Respond to below two discussions seperately. Each 150 words. INSTRUCTIONS Please make your response posts substantive. A substantive post will do at least TWO of the following: Ask an interesting, thoughtful question pertaining to the topic Provide an outside source (for example, an article from the UC Library) that applies to the topic, along with additional information about the topic or the source (please cite properly in APA) At least one scholarly source should be used in the initial discussion thread. Be sure to use information from your readings and other sources from the UC Library. Use proper citations and references in your post. DISCUSSION 1 Blockchain is the distributed database that maintains a list of records. These records are called blocks. Each block contains the history of every block that came before it down to the second it was added like a chain. Hence blockchain. This whole operation of blockchain is end to end encrypted every transaction is linked to a unique cryptographic signature that is easy to verify and nearly impossible to falsify because blockchain is maintained by a scalable network of computers which are called nodes worldwide which are referred to as a blockchain network. The network of computers maintains this file which is an append-log and the file itself and all these computers around the world that are coordinating with one another to make updates to the file in a lockstep fashion. Usually to verify the transaction from person to person there is a centralized bank which verifies the log and keep its record. Whereas blockchain is decentralized and each log of the transaction is verified and keeps its copies in multiple nodes worldwide at the same time and uses both private and public keys for the encryption which is means it uses two keys for one lock and as it is decentralized and blockchain is public anyone can view it. Hence there is no need of banks to verify and no central database in a particular location to hack it. We have to understand nothing on the internet is completely unhackable. Bitcoin is one such blockchain arguably the first and largest of all the different blockchains. With Bitcoin widely accepted and traded around the world hundreds of blockchains emerged into the exchanges. Many of them failed and very little survived, though all the blockchains are decentralized some are trying to bring centralized blockchains but it defeats the purpose. The differences in between these blockchains are using different hashing algorithms, different types in transactions authentications, Varying transaction times, different mining techniques Some of the block chains are Bitcoin is decentralized and uses peer to peer network. Ethereum is decentralized platform that runs smart contracts.Ripple is a real-time gross settlement system, Currency exchange and remittance network.Litecoin is similar to Bitcoin. It uses peer to peer network and open source software project released under .

1. Respond to below two discussions seperately. Each 150 words.
INSTRUCTIONS
Please make your response posts substantive. A substantive post
will do at least TWO of the following:
Ask an interesting, thoughtful question pertaining to the topic
Provide an outside source (for example, an article from the UC
Library) that applies to the topic, along with additional
information about the topic or the source (please cite properly
in APA)
At least one scholarly source should be used in the initial
discussion thread. Be sure to use information from your
readings and other sources from the UC Library. Use proper
citations and references in your post.
DISCUSSION 1
Blockchain is the distributed database that maintains a list of

2. records. These records are called blocks. Each block contains
the history of every block that came before it down to the
second it was added like a chain. Hence blockchain. This whole
operation of blockchain is end to end encrypted every
transaction is linked to a unique cryptographic signature that is
easy to verify and nearly impossible to falsify because
blockchain is maintained by a scalable network of computers
which are called nodes worldwide which are referred to as a
blockchain network.
The network of computers maintains this file which is an
append-log and the file itself and all these computers around the
world that are coordinating with one another to make updates to
the file in a lockstep fashion. Usually to verify the transaction
from person to person there is a centralized bank which verifies
the log and keep its record. Whereas blockchain is decentralized
and each log of the transaction is verified and keeps its copies
in multiple nodes worldwide at the same time and uses both
private and public keys for the encryption which is means it
uses two keys for one lock and as it is decentralized and
blockchain is public anyone can view it. Hence there is no need
of banks to verify and no central database in a particular
location to hack it. We have to understand nothing on the
internet is completely unhackable.
Bitcoin is one such blockchain arguably the first and largest of
all the different blockchains. With Bitcoin widely accepted and
traded around the world hundreds of blockchains emerged into
the exchanges. Many of them failed and very little survived,
though all the blockchains are decentralized some are trying to
bring centralized blockchains but it defeats the purpose. The
differences in between these blockchains are using different
hashing algorithms, different types in transactions
authentications, Varying transaction times, different mining
techniques

