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Anatomy of bone

Science
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1 Introduction • Human skeleton initially cartilages and fibrous membranes • Hyaline cartilage is the most abundant cartilage • By age 25 the skeleton is completely hardened • 206 bones make up the adult skeleton (20% of body mass) • 80 bones of the axial skeleton • 126 bones of the appendicular skeleton
2 Bone Classification • Bone Classification: • Long Bones • Short Bones • Sesamoid Bones • Flat Bones • Irregular Bones • Wormian Bones (sutural) (a) (e) (b) (c) (d) Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Classification of Bones Slide 5.4a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Long bones Typically longer than wide Have a shaft with heads at both ends Contain mostly compact bone • Examples: Femur, humerus
Classification of Bones Slide 5.4b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Short bones Generally cube-shape Contain mostly spongy bone Examples: Carpals, tarsals
Classification of Bones on the Basis of Shape Slide 5.4c Copyright Š 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 5.1
Classification of Bones Slide 5.5a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Flat bones Thin and flattened Usually curved Thin layers of compact bone around a layer of spongy bone Examples: Skull, ribs, sternum
Classification of Bones Slide 