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Each day different questions…..Click
on the photo and name them to see
          the answers!!!
Advent Calendar
2nd    3rd    4th    5th    6th    7th
May    May    May    May    May    May

8th    9th    10th   11th   12th   13th
May    May    May    May    May    May

14th   15th   16th   17th   18th   19th
May    May    May    May    May    May
2nd May
   Achievement seems to be connected with action. Successful
    men and women keep moving. They make mistakes, but they
                   don't quit. Conrad Hilton
Anatomy
Describe the mechanisms of venous return that ensure
 enough blood is returned to the heart during the
training run 4 MARKS


• Skill
The long term memory is almost limitless in its capacity and
information can be retained in there for many years.
Describe four strategies that could help a performer retain
information in the long term memory. 4 MARKS
• Socio Cultural
How can both funding and the media help to
develop sporting excellence in the UK?
6 MARKS
3rd May
  “The winners in life think constantly in terms of I can, I will,
                             and I am”
                           Waitely. D
 • Anatomy
  Identify two ways in which carbon dioxide is carried in the
  blood during aerobic performance
  Marks 2

 • Skill
Identify and explain three factors that can influence a
performer's reaction time
Marks 3

 • Socio Cultural
 What are the characteristics of physical recreation
 Marks 3
4th May
     The difference between the impossible and the
    possible lies in a person’s determination” Lasorda, T
• Anatomy
During sub maximal exercise (aerobic) the predominant muscle
fibre type would be slow oxidative (type I). Give one structural
and one functional characteristic of this fibre type
 Marks 2

• Skill
Explain why selective attention is important to the short
term memory
 Marks 2


• Socio Cultural
Name each stage of the performance pyramid
Marks 4
5th May
  For every finish-line tape a runner there are the hours of hard
         and often lonely work that rarely gets talked about.
                             Grete Waitz
Anatomy
How will a cool down aid the vascular system
Marks 2


• Skill
Give three characteristics of the short term memory
Marks 3


• Socio Cultural
What are the positive effects of fair play on sport or
a sporting situation
Marks 4
6th May
                    My main focus is on my game.
                             Woods. T
• Anatomy
A cool down has a number of effects on the vascular system
which aid the performer. One effect is the prevention of blood
pooling. Identify two other effects.
Marks 2
• Skill
   Why is variability of practice important to schema theory?

   Marks     1


• Socio Cultural
   What is meant by the terms physical prowess and
   physical endeavour
   Marks 2
7th May
  Most of us who aspire to be tops in our fields don't really
     consider the amount of work required to stay tops.
                        Althea Gibson
Anatomy
Identify the name and blood pressure value for an adult at rest
in both phases of the cardiac cycle.
Marks 4
• Skill
Identify the three different types of reinforcement used in
acquiring movement skills.
Marks 3

• Socio Cultural
Describe the nature of sport in the USA.
Marks 5
8th May
 For every pass I caught in a game, I caught a thousand
                  in practice. Don Hutson
Anatomy
Why do the changes in pressure at altitude reduce performance
Marks 4



• Skill
 Drive reduction is one method that can be used to
motivate a performer in Physical Education and Sport. Use a
practical example to explain Drive Reduction Theory.
Marks 4
• Socio Cultural
How do National Governing Bodies support
performers at the top of the performance pyramid?
Marks 5
9th May
   "Think little goals and expect little achievements. Think
                  big goals and win big success."
                     David Joseph Schwartz
Anatomy

Explain how oxygen is transported in the blood to the working muscle
tissues
Marks 2
Skill

Use the example of a gymnast performing a handstand to explain
closed loop control
 Marks 4

Socio Cultural

Identify 4 roles of a National Governing Body
Marks 4
10th May
    "By working hard, you get to play hard guilt-free"
                         Rohn, J.
Anatomy

Explain the conduction system of the heart
Marks 3

Skill

Use an example from Physical Education or sport to explain recall and
recognition schema
 Marks 4

Socio Cultural
Explain how education, physical recreation and sport can all exist
within a school PE programme
Marks 3
11th May
 “Hard work brings prosperity, playing around brings poverty”
                         The Bible

Anatomy

Identify two mechanisms that aid venous return during exercise
 Marks 2

Skill

Use a practical example to explain the stages of the psychological
refractory period
 Marks 5

Socio Cultural
What can young people gain as a result of a positive Outdoor
Education experience
Marks 4
12th May
                                                      ’pain is temporary. quitting lasts
Guidance
You need to be able to.........                       forever’’
Describe the different types of guidance
Evaluate critically the types of guidance             Lance Armstrong
4 types.......................Draw a picture to help remember

V_________________

V_________________

M________________

M_________________

They are all best suited for the different phases of learning.

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ is the first phase. Performances are often _ _ _ _ _ and uncoordinated. They need to have _ _
     _ _ _ _ _ _ feedback as they are beginners. They rely heavily on _ _ _ _ _ _ guidance, for example a
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ which must be accurate so it can be copied. It also provides the learner with a
_ _ _ _ _ _ image of the skill. This is often backed up and reinforced with -_ _ _ _ _ _ guidance. This cannot be
     too much or it will -_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ the performer.

VERBAL        JERKY    OVERLOAD VISUAL                  COGNITIVE
CORRECT       DEMONSTRATION
13th May
               “Follow your dreams and enjoy the ride!”
                        Father of Davis Love III

Anatomy

Why would endurance performance decrease when performing at
altitude
Marks 2
Skill

Explain the term motor programme
Marks 3


Socio Cultural
Define sports sponsorship and identify possible negative effects of
sponsorship to sports performers
Marks 4
14th May
“Defeat is not the worst of failures. Not to have tried is the true failure.”
                        George Edward Woodberry


Anatomy

How would a warm up benefit the strength of muscle contractions
when performing the strengthening exercise
Marks 3
Skill

Explain proactive and retroactive transfer and give an example of
each
Marks 4

Socio Cultural
Identify two roles of the media
Marks 2
15th May
        Success is how high you bounce when you hit bottom.
                            George S. Patton

Anatomy

Identify two ways in which carbon dioxide is carried in the blood
during aerobic performance
Marks 2
Skill
Use an example from Physical Education or sport to explain how a
performer learns by operant conditioning
Marks 4


Socio Cultural
Discuss both the positive and negative effects of the media on sport
Marks 4
16th May
        "I've never known anybody to achieve anything without
                         overcoming adversity."
                              ---Lou Holtz
Anatomy

Identify 2 structures of the hip joint and describe their role during
physical performance
Marks 4
Skill

What strategies are used to ensure that information can be stored
and easily retrieved from the long term memory
Marks 3

Socio Cultural
Describe public, private and voluntary funding of sport
Marks 3
17th May
Success isn't something that just happens - success is learned, success
                    is practiced and then it is shared.
                            -- Sparky Anderson
Anatomy