3. Some of the block chains are Bitcoin is decentralized and uses
peer to peer network. Ethereum is decentralized platform that
runs smart contracts.Ripple is a real-time gross settlement
system, Currency exchange and remittance network.Litecoin is
similar to Bitcoin. It uses peer to peer network and open source
software project released under the MIT/X11 license.
References :
Blockchain Revolution: How the Technology Behind Bitcoin
and Other Crypto currencies Is Changing the World (Tapscott,
Don, Tapscott, Alex)
DISCUSSION 2
Cryptocurrencies
A cryptocurrency incorporates protocols and even other
extremely complex systems that are coded for the encryption of
sensitive data transfers hence; ensuring secure exchange units.
Consequently, it is believed that there is no government
manipulation which is associated with the transaction of
cryptocurrencies. On the cryptocurrencies is ethereum, which
has been indicated to be an alternative of bitcoin (Reiff, 2020).

4. Therefore, ethereum incorporates decentralized software that
allows the use of smart contracts hence; running without
downtime. Moreover, it integrates a platform-specific
cryptographic token, which is used for running the concept.
Most developers make use of ethereum to run their applications,
and it can make purchases on other currencies. Another
cryptocurrency is Ripple (XRP), which is considered to be a
global settlement network issuing quick and reduces costs on
international payments (Reiff, 2020). Therefore, Ripple is
majorly established for settling cross-border payments while
ensuring that there is the preferred privacy.
Both ethereum and Ripple are involved in the exchange of
currency through the incorporation of tokens. There is usually
an evaluation of the symbols by analysts so that they can rank
the coins as required by the person doing the transaction. Ripple
is said to speed up the confirmation of purchase, although it
does not offer a specific time (Martucci, 2018). On the other
hand, ethereum usually enforces the performance of an
individual transaction, and it emphasizes on doing away with
agreements. However, there is a way to ensure that refunds are
done on a particular part in case a violation of agreement
happens. I do not have any experience of using
cryptocurrencies, although the aspiration is there because I am
informed of their different types and their usefulness.
Reference
Martucci, B. (2018, May 23). What is Cryptocurrency - How it
Works, History & Bitcoin

5. Aternatives. Retrieved May 10, 2020, from moneycrashers.com:
https://www.moneycrashers.com/cryptocurrency-history-
bitcoin-alternatives/
Reiff, N. (2020, January 8). The 10 Most Important
Cryptocurrencies Other Than Bitcoin.
Retrieved May 10, 2020, from investopedia.com:
https://www.investopedia.com/tech/most-important-
cryptocurrencies-other-than-bitcoin/
POLI -103
Contemporary
political
ideologies
Maryanne Cliche
[email protected]
PLAN FOR
TODAY
• 1. RECAP
• 2. DIVING DEEPER INTO LIBERALISM
• 2a) Liberalism divided

6. • 2b) Key Features
• 2c) Challenges
• 3. HOMEWORK
HOMEWORK
1- Read Chapter 3 of your textbook and review all the resources
on C4.
2- Watch the video – What is a Liberal on C4.
3- Answer the questions;
A) Why and when Liberalism emerged as an ideology?
B) Name 2 thinkers associated with Liberalism and name one of
the the
concept that each advocated for. (use the textbook to support
your
research)
4- Copy the definition of these words in your notebook :
1- Renaissance, 2-Rational, 3-Mercantilism, 4-Capitlalism, 5-
Middle Ages
RECAP
Liber (Latin) =
Liberty

7. Liber, Liberty,
Liberal
- LIBERALISM
DEFINITION - LIBERALISM
Liber (Latin) = Liberty
Liber, Liberty, Liberal
DEFINITION
• “Liberalism, is a political
doctrine that takes protecting
and enhancing the freedom of
the individual to be the
central problem of politics.
• Liberals typically believe
that government is necessary
to protect individuals from
being harmed by others, but
they also recognize that
government itself can pose a
threat to liberty.”
Source:
https://www.britannica.com/topic/liberalis
m

8. LIBERALISM ON HUMAN
NATURE
1.Rational 2. Self-motivated 3. Competitive
LIBERALISM ON FREEDOM
V
TO LIVE AS
ONE
CHOOSES
AGENT
OBSTACLE
GOAL
THE INDIVIDUAL LAWS,
CUSTOMS,
ETC.
SUMMARY- LIBERALISM
ON HUMAN NATURE &
FREEDOM
Individual liberty
+

9. Equality of opportunity
Within a Tolerant Society
Middle Ages 5th - 15th century
Liberalism in
reaction to ;
religious conformity
and ascribed status
In search of ; liberty
and equality of
opportunity
ORIGINS
LIBERALISM- ORIGINS
Renaissance 14th -17th century The Protestant Reformation -
1521
American War of Independence 1776 French revolution 1789-
1799
Early Liberal thinkers
Thomas Hobbes John Locke

10. Modern Liberal thinkers
Adam Smith John Stuart Mills
Mercantilism & Capitalism
Liberalism in the 19th century
Liberalism in the 19th century
LIBERALISM DIVIDED
LIBERALISM DIVIDED- EXPLAINED
1. Neoclassical Liberalism
2. Welfare Liberalism
LIBERALISM DIVIDED

11. 1.Neoclassical Liberalism’s main premises;
Government should be as small as possible
Government is a necessary evil
Government should not interfere as much as possible
2. Welfare Liberalism’s main premises;
Government, if properly directed, should interfere
Government can be a positive force in promoting liberty
Government should interfere to ensure that everyone
enjoys an equal opportunity in life
1. Neoclassical Liberalism
LIBERTY & EQUALITY
2. Welfare Liberalism
EQUALITY & LIBERTY
LIBERALISM
The Neoclassical
Liberalism
The Welfare

12. Liberalism
KEY
FEATURES OF
LIBERALISM
1. Started as a reaction to religious
conformity and ascribed status
2. Promotes individualism, liberty and equality
3. Internal debates about the role of
the government
KEY FEATURES –
LIBERALISM AND
THE 4 FUNCTIONS
4 Functions of
Ideologies
1- Explanation
4 Functions

13. & Liberalism
1- Explanation
= Individual choices
ultimately always
explain why things
are as they are.
2- Evaluation
4 Functions & Liberalism
2- Evaluation
= Conditions are good if the
individual is free to do as he
or she wishes without
harming or violating the
rights of others.
4 Functions & Liberalism
3- Orientation
4 Functions & Liberalism
3- Orientation
= The sense of identity

14. is based on the
individual, not the
group.
4 Functions& Liberalism
4- Political Program
4 Functions &
Liberalism
4- Political Program
= Political programs that
support individual liberty
and equal opportunity.
KEY FEATURES-
LIBERALISM ON
DEMOCRACY
KEY
FEATURES-
LIBERALISM
ON
DEMOCRACY
Equality

15. among human
beings
Accountability of
the government
Emphasis on the
importance of
individual rights
and liberty
CHALLENGES/
CRITICS
CHALLENGES/CRITICS
1. Does liberalism gives too much attention to the
individual as opposed to the group?
CHALLENGES/CRITICS
2. How to decide on what is define as private matters?
CHALLENGES/CRITICS
3. Are principles such as equality and freedom achieved
for every member of the community?

16. CHALLENGES/CRITICS
4. How far should the concepts of liberty and tolerance
go?
DO NO HARM - EXPLAINED
CHALLENGES/CRITICS
5. How far should the disengagement of the government
go? Should it interfere or not in times of crisis?
CHALLENGES/CRITICS
6. Should financial contributions and the influence of
money on politics be limited, monitored and controlled?
How so?
CHALLENGES/CRITICS
1. Does liberalism gives too much attention to the individual
as opposed to the group?
2. How to decide on what is define as private matters?
3. Are principles such as equality and freedom achieved for

17. every member of the community?
4. How far should the concepts of liberty and tolerance go?
5. How far should the disengagement of the government go?
Should it interfere or not in times of crisis?
6. Should financial contributions and the influence of money
on politics be limited, monitored and controlled? How so?
HOMEWORK
1- Read Chapter 3 of your textbook
2-Review the challenges of Liberalism, name and
explain one challenge using one example to support
your argument (use the textbook to support your
research).
3- Review all the resources on C4.
4- Copy the definition of these words in your
notebook:
1-Individualism
2-Tolerance
3-Neoclassical Liberalism
4-Welfare Liberalism
5-Liberty
6-Equality

18. 5- Review the political platform of the Liberal party of
Canada. Name and explain 2 political actions that are
in line with Liberalism and explain A- Which branch it
relates to and B-Why.
POLI -103
Contemporary
political
ideologies
Maryanne Cliche
[email protected]
PLAN FOR
TODAY
• 1. INTRO & RECAP
• 2. LIBERALISM
• 2a) Definition
• 2b) Liberalism on HN & Freedom
• 2c) Origins
• 3. HOMEWORK
HOMEWORK-
FOLLOW-UP
2- Consult the resources on C4
and Read the UN Declaration of

19. Human Rights on C4 and name 4
universal Human Rights.
3- Analyze one of the 3 countries
you identified according to the 6
key features of democracy and
argue whether or not it is fully
implementing the 6 key features
of democracy.
RECAP
RECAP- MAIN
CHARACTERISTICS
1.Respect for human rights
2. Multi-party system and
political tolerance
3. Democratic voting system
4. The rule of law
5. Democratic governance (or
the separation of power)
6. Citizen participation

20. RECAP- CHALLENGES
WHO AND HOW?
The world
strongest
democracies
« Over himself, over his own body
and mind the individual is
sovereign. »
-JS Mills
LIBERALISM
Liber (Latin) =
Liberty
Liber, Liberty,
Liberal
LIBERALISM
DEFINITION

21. “Liberalism, is a political doctrine
that takes protecting and enhancing
the freedom of the individual to be
the central problem of politics.
Liberals typically believe
that government is necessary to
protect individuals from being
harmed by others, but they also
recognize that government itself can
pose a threat to liberty.”
Source: https://www.britannica.com/topic/liberalism
LIBERALISM ON HUMAN
NATURE & FREEDOM
Human
beings are;
1.Rational
Human beings
are;
2. Self
motivated

22. Human beings are;
3. Competitive
Ideologies & the Conception of
Freedom
VAGENT GOAL
OBSTACLE
LIBERALISM ON FREEDOM
V
THE INDIVIDUAL
AGENT
LIBERALISM ON FREEDOM
V
THE INDIVIDUAL LAWS,
CUSTOMS,
ETC.
AGENT
OBSTACLE

23. LIBERALISM ON FREEDOM
V
TO LIVE AS ONE
CHOOSES
AGENT
OBSTACLE
GOAL
THE INDIVIDUAL LAWS,
CUSTOMS,
ETC.
SUMMARY
Individual liberty
+
Equality of opportunity
Individual liberty
+
Equality of opportunity
Within a Tolerant Society

24. ORIGINS
Middle Ages 5th - 15th century
In reaction to ;
Religious conformity
In reaction to ;
Ascribed status
In reaction to ;
Ascribed status
Liberalism in
reaction to ;
religious conformity
and ascribed status
In search of ; liberty
and equality of
opportunity
ORIGINS

25. Renaissance 14th -17th
century
The Protestant Reformation -1521
Early Liberal thinkers
Thomas Hobbes
1588-1678
John Locke
1632-1704
American War of Independence 1776
French revolution 1789-1799
Modern Liberal thinkers
Adam Smith
1723-1790
John Stuart Mills
1806-1873

26. Mercantilism
Capitalism
Liberalism in the 19th century
Liberalism in the 19th century
LIBERALISM
EXPLAINED
HOMEWORK
1- Read Chapter 3 of your textbook and review all the resources
on C4.
2- Watch the video – What is a Liberal on C4.
3- Answer the questions;
A) Why and when Liberalism emerged as an ideology?
B) Name 2 thinkers associated with Liberalism and name one of
the the

27. concept that each advocated for. (use the textbook to support
your
research)
4- Copy the definition of these words in your notebook :
1- Renaissance, 2-Rational, 3-Mercantilism, 4-Capitlalism, 5-
Middle Ages