarded
6. Land of opportunity
37. 18th Answers – Graham Swann
Anatomy
• 1. There is high partial pressure of oxygen in
the lungs/alveoli
• 2. There is a low partial pressure oxygen in
the blood
• 3. During exercise there is a greater diffusion
gradient
• 4. Faster diffusion will occur
• 5. Increased blood supply/temperature
• 6. Increased surface area of lungs/respiration
rate
• 7. Reduced resistance to diffusion
Skill
• 1. Ensure performer understands the task
requirements
• 2. Performers attention drawn to aspects
that may cause negative transfer
• 3. Ensure practice to match/skill to skill as
similar as possible
• 4. First skill thoroughly learned before
introducing a second skill
• 5. Focus on similar aspects
• 6. Avoid teaching conflicting skills close to
each other
Socio Cultural
1. builds muscles/lose or gain weight/increase energy
2. Reduce pain/recover from injury
3. steady nerves/increase aggression or motivation
4. pressure to win
5. to look good/aesthetic
6. rewards/money/win at all costs ethic
7. lack of education/unaware of dangers
8. Belief that everyone else is doing it/level playing field
9. Belief that they will get away with it
38. 19th Answers – Strictly come dancing!
Anatomy
• 1. Vasodilation of arteries supplying the
working muscles/Vascular shunt
• 2. Opening/Vasodilation of the precapillary
sphincters supplying the working muscles
• 3. Vasoconstriction of arteries supplying non-
essential organs
• 4. Closing/Vasoconstriction of precapillary
sphincters supplying non-essential organs
• 5. Sympathetic stimulation/reduction
Skill
• Open skill
• 1. The environment is constantly
changing/affected by the environment
• 2. The performer needs to adapt the
changing conditions/performer is reactive
• 3. The skill is externally paced
• 4. The skill is mainly perceptual
• Closed Skill
• 5. The skill is self paced/internally paced
• 6. The environment does not affect the
skill/environment unchanged
• 7. The skill is habitual
• 8. Movements follow a set pattern/pre-
planned
Socio Cultural
1. Alcohol/Drugs
2. Frustration at the score or officials
3. Rivalry/local derbies/religion
4. Verbal abuse/provocation/racism
5. Pre-match hype/over excitement/importance of game
6. Large number of fans/poor policing or stewarding
7. Hooliganism at football
8. Mass culture/Tribal nature of event/peer group pressure
9. Violence or poor behaviour on the pitch copied by crowd
10. Lack of suitable punishment or deterrent.