Describe how cardiac output is increased during endurance activities
Marks 4

Skill
Use a practical example to illustrate Thorndike's Laws of Learning and
how each law can be applied to Physical Education or sport. 1) Law
of Effect 2) Law of exercise 3) Law of readiness
Marks 6

Socio Cultural
What is meant by the term American Dream?
Marks 1
18th May
           The Six W's: Work will win when wishing won't.
                          -- Todd Blackledge

Anatomy

Explain how gas exchange is increased at the lungs to ensure that a
greater amount of oxygen is diffused into the blood during exercise
Marks 4
Skill

Negative transfer can adversely affect the learning of movement skills.
Give three ways in which negative transfer a can be avoided
Marks 3

Socio Cultural
Why might negative transfer occur
Marks 2
19th May
The difference between failure and success is doing a thing nearly right and
                            doing it exactly right.
                            -- Edward C. Simmons

Anatomy
During the training run blood needs to be diverted away from non-
essential organs to the working muscles. Explain how the vasomotor
centre controls this distribution.
Marks 3
Skill

Explain what is meant by an open skill and a closed skill
Marks 4


Socio Cultural
What are some of the possible causes of crowd violence at sporting
events
Marks 3
2nd May – Amy Williams                                                                           Skill
                                                                          1. Practice/Overlearning/Repetition
Anatomy                                                                   2. Link information to that already
1.      Skeletal muscle pump - muscles contract to squeeze                stored/relate to past experiences
        blood back to the heart
2.      Valves prevent backflow                                           3. Make information meaningful/relevant
3.      Respiratory pump - changes in pressure around                     4. Experience is enjoyable/novel/interesting
        abdominal cavity squeezes blood back to the heart
4.      Blood above the heart will return due to gravity
                                                                          5. Use of visual imagery/mental rehearsal
5.      Venoconstriction of veins returning blood back to the             6. Reward and reinforce success
        heart
                                                                          7. Chunk/group information together
                                                                          8. Intensify the stimulus
Socio Cultural                                                            9. Make information unique/unusual
1.    performers can: concentrate on sport / train full time / become professional
2.    performers can compete more equally with those from better funded countries
3.    provision of or money for high level or specialist facilities or equipment or clothing
4.    provision of or money for high level training or coaching
5.    fund: UK Sport / UKSI (EIS) / NGBs / H.C. councils / YST / Sports Colleges 6.
6.    attracts or provides world class events or competitions
7.    scholarships / World Class (Performance) Programme / TASS / gifted and talented
8.    raises profile or awareness of sport/s / promotes sport/s
9.    positive role models / raises profile or awareness of performers
10.    sponsorship / money to sport/s or performer/s
11.   influence on : rules or timings or seasons or format or structure of sport
12.    use of dvds or videos or websites
13.   Increases participation / mass participation / build base of performance pyramid / shatter stereotypes / money / to clubs
3rd May – Steven Redgrave
Anatomy                    1.                RT deteriorates with age
                                                                          Skill

1. Dissolves in the plasma 2.
                           3.
                                             Males have faster RT then females
                                             Experience of a skill speeds up RT
2. Combines with           4.                Anticipation of the stimulus,
                           5.                Warning signals - information given prior to the
   haemoglobin                               stimulus
                           6.                The strength/clarity of the stimulus
3. Forms                   7.                Expecting a particular response to a stimulus
   carbaminohaemoglobin 8.                   Expecting a stimulus to be presented,
                           9.                PRP - presentation of a second stimulus before a first
4. Dissolves in water                        is cleared
                                       10.   The colder the body the slower the reactions
Socio Cultural                         11.   Arms react quicker than legs - length of neural
                                             pathway
1. Limited skill/fitness
                                       12.   Extroverts tend to react quicker than introverts
2. Limited organisation/no officials   13.   levels of motivation/alertness affect RT,
3. Flexible rules                      14.   Drugs/Alcohol can affect RT
4. Limited competition                 15.   Number of choices affect RT - Hicks Law
5. Enjoyable/Non serious
6. Basic equipment
7. Time decided by participants
8. Amateur/Hobby/Choice
9. Space decided by participants
4th May Answers - AP McCoy
Anatomy                          Skill
• Structural - 1. Size - Small   • 1. Limited capacity/5-9 items/Up to
• 2. Colour - Red                     30 seconds
• 3. Capillaries - Many          • 2. Only allows relevant information
• Function 4. Slow to fatigue         through/filters irrelevant information
• 5. Slow contractile speed      • 3. Brain operates as a single channel
                                      organ/bottleneck occurs when more
• 7. Low force output                 than one item tries to pass through
• 8. High aerobic capacity       • 4. STM initiates movement therefore
                                      the quicker the relevant detail enters
                                      the STM the quicker the response

Socio Cultural
•1. Excellence/elite
•2. Performance
•3. Participation
•4. Foundation
5th May – Mo Farraw
           2. Keeps
1. Flushes capillaries 3. Maintains                              6. Maintains
                                    4. Prevents 5. Maintains                  7. Maintains 8. Gradually
out lactic dilated/maint skeletal                                stroke
                                    blood       venous                        blood        decreases
acid/waste ains blood pump/muscu                                 volume/cardi
                                    pooling     return                        pressure     heart rate
products   flow to       lar pump                                ac output
           muscles


                                    3. Initiates movement/working  4. Chunking information can
1. Limited capacity/5-9 items, 2.
                                    memory/two way process between extend capacity, 5. Information is
Up to 30 seconds
                                    STSS/STM/LTM                   encoded/passed onto LTM



                                                      4. increases                        6. produces
                   2. helps the flow 3. increases                      5. raises status
                                                      enjoyment                           positive role
                   of the             enjoyment/goodw                  of the
1. helps officials                                    amongst                             models/reinforce
                   game/improves ill amongst                           sport/positive
                                                      crowd/prevents                      s positive
                   spirit of the game players                          image
                                                      hooliganism                         behaviour
6th May – Ronnie O Sullivan
Anatomy
1.   Maintain stroke volume/cardiac output       Skill
2.   Gradual decrease in temperature
3.   Maintain blood pressure                       Different experiences in
4.   Removal of waste products/carbon
     dioxide/lactic acid
                                                   practice situations will
5.   Keeps capillaries dilated/maintains blood     build up/extend the
     flow/oxygen to muscles/reduces oxygen
     debt                                          schema/schema will be
6.   Maintains skeletal pump/respiratory pump
7.   Maintains venous return                       able to be used in many
                                                   situations/greater
                                                   transfer of skills
Socio Cultural

Physical Prowess - Physical skill/expertise/proficiency/fitness

Physical Endeavour - Effort/commitment/determination
7th May – Andy Murray
  Anatomy
                                                                          Skill
  • Contraction Phase
                                                                          1.              Positive (reinforcement)
  • 1. Systolic 100-130 mmHg                                              2.              Negative (reinforcement)
                                                                          3.              Punishment.

