2. Burden of the problem
• Birth asphyxia
• 23% of the 1 million neonatal deaths in India
• Long term neurological complications
• Death
• NNR (Neonatal resuscitation) :simple,
inexpensive, cost effective method
• Problem: NNR often not initiated, incorrect
use of methods
3. Successful NNR: factors
1. Anticipation: call a skilled personnel
2. Adequate preparation
3. Accurate evaluation, algorithm based
4. Prompt initiation of support
4. 1.Anticipation: High risk delivery
• Maternal condition
– Advanced maternal age ,DM, HT, stillbirth, fetal loss, early
neonatal death
• Fetal condition
– Prematurity, post maturity, congenital anomalies, multiple
gestations
• Ante partum complications:
APH, oligo /polyhydramnios
• Delivery complications
– Malpresentation, MSAF, instrumental delivery, antenatal
asphyxia with abnormal FHR
5. 2. Adequate preparation
• Radiant warmer is turned on,& is heating
• Oxygen source is open with adequate flow
through the tubing
• Suction apparatus tested, functioning properly
• Laryngoscope is functional with bright light
• Resuscitation bag & mask demonstrates an
adequate seal & generation of pressure
11. Successful NNR: factors
1. Anticipation: call a skilled personnel
2. Adequate preparation
3. Accurate evaluation, algorithm based
4. Prompt initiation of support
12. Evaluation, algorithm based
• Rapid assessment of neonate clinical status
• Is the infant full term?
• Is the infant breathing or crying?
• Does the infant has good muscle tone?
• Yes: no resuscitation, routine neonatal care
• No: needs resuscitation
15. Resuscitation: initial steps
• Provide warmth
• Head position “ sniffing position”
• Clearing the airway, if necessary
• Drying the baby
• Tactile stimulation for breathing
20. PPV: Positive pressure ventilation
• Form of assisted ventilation
• Needed when there is no improvement in HR
• Also assess chest wall movements
• Should be delivered at rate of 40-60 breaths
/min, maintain HR>100 /min
• Devices: BMV, ET (endotracheal
tube),LMA(laryngeal mask airway)
24. Endotracheal tube
• If BMV is ineffective/prolonged
• When chest compressions are performed
• Initial endotracheal suctioning of non vigorous
meconium stained newborn
27. LMA(Laryngeal mask airway)
• Soft mask, fits over laryngeal inlet when
inflated, occludes the oesophageal opening
• Done when BMV is unsuccessful & tracheal
intubation is unsuccessful or not feasible
32. Chest compressions
• Started when HR<60 per minute despite adequate
ventilation with 100% oxygen for 30 sec
• Delivered at lower third of sternum, to depth 1/3 of
AP diameter of chest
• 2 techniques:
– 2 thumb-encircling hands technique
– Compression with 2 fingers ,second hand
supporting the back
– 3:1 ratio::[ 90 comp:30 ventilations]
38. Medications
• Rarely indicated
• Most important step to treat bradycardia is
establishing adequate ventilation
• HR remains <60bpm,despite adequate
ventilation(ET) with 100% Oxygen & chest
compressions
• Epinephrine or volume expansion or both
39. Epinephrine
• Route of administration: intravenous(IV),ideal
• Recommended dose: 0.01-0.03 mg/kg per
dose
• Desired concentration: 1:10,000
0.1 mg/ml
40. Volume expansion
• Suspected or known blood loss
• Isotonic crystalloid solution ; normal saline
• Blood
• Dose calculation: 10 ml/kg
41. Asses if resuscitation is needed, keep
warm, position, clear, dry, stimulation
Give oxygen as necessary
Positive pressure ventilation
Endotracheal
intubation
Chest
compression
drugs
42. The golden minute
• <30 seconds: complete initial steps
• Warmth
• Drying
• Clear airway if necessary
• Stimulate
• 30-60 seconds: assess 2 vital characteristics
• Respiration (apnea/gasping/labored/unlabored)
• Heart rate (<100/>100bpm)
• Golden Minute Project: skill based training
45. Post resuscitation care
• Needed for those who required PPV
• At risk of deterioration
– Hypo/hyperthermia ,hypoglycemia, CNS
complications(apnea, HIE), pulmonary
complications(TTN, Pneumonia), hypotension
• Need monitoring ,evaluation
• NICU may be necessary
46. NNR : not indicated
• Conditions with certainly early death
• Extreme prematurity(GA<23 weeks)
• Birth weight<400g
• Anencephaly
• Chromosomal abnormality: Trisomy 13
47. NNR: nearly always indicated
• High rate of survival
• Acceptable morbidity
• GA≥ 25 weeks
• Those with most congenital malformations
48. NNR?
• Conditions associated with uncertain
prognosis
• Survival borderline
• Parental desires concerning initiation of
resuscitation should be supported
49. Discontinuing resuscitative efforts
• Newborn with no detectable heart rate,
consider stopping NNR if the heart rate
remains undetectable for 10 minutes
50. Summary
• Most infants transfer from intrauterine to
extra uterine life
• 10% need some intervention,1% need
extensive resuscitation
• Anticipate the need for NNR
• Adequate preparation for NNR
• Evaluate the newborn as per AHA/AAP
guidelines & follow the recommended
protocol
51. MCQ1
For successful neonatal resuscitation following
is/are needed except:
1. Anticipation
2. Adequate preparation
3. Skilled personnel
4. Delayed initiation of support
52. MCQ1
• For successful neonatal resuscitation
following is/are needed except:
1. Anticipation
2. Adequate preparation
3. Skilled personnel
4. Delayed initiation of support
53. MCQ2
• Following are true in relation to initial steps of
neonatal resuscitation except
1. Provide warmth
2. Tactile stimulation
3. Endotracheal intubation
4. Drying the baby
54. MCQ2
• Following are true in relation to initial steps of
neonatal resuscitation except
1. Provide warmth
2. Tactile stimulation
3. Endotracheal intubation
4. Drying the baby
55. MCQ3
• The following is the primary measure of
adequate ventilation
1. Chest wall movement
2. Improvement in heart rate
3. Pink extremities
4. Spo2 of 100%
56. MCQ3
• The following is the primary measure of
adequate ventilation
1. Chest wall movement
2. Improvement in heart rate
3. Pink extremities
4. Spo2 of 100%
57. MCQ4
Endotracheal intubation may be indicated at
several points during neonatal resuscitation
except
1. Ineffective BMV
2. During chest compressions
3. Vigorous meconium stained newborn
4. Non vigorous meconium stained newborn
58. MCQ4
• Endotracheal intubation may be indicated at
several points during neonatal resuscitation
except
1. Ineffective BMV
2. During chest compressions
3. Vigorous meconium stained newborn
4. Non vigorous meconium stained newborn
59. MCQ5
• The recommended compression to ventilation
ratio in neonatal resuscitation is
1. 2:1
2. 3:1
3. 4:1
4. 5:1
60. MCQ5
• The recommended compression to ventilation
ratio in neonatal resuscitation is
1. 2:1
2. 3:1
3. 4:1
4. 5:1
61. MCQ6
• The recommended dose(mg/kg per dose) and
route of epinephrine in neonatal resuscitation
1. 0.01-0.03,IV
2. 0.01-0.03,IM
3. 0.03-0.05,1V
4. 0.05-0.1,IV
62. MCQ6
• The recommended dose(mg/kg per dose) and
route of epinephrine in neonatal resuscitation
is
1. 0.01-0.03,IV
2. 0.01-0.03,IM
3. 0.03-0.05,1V
4. 0.05-0.1,IV
63. MCQ7
• Recommended method/clinical indicator of
confirming ET placement is
1. Condensation in ET
2. Chest movement
3. Equal breath sounds on auscultation
4. Exhaled C02 Detection
64. MCQ7
• Recommended method/clinical indicator of
confirming ET placement is
1. Condensation in ET
2. Chest movement
3. Equal breath sounds on auscultation
4. Exhaled C02 Detection