  • Relaxation Phase
  • 2. Diastolic 70 – 90 mmHg
Socio Cultural
1. (American Dream)Sport a vehicle for achieving the American Dream or going from rags to riches or achieving upward social
mobility
2. (win ethic) (Driven by) ‘win ethic’ or Lombardian ethic / win at all costs / very competitive / no draws
3. (commercialism)              Commercialism / sport is (big) business /
sport or performers make money / used to promote or advertise products / performers or sports or teams heavily sponsored or
endorsed / performer as commodity or billboards
4. Media        media (& advertising) fund pro. sport or influence it e.g. influence rules or timings or dictate commercial breaks
5. (golden triangle)            Golden triangle / relationship between sport, sponsorship and media / sport linked with sponsorship
6. (entertainment)              Sport is entertainment or part of entertainment industry /
e.g. marching band or ‘pom pom’ girls or cheerleading squads or other suitable example
7. (capitalist) Reflects capitalism or free enterprise or private enterprise
8. (dominates) ‘Big 4’ or professional sport dominates / little mass participation / limited or no system of local sports clubs
9. (school / uni sport)         High status of high school or uni sport / high school players local stars / scholarships to universities /
university sport feeds professional sport /large crowds at high school or uni ‘games’
10. (draft)     (Importance of the) draft system / (top) college athletes drafted into professional sport.
11. (hero worship)             Sport stars as heroes
8th May – Toby Flood
Anatomy
1. Less oxygen available,                                               Skill
2. Partial pressure of oxygen is reduced
3. Increased rate of                                                    1. Drive to learn a new task
   breathing/hyperventilation,                                          2. Action is taken to satisfy the drive/skill is
4. A reduction in the diffusion gradient occurs                            practiced
5. Haemoglobin saturation depends on the                                3. Skill is successful/skill is learned/S-R bond
   partial pressure of oxygen                                              is strengthened
                                                                        4. Drive is reduced
6. Haemoglobin is not fully saturated,
                                                                        5. Too much practice/Overlearning leads to
7. Less oxygen is carried in the blood                                     inhibition (lack of drive)
8. Less oxygen available for the muscles,                               6. New tasks/goals need to be set to re-
9. Fatigue sets in quicker                                                 motivated
  Socio Cultural
  1.    select or manage national team / talent ID / select for World Class Programme
  2.    provide funding
  3.    provide sports science information
  4.    high level coaching or training / performance directors / national coach / train high performance coaches or officials / academies
  5.    seek sponsorship or develop commercial links / obtain media coverage / negotiate with media
  6.    give access to high level facilities or equipment.
  7.    Work with UK SPORT or UKSI or HCSCs eg Sp England or sports colleges or high level clubs
  8.    organise or provide or inform about competitions
  9.    provide anti-doping education
  10.   encourage or support academic education / provide lifestyle or career advice
9th Answers – Jessica Ennis
Anatomy                                       Skill
• 1. attached to haemoglobin                  • 1. Kinaesthetic/Proprioceptive/Internal
• 2. forms oxyhaemoglobin                           feedback informs performer about position
• 3. dissolved in plasma                            of the body
                                              • 2. Information goes to central control
                                                    mechanism
                                              • 3. Comparison is made between actual
                                                    movement and memory trace
                                              • 4. Changes that may be required are initiated
                                                    by effector mechanism
                                              • 5. Muscular system adjusts the body
                                              • 6. Kinaesthetic/Proprioceptive/Internal
                                                    feedback occurs again
                                              • 7. Level 2 involves sub-conscious control
                                              • 8. Level 3 involves conscious control
Socio Cultural
1. Encourage participation/develop grassroots, 2. Select national team, 3.
Talent identification/select performers for world class programme
4. Trains coaches/officials, 5. Controls the finance of their sport/seeks
sponsorship, 6. Maintains rules/oversees rule changes
7. Deal with discipline issues, 8. work with other organisations, 9. Organises
leagues/cups/competitions
10. Obtains media coverage, 11. Gives information/supports clubs, 12.
Improves facilities for participation
10th Answers – Andrew Flintoff
Anatomy                                        Skill
• 1. attached to haemoglobin                   • 1. Information about the
• 2. forms oxyhaemoglobin                          environment - eg, stance needed
• 3. dissolved in plasma                           when serving in tennis
                                               • 2. How hard the pass needs to be
                                                   - what direction
                                               • 3. Sensory information during or
                                                   after the movement - eg,
                                                   overbalancing during a headstand
                                               • 4. Knowledge of results - eg ball
                                                   landed on the green in golf
Socio Cultural
1. Education - theory/things learnt/exams/NC
2. Physical recreation - PE run clubs for all/school trips/free time in lessons
3. Sport - inter school fixtures/competitive part of PE
11th Answers – Paul Gascoigne
Anatomy                                          Skill
• 1. Valves                                      • 1. S1 - First stimulus is identified/detected
• 2. Respiratory Pump                                  (GK sees free kick struck)
• 3. Skeletal Muscle Pump                        • 2. R1 - response to first stimulus is initiated
• 4. Gravity forces blood from above the heart         (Keeper moves to his left)
                                                 • 3. S2 - second stimulus received (Ball strikes
                                                       the wall and is deflected)
                                                 • 4. R2 - Second response is initiated (Keeper
                                                       tries to move back right towards the ball)
                                                 • 5. X - Delay is second response caused by the
                                                       bottleneck in the brain/First response is not
                                                       cleared before second stimulus is received



Socio Cultural
1. Health/Fitness, 2. Outdoor Education specific skills, 3. Leadership
4. Personal well being/increased self esteem/confidence, 5. Decision
making/problem solving
6. Team work/co-operation/communication, 7. Preparation for active
leisure/career in outdoor education
8. Appreciation of the natural environment
12th – Lance Armstrong
4 types.......................Draw a picture to help remember

V__ISUAL

V__ERBAL

M_ANUAL

M_ECHANICAL

They are all best suited for the different phases of learning.

COGNITIVE is the first phase. Performances are often JERKY and uncoordinated. They need
to have EXTRINSIC feedback as they are beginners. They rely heavily on VISUAL guidance,
for example a DEMONSTRATION which must be accurate so it can be copied. It also
provides the learner with a CORRECT image of the skill. This is often backed up and
reinforced with VERBAL guidance. This cannot be too much or it will OVERLOAD the
performer.

VERBAL JERKY    OVERLOAD                         VISUAL         COGNITIVE
CORRECT DEMONSTRATION
13th Answers – Lewis Hamilton
Anatomy                                                Skill
•   1. The partial pressure of oxygen is reduced       •       1. Generalised series of movmements/Plan of a skill
•   2. Less oxygen available at high altitude          •       2. Stored in LTM
•   3. Hyperventilation/ performer breathes faster     •       3. Made up of sub routines
•   4. A reduction in the diffusion gradient occurs    •       4. Hierachy of importance
•   5. Haemoglobin saturation depends on the partial   •       5. Initaited by one decision
    pressure of oxygen                                 •       6. Programme created through practice
•   6. Haemoglobin is not fully saturated              •       7. Put into action by effector mechanism
•   7. Less oxygen is carried in the blood             •       8. Operate under open/closed loop control
•   8. Less oxygen is available for muscles/aerobic    •       9. Modified after each attempt
    respiration
•   9. Fatigue sets in quicker




Socio Cultural
Description - The money/other support to individuals/teams/events to gain
publicity
Negative affects, 1. Money can be withdrawn/limited time, 2. Some
sponsorship can give poor image (alcohol, tobacco)
3. Sponsors can control/manipulate performer, 4. Performers may be/feel
exploited
5. Not always available/not available to all, 6. Performers may become reliant
on a particular sponsor, 7. Pressure to win/cheating
14th Answers – Shane Warne
Anatomy                                           Skill
• 1. Increase in muscle temperature               • 1. Proactive - a skill currently being learnt has
• 2. Allows greater stretch/elasticity                  an effect on a skill in the future
• 3. Decreases risk of injury/increase in blood   • 2. Retroactive - a skill currently being learned
    flow/oxygen                                         has an effect on a skill already learned
• 4. Nerve impulse conduction is quicker
• 5. Improves co-ordination/increases strength
    of contraction
• 6. Less resistance within muscle
• 7. Increased enzyme activity
• 8. More energy available for muscles



Socio Cultural
1. Inform
2. Educate
3. Advertise/promote/publicise
4. Entertain
15th Answers – Tom Daley
Anatomy                                           Skill
• 1. Dissolves in the plasma                      • 1. Trial and error
• 2. Combines with haemoglobin                    • 2. Behaviour is modified/environment
• 3. Forms carbaminohaemoglobin                         manipulated
• 4. Dissolves in water                           • 3. Reinforcement/Praise helps learning
                                                  • 4. Behaviour is shaped
                                                  • 5. Responses not reinforced will disappear
                                                  • 6. Partial reinforcement given occasionally
                                                        ensures learning more thorough but takes
                                                        longer
                                                  • 7. Complete reinforcement after every
                                                        attempt increases speed of learning
Socio Cultural
Positive
1. Role modes produced, 2. Stereotypes can be shattered
3. Can increase participation, 4. Can highlight minority sports/groups
5. Sport is now part of the entertainment industry, 6. Money to the sport/money to the clubs
7. Rule changes which have been positive for the sport
Negative
8. Focus on negative behaviour/poor role models, 9. Stereotypes can be reinforced
10. Reduces participation, 11. Usually focuses on few sports (football)/unequal coverage
12. Financial rewards for only those at the very top
16th Answers – Tanni Grey Thompson
Anatomy                                           Skill
• Shape of bone/socket - wide range of            • 1. Practice/Overlearning/Repetition
    movement allowed                              • 2. Link information to that already
• Ligaments - hold bone in place/stability/join         stored/relate to past experiences
    bone to bone                                  • 3. Make information meaningful/relevant
• Cartilage - Prevents wear and                   • 4. Experience is enjoyable/novel/interesting
    tear/friction/absorb compression              • 5. Use of visual imagery/mental rehearsal
• Tendon - provides strength/support              • 6. Reward and reinforce success
• Synovial Fluid - lubricates joint               • 7. Chunk/group information together
• Pads of fat - absorbs shock/protect from        • 8. Intensify the stimulus
    wear and tear
• Synovial Membrane - secretes Synovial fluid


Socio Cultural
1. Public - money from government or local authority
2. Private - Money from sponsorship/businesses
3. Voluntary - Money or donations from individuals and charities/fundraising
17th Answers – Graeme McDowell
Anatomy                                     Skill
• 1. Increase Heart Rate, 2. Increase in stroke
                                            • Effect
    volume, 3. Adrenaline is released       • 1. If response is followed by a satisfier then
• 4. Increase in venous return, 5. Stretches wall the S-R bond is strengthened
    of right atrium which increases firing of SA
                                            • 2. eg - A rugby player is pleased to see a
    node                                          successful conversion
• 6. Starlings Law, 7. Information sent by  • 3. If the response is followed by an annoyer
    proprioceptors/baroreceptors/chemorecepto     the S-R bond will be weakened
    rs to Cardiac Control Centre            • 4. eg - The rugby conversion is not a success
• 8. Increase in sympathetic control, 9.    • Exercise
    Increase in temperature which speeds up
    nerve impulses                          • 5. The S-R bond will be strengthened by
                                                  practice
                                            • 6. eg - A badminton player practices serving
                                            • Readiness
Socio Cultural                              • 7. The performer must be
                                                  physically/mentally capable of attempting
1. Anyone can achieve success/wealth/status       the skill
2. Rags to Riches                           • 8. eg - A young footballer must be able top
3. Everyone has an equal chance of success,       grasp the principles of offside before he is
                                                  taught it/the high jump bar must be low
4. happiness is achieved through wealth           enough for the athlete to be able to clear it
5. Hard work will be rewarded
6. Land of opportunity
18th Answers – Graham Swann
Anatomy                                             Skill
• 1. There is high partial pressure of oxygen in    • 1. Ensure performer understands the task
    the lungs/alveoli                                     requirements
• 2. There is a low partial pressure oxygen in      • 2. Performers attention drawn to aspects
    the blood                                             that may cause negative transfer
• 3. During exercise there is a greater diffusion   • 3. Ensure practice to match/skill to skill as
    gradient                                              similar as possible
• 4. Faster diffusion will occur                    • 4. First skill thoroughly learned before
• 5. Increased blood supply/temperature                   introducing a second skill
• 6. Increased surface area of lungs/respiration    • 5. Focus on similar aspects
    rate                                            • 6. Avoid teaching conflicting skills close to
• 7. Reduced resistance to diffusion                      each other

Socio Cultural
1. builds muscles/lose or gain weight/increase energy
2. Reduce pain/recover from injury
3. steady nerves/increase aggression or motivation
4. pressure to win
5. to look good/aesthetic
6. rewards/money/win at all costs ethic
7. lack of education/unaware of dangers
8. Belief that everyone else is doing it/level playing field
9. Belief that they will get away with it
19th Answers – Strictly come dancing!
Anatomy                                            Skill
• 1. Vasodilation of arteries supplying the        • Open skill
    working muscles/Vascular shunt                 • 1. The environment is constantly
• 2. Opening/Vasodilation of the precapillary            changing/affected by the environment
    sphincters supplying the working muscles       • 2. The performer needs to adapt the
• 3. Vasoconstriction of arteries supplying non-         changing conditions/performer is reactive
    essential organs                               • 3. The skill is externally paced
• 4. Closing/Vasoconstriction of precapillary      • 4. The skill is mainly perceptual
    sphincters supplying non-essential organs      • Closed Skill
• 5. Sympathetic stimulation/reduction             • 5. The skill is self paced/internally paced
                                                   • 6. The environment does not affect the
                                                         skill/environment unchanged
Socio Cultural                                     • 7. The skill is habitual
1. Alcohol/Drugs                                   • 8. Movements follow a set pattern/pre-
                                                         planned
2. Frustration at the score or officials
3. Rivalry/local derbies/religion
4. Verbal abuse/provocation/racism
5. Pre-match hype/over excitement/importance of game
6. Large number of fans/poor policing or stewarding
7. Hooliganism at football
8. Mass culture/Tribal nature of event/peer group pressure
9. Violence or poor behaviour on the pitch copied by crowd
10. Lack of suitable punishment or deterrent.

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  • 1. AS Revision Each day different questions…..Click on the photo and name them to see the answers!!!
  • 2. Advent Calendar 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th May May May May May May 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th May May May May May May 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th May May May May May May
  • 3. 2nd May Achievement seems to be connected with action. Successful men and women keep moving. They make mistakes, but they don't quit. Conrad Hilton Anatomy Describe the mechanisms of venous return that ensure enough blood is returned to the heart during the training run 4 MARKS • Skill The long term memory is almost limitless in its capacity and information can be retained in there for many years. Describe four strategies that could help a performer retain information in the long term memory. 4 MARKS • Socio Cultural How can both funding and the media help to develop sporting excellence in the UK? 6 MARKS
  • 4. 3rd May “The winners in life think constantly in terms of I can, I will, and I am” Waitely. D • Anatomy Identify two ways in which carbon dioxide is carried in the blood during aerobic performance Marks 2 • Skill Identify and explain three factors that can influence a performer's reaction time Marks 3 • Socio Cultural What are the characteristics of physical recreation Marks 3
  • 5. 4th May The difference between the impossible and the possible lies in a person’s determination” Lasorda, T • Anatomy During sub maximal exercise (aerobic) the predominant muscle fibre type would be slow oxidative (type I). Give one structural and one functional characteristic of this fibre type Marks 2 • Skill Explain why selective attention is important to the short term memory Marks 2 • Socio Cultural Name each stage of the performance pyramid Marks 4
  • 6. 5th May For every finish-line tape a runner there are the hours of hard and often lonely work that rarely gets talked about. Grete Waitz Anatomy How will a cool down aid the vascular system Marks 2 • Skill Give three characteristics of the short term memory Marks 3 • Socio Cultural What are the positive effects of fair play on sport or a sporting situation Marks 4
  • 7. 6th May My main focus is on my game. Woods. T • Anatomy A cool down has a number of effects on the vascular system which aid the performer. One effect is the prevention of blood pooling. Identify two other effects. Marks 2 • Skill Why is variability of practice important to schema theory? Marks 1 • Socio Cultural What is meant by the terms physical prowess and physical endeavour Marks 2
  • 8. 7th May Most of us who aspire to be tops in our fields don't really consider the amount of work required to stay tops. Althea Gibson Anatomy Identify the name and blood pressure value for an adult at rest in both phases of the cardiac cycle. Marks 4 • Skill Identify the three different types of reinforcement used in acquiring movement skills. Marks 3 • Socio Cultural Describe the nature of sport in the USA. Marks 5
  • 9. 8th May For every pass I caught in a game, I caught a thousand in practice. Don Hutson Anatomy Why do the changes in pressure at altitude reduce performance Marks 4 • Skill Drive reduction is one method that can be used to motivate a performer in Physical Education and Sport. Use a practical example to explain Drive Reduction Theory. Marks 4 • Socio Cultural How do National Governing Bodies support performers at the top of the performance pyramid? Marks 5
  • 10. 9th May "Think little goals and expect little achievements. Think big goals and win big success." David Joseph Schwartz Anatomy Explain how oxygen is transported in the blood to the working muscle tissues Marks 2 Skill Use the example of a gymnast performing a handstand to explain closed loop control Marks 4 Socio Cultural Identify 4 roles of a National Governing Body Marks 4
  • 11. 10th May "By working hard, you get to play hard guilt-free" Rohn, J. Anatomy Explain the conduction system of the heart Marks 3 Skill Use an example from Physical Education or sport to explain recall and recognition schema Marks 4 Socio Cultural Explain how education, physical recreation and sport can all exist within a school PE programme Marks 3
  • 12. 11th May “Hard work brings prosperity, playing around brings poverty” The Bible Anatomy Identify two mechanisms that aid venous return during exercise Marks 2 Skill Use a practical example to explain the stages of the psychological refractory period Marks 5 Socio Cultural What can young people gain as a result of a positive Outdoor Education experience Marks 4
  • 13. 12th May ’pain is temporary. quitting lasts Guidance You need to be able to......... forever’’ Describe the different types of guidance Evaluate critically the types of guidance Lance Armstrong 4 types.......................Draw a picture to help remember V_________________ V_________________ M________________ M_________________ They are all best suited for the different phases of learning. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ is the first phase. Performances are often _ _ _ _ _ and uncoordinated. They need to have _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ feedback as they are beginners. They rely heavily on _ _ _ _ _ _ guidance, for example a _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ which must be accurate so it can be copied. It also provides the learner with a _ _ _ _ _ _ image of the skill. This is often backed up and reinforced with -_ _ _ _ _ _ guidance. This cannot be too much or it will -_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ the performer. VERBAL JERKY OVERLOAD VISUAL COGNITIVE CORRECT DEMONSTRATION
  • 14. 13th May “Follow your dreams and enjoy the ride!” Father of Davis Love III Anatomy Why would endurance performance decrease when performing at altitude Marks 2 Skill Explain the term motor programme Marks 3 Socio Cultural Define sports sponsorship and identify possible negative effects of sponsorship to sports performers Marks 4
  • 15. 14th May “Defeat is not the worst of failures. Not to have tried is the true failure.” George Edward Woodberry Anatomy How would a warm up benefit the strength of muscle contractions when performing the strengthening exercise Marks 3 Skill Explain proactive and retroactive transfer and give an example of each Marks 4 Socio Cultural Identify two roles of the media Marks 2
  • 16. 15th May Success is how high you bounce when you hit bottom. George S. Patton Anatomy Identify two ways in which carbon dioxide is carried in the blood during aerobic performance Marks 2 Skill Use an example from Physical Education or sport to explain how a performer learns by operant conditioning Marks 4 Socio Cultural Discuss both the positive and negative effects of the media on sport Marks 4
  • 17. 16th May "I've never known anybody to achieve anything without overcoming adversity." ---Lou Holtz Anatomy Identify 2 structures of the hip joint and describe their role during physical performance Marks 4 Skill What strategies are used to ensure that information can be stored and easily retrieved from the long term memory Marks 3 Socio Cultural Describe public, private and voluntary funding of sport Marks 3
  • 18. 17th May Success isn't something that just happens - success is learned, success is practiced and then it is shared. -- Sparky Anderson Anatomy Describe how cardiac output is increased during endurance activities Marks 4 Skill Use a practical example to illustrate Thorndike's Laws of Learning and how each law can be applied to Physical Education or sport. 1) Law of Effect 2) Law of exercise 3) Law of readiness Marks 6 Socio Cultural What is meant by the term American Dream? Marks 1
  • 19. 18th May The Six W's: Work will win when wishing won't. -- Todd Blackledge Anatomy Explain how gas exchange is increased at the lungs to ensure that a greater amount of oxygen is diffused into the blood during exercise Marks 4 Skill Negative transfer can adversely affect the learning of movement skills. Give three ways in which negative transfer a can be avoided Marks 3 Socio Cultural Why might negative transfer occur Marks 2
  • 20. 19th May The difference between failure and success is doing a thing nearly right and doing it exactly right. -- Edward C. Simmons Anatomy During the training run blood needs to be diverted away from non- essential organs to the working muscles. Explain how the vasomotor centre controls this distribution. Marks 3 Skill Explain what is meant by an open skill and a closed skill Marks 4 Socio Cultural What are some of the possible causes of crowd violence at sporting events Marks 3
  • 21. 2nd May – Amy Williams Skill 1. Practice/Overlearning/Repetition Anatomy 2. Link information to that already 1. Skeletal muscle pump - muscles contract to squeeze stored/relate to past experiences blood back to the heart 2. Valves prevent backflow 3. Make information meaningful/relevant 3. Respiratory pump - changes in pressure around 4. Experience is enjoyable/novel/interesting abdominal cavity squeezes blood back to the heart 4. Blood above the heart will return due to gravity 5. Use of visual imagery/mental rehearsal 5. Venoconstriction of veins returning blood back to the 6. Reward and reinforce success heart 7. Chunk/group information together 8. Intensify the stimulus Socio Cultural 9. Make information unique/unusual 1. performers can: concentrate on sport / train full time / become professional 2. performers can compete more equally with those from better funded countries 3. provision of or money for high level or specialist facilities or equipment or clothing 4. provision of or money for high level training or coaching 5. fund: UK Sport / UKSI (EIS) / NGBs / H.C. councils / YST / Sports Colleges 6. 6. attracts or provides world class events or competitions 7. scholarships / World Class (Performance) Programme / TASS / gifted and talented 8. raises profile or awareness of sport/s / promotes sport/s 9. positive role models / raises profile or awareness of performers 10. sponsorship / money to sport/s or performer/s 11. influence on : rules or timings or seasons or format or structure of sport 12. use of dvds or videos or websites 13. Increases participation / mass participation / build base of performance pyramid / shatter stereotypes / money / to clubs
  • 22. 3rd May – Steven Redgrave Anatomy 1. RT deteriorates with age Skill 1. Dissolves in the plasma 2. 3. Males have faster RT then females Experience of a skill speeds up RT 2. Combines with 4. Anticipation of the stimulus, 5. Warning signals - information given prior to the haemoglobin stimulus 6. The strength/clarity of the stimulus 3. Forms 7. Expecting a particular response to a stimulus carbaminohaemoglobin 8. Expecting a stimulus to be presented, 9. PRP - presentation of a second stimulus before a first 4. Dissolves in water is cleared 10. The colder the body the slower the reactions Socio Cultural 11. Arms react quicker than legs - length of neural pathway 1. Limited skill/fitness 12. Extroverts tend to react quicker than introverts 2. Limited organisation/no officials 13. levels of motivation/alertness affect RT, 3. Flexible rules 14. Drugs/Alcohol can affect RT 4. Limited competition 15. Number of choices affect RT - Hicks Law 5. Enjoyable/Non serious 6. Basic equipment 7. Time decided by participants 8. Amateur/Hobby/Choice 9. Space decided by participants
  • 23. 4th May Answers - AP McCoy Anatomy Skill • Structural - 1. Size - Small • 1. Limited capacity/5-9 items/Up to • 2. Colour - Red 30 seconds • 3. Capillaries - Many • 2. Only allows relevant information • Function 4. Slow to fatigue through/filters irrelevant information • 5. Slow contractile speed • 3. Brain operates as a single channel organ/bottleneck occurs when more • 7. Low force output than one item tries to pass through • 8. High aerobic capacity • 4. STM initiates movement therefore the quicker the relevant detail enters the STM the quicker the response Socio Cultural •1. Excellence/elite •2. Performance •3. Participation •4. Foundation
  • 24. 5th May – Mo Farraw 2. Keeps 1. Flushes capillaries 3. Maintains 6. Maintains 4. Prevents 5. Maintains 7. Maintains 8. Gradually out lactic dilated/maint skeletal stroke blood venous blood decreases acid/waste ains blood pump/muscu volume/cardi pooling return pressure heart rate products flow to lar pump ac output muscles 3. Initiates movement/working 4. Chunking information can 1. Limited capacity/5-9 items, 2. memory/two way process between extend capacity, 5. Information is Up to 30 seconds STSS/STM/LTM encoded/passed onto LTM 4. increases 6. produces 2. helps the flow 3. increases 5. raises status enjoyment positive role of the enjoyment/goodw of the 1. helps officials amongst models/reinforce game/improves ill amongst sport/positive crowd/prevents s positive spirit of the game players image hooliganism behaviour
  • 25. 6th May – Ronnie O Sullivan Anatomy 1. Maintain stroke volume/cardiac output Skill 2. Gradual decrease in temperature 3. Maintain blood pressure Different experiences in 4. Removal of waste products/carbon dioxide/lactic acid practice situations will 5. Keeps capillaries dilated/maintains blood build up/extend the flow/oxygen to muscles/reduces oxygen debt schema/schema will be 6. Maintains skeletal pump/respiratory pump 7. Maintains venous return able to be used in many situations/greater transfer of skills Socio Cultural Physical Prowess - Physical skill/expertise/proficiency/fitness Physical Endeavour - Effort/commitment/determination
  • 26. 7th May – Andy Murray Anatomy Skill • Contraction Phase 1. Positive (reinforcement) • 1. Systolic 100-130 mmHg 2. Negative (reinforcement) 3. Punishment. • Relaxation Phase • 2. Diastolic 70 – 90 mmHg Socio Cultural 1. (American Dream)Sport a vehicle for achieving the American Dream or going from rags to riches or achieving upward social mobility 2. (win ethic) (Driven by) ‘win ethic’ or Lombardian ethic / win at all costs / very competitive / no draws 3. (commercialism) Commercialism / sport is (big) business / sport or performers make money / used to promote or advertise products / performers or sports or teams heavily sponsored or endorsed / performer as commodity or billboards 4. Media media (& advertising) fund pro. sport or influence it e.g. influence rules or timings or dictate commercial breaks 5. (golden triangle) Golden triangle / relationship between sport, sponsorship and media / sport linked with sponsorship 6. (entertainment) Sport is entertainment or part of entertainment industry / e.g. marching band or ‘pom pom’ girls or cheerleading squads or other suitable example 7. (capitalist) Reflects capitalism or free enterprise or private enterprise 8. (dominates) ‘Big 4’ or professional sport dominates / little mass participation / limited or no system of local sports clubs 9. (school / uni sport) High status of high school or uni sport / high school players local stars / scholarships to universities / university sport feeds professional sport /large crowds at high school or uni ‘games’ 10. (draft) (Importance of the) draft system / (top) college athletes drafted into professional sport. 11. (hero worship) Sport stars as heroes
  • 27. 8th May – Toby Flood Anatomy 1. Less oxygen available, Skill 2. Partial pressure of oxygen is reduced 3. Increased rate of 1. Drive to learn a new task breathing/hyperventilation, 2. Action is taken to satisfy the drive/skill is 4. A reduction in the diffusion gradient occurs practiced 5. Haemoglobin saturation depends on the 3. Skill is successful/skill is learned/S-R bond partial pressure of oxygen is strengthened 4. Drive is reduced 6. Haemoglobin is not fully saturated, 5. Too much practice/Overlearning leads to 7. Less oxygen is carried in the blood inhibition (lack of drive) 8. Less oxygen available for the muscles, 6. New tasks/goals need to be set to re- 9. Fatigue sets in quicker motivated Socio Cultural 1. select or manage national team / talent ID / select for World Class Programme 2. provide funding 3. provide sports science information 4. high level coaching or training / performance directors / national coach / train high performance coaches or officials / academies 5. seek sponsorship or develop commercial links / obtain media coverage / negotiate with media 6. give access to high level facilities or equipment. 7. Work with UK SPORT or UKSI or HCSCs eg Sp England or sports colleges or high level clubs 8. organise or provide or inform about competitions 9. provide anti-doping education 10. encourage or support academic education / provide lifestyle or career advice
  • 28. 9th Answers – Jessica Ennis Anatomy Skill • 1. attached to haemoglobin • 1. Kinaesthetic/Proprioceptive/Internal • 2. forms oxyhaemoglobin feedback informs performer about position • 3. dissolved in plasma of the body • 2. Information goes to central control mechanism • 3. Comparison is made between actual movement and memory trace • 4. Changes that may be required are initiated by effector mechanism • 5. Muscular system adjusts the body • 6. Kinaesthetic/Proprioceptive/Internal feedback occurs again • 7. Level 2 involves sub-conscious control • 8. Level 3 involves conscious control Socio Cultural 1. Encourage participation/develop grassroots, 2. Select national team, 3. Talent identification/select performers for world class programme 4. Trains coaches/officials, 5. Controls the finance of their sport/seeks sponsorship, 6. Maintains rules/oversees rule changes 7. Deal with discipline issues, 8. work with other organisations, 9. Organises leagues/cups/competitions 10. Obtains media coverage, 11. Gives information/supports clubs, 12. Improves facilities for participation
  • 29. 10th Answers – Andrew Flintoff Anatomy Skill • 1. attached to haemoglobin • 1. Information about the • 2. forms oxyhaemoglobin environment - eg, stance needed • 3. dissolved in plasma when serving in tennis • 2. How hard the pass needs to be - what direction • 3. Sensory information during or after the movement - eg, overbalancing during a headstand • 4. Knowledge of results - eg ball landed on the green in golf Socio Cultural 1. Education - theory/things learnt/exams/NC 2. Physical recreation - PE run clubs for all/school trips/free time in lessons 3. Sport - inter school fixtures/competitive part of PE
  • 30. 11th Answers – Paul Gascoigne Anatomy Skill • 1. Valves • 1. S1 - First stimulus is identified/detected • 2. Respiratory Pump (GK sees free kick struck) • 3. Skeletal Muscle Pump • 2. R1 - response to first stimulus is initiated • 4. Gravity forces blood from above the heart (Keeper moves to his left) • 3. S2 - second stimulus received (Ball strikes the wall and is deflected) • 4. R2 - Second response is initiated (Keeper tries to move back right towards the ball) • 5. X - Delay is second response caused by the bottleneck in the brain/First response is not cleared before second stimulus is received Socio Cultural 1. Health/Fitness, 2. Outdoor Education specific skills, 3. Leadership 4. Personal well being/increased self esteem/confidence, 5. Decision making/problem solving 6. Team work/co-operation/communication, 7. Preparation for active leisure/career in outdoor education 8. Appreciation of the natural environment
  • 31. 12th – Lance Armstrong 4 types.......................Draw a picture to help remember V__ISUAL V__ERBAL M_ANUAL M_ECHANICAL They are all best suited for the different phases of learning. COGNITIVE is the first phase. Performances are often JERKY and uncoordinated. They need to have EXTRINSIC feedback as they are beginners. They rely heavily on VISUAL guidance, for example a DEMONSTRATION which must be accurate so it can be copied. It also provides the learner with a CORRECT image of the skill. This is often backed up and reinforced with VERBAL guidance. This cannot be too much or it will OVERLOAD the performer. VERBAL JERKY OVERLOAD VISUAL COGNITIVE CORRECT DEMONSTRATION
  • 32. 13th Answers – Lewis Hamilton Anatomy Skill • 1. The partial pressure of oxygen is reduced • 1. Generalised series of movmements/Plan of a skill • 2. Less oxygen available at high altitude • 2. Stored in LTM • 3. Hyperventilation/ performer breathes faster • 3. Made up of sub routines • 4. A reduction in the diffusion gradient occurs • 4. Hierachy of importance • 5. Haemoglobin saturation depends on the partial • 5. Initaited by one decision pressure of oxygen • 6. Programme created through practice • 6. Haemoglobin is not fully saturated • 7. Put into action by effector mechanism • 7. Less oxygen is carried in the blood • 8. Operate under open/closed loop control • 8. Less oxygen is available for muscles/aerobic • 9. Modified after each attempt respiration • 9. Fatigue sets in quicker Socio Cultural Description - The money/other support to individuals/teams/events to gain publicity Negative affects, 1. Money can be withdrawn/limited time, 2. Some sponsorship can give poor image (alcohol, tobacco) 3. Sponsors can control/manipulate performer, 4. Performers may be/feel exploited 5. Not always available/not available to all, 6. Performers may become reliant on a particular sponsor, 7. Pressure to win/cheating
  • 33. 14th Answers – Shane Warne Anatomy Skill • 1. Increase in muscle temperature • 1. Proactive - a skill currently being learnt has • 2. Allows greater stretch/elasticity an effect on a skill in the future • 3. Decreases risk of injury/increase in blood • 2. Retroactive - a skill currently being learned flow/oxygen has an effect on a skill already learned • 4. Nerve impulse conduction is quicker • 5. Improves co-ordination/increases strength of contraction • 6. Less resistance within muscle • 7. Increased enzyme activity • 8. More energy available for muscles Socio Cultural 1. Inform 2. Educate 3. Advertise/promote/publicise 4. Entertain
  • 34. 15th Answers – Tom Daley Anatomy Skill • 1. Dissolves in the plasma • 1. Trial and error • 2. Combines with haemoglobin • 2. Behaviour is modified/environment • 3. Forms carbaminohaemoglobin manipulated • 4. Dissolves in water • 3. Reinforcement/Praise helps learning • 4. Behaviour is shaped • 5. Responses not reinforced will disappear • 6. Partial reinforcement given occasionally ensures learning more thorough but takes longer • 7. Complete reinforcement after every attempt increases speed of learning Socio Cultural Positive 1. Role modes produced, 2. Stereotypes can be shattered 3. Can increase participation, 4. Can highlight minority sports/groups 5. Sport is now part of the entertainment industry, 6. Money to the sport/money to the clubs 7. Rule changes which have been positive for the sport Negative 8. Focus on negative behaviour/poor role models, 9. Stereotypes can be reinforced 10. Reduces participation, 11. Usually focuses on few sports (football)/unequal coverage 12. Financial rewards for only those at the very top
  • 35. 16th Answers – Tanni Grey Thompson Anatomy Skill • Shape of bone/socket - wide range of • 1. Practice/Overlearning/Repetition movement allowed • 2. Link information to that already • Ligaments - hold bone in place/stability/join stored/relate to past experiences bone to bone • 3. Make information meaningful/relevant • Cartilage - Prevents wear and • 4. Experience is enjoyable/novel/interesting tear/friction/absorb compression • 5. Use of visual imagery/mental rehearsal • Tendon - provides strength/support • 6. Reward and reinforce success • Synovial Fluid - lubricates joint • 7. Chunk/group information together • Pads of fat - absorbs shock/protect from • 8. Intensify the stimulus wear and tear • Synovial Membrane - secretes Synovial fluid Socio Cultural 1. Public - money from government or local authority 2. Private - Money from sponsorship/businesses 3. Voluntary - Money or donations from individuals and charities/fundraising
  • 36. 17th Answers – Graeme McDowell Anatomy Skill • 1. Increase Heart Rate, 2. Increase in stroke • Effect volume, 3. Adrenaline is released • 1. If response is followed by a satisfier then • 4. Increase in venous return, 5. Stretches wall the S-R bond is strengthened of right atrium which increases firing of SA • 2. eg - A rugby player is pleased to see a node successful conversion • 6. Starlings Law, 7. Information sent by • 3. If the response is followed by an annoyer proprioceptors/baroreceptors/chemorecepto the S-R bond will be weakened rs to Cardiac Control Centre • 4. eg - The rugby conversion is not a success • 8. Increase in sympathetic control, 9. • Exercise Increase in temperature which speeds up nerve impulses • 5. The S-R bond will be strengthened by practice • 6. eg - A badminton player practices serving • Readiness Socio Cultural • 7. The performer must be physically/mentally capable of attempting 1. Anyone can achieve success/wealth/status the skill 2. Rags to Riches • 8. eg - A young footballer must be able top 3. Everyone has an equal chance of success, grasp the principles of offside before he is taught it/the high jump bar must be low 4. happiness is achieved through wealth enough for the athlete to be able to clear it 5. Hard work will be rewarded 6. Land of opportunity
  • 37. 18th Answers – Graham Swann Anatomy Skill • 1. There is high partial pressure of oxygen in • 1. Ensure performer understands the task the lungs/alveoli requirements • 2. There is a low partial pressure oxygen in • 2. Performers attention drawn to aspects the blood that may cause negative transfer • 3. During exercise there is a greater diffusion • 3. Ensure practice to match/skill to skill as gradient similar as possible • 4. Faster diffusion will occur • 4. First skill thoroughly learned before • 5. Increased blood supply/temperature introducing a second skill • 6. Increased surface area of lungs/respiration • 5. Focus on similar aspects rate • 6. Avoid teaching conflicting skills close to • 7. Reduced resistance to diffusion each other Socio Cultural 1. builds muscles/lose or gain weight/increase energy 2. Reduce pain/recover from injury 3. steady nerves/increase aggression or motivation 4. pressure to win 5. to look good/aesthetic 6. rewards/money/win at all costs ethic 7. lack of education/unaware of dangers 8. Belief that everyone else is doing it/level playing field 9. Belief that they will get away with it
  • 38. 19th Answers – Strictly come dancing! Anatomy Skill • 1. Vasodilation of arteries supplying the • Open skill working muscles/Vascular shunt • 1. The environment is constantly • 2. Opening/Vasodilation of the precapillary changing/affected by the environment sphincters supplying the working muscles • 2. The performer needs to adapt the • 3. Vasoconstriction of arteries supplying non- changing conditions/performer is reactive essential organs • 3. The skill is externally paced • 4. Closing/Vasoconstriction of precapillary • 4. The skill is mainly perceptual sphincters supplying non-essential organs • Closed Skill • 5. Sympathetic stimulation/reduction • 5. The skill is self paced/internally paced • 6. The environment does not affect the skill/environment unchanged Socio Cultural • 7. The skill is habitual 1. Alcohol/Drugs • 8. Movements follow a set pattern/pre- planned 2. Frustration at the score or officials 3. Rivalry/local derbies/religion 4. Verbal abuse/provocation/racism 5. Pre-match hype/over excitement/importance of game 6. Large number of fans/poor policing or stewarding 7. Hooliganism at football 8. Mass culture/Tribal nature of event/peer group pressure 9. Violence or poor behaviour on the pitch copied by crowd 10. Lack of suitable punishment or deterrent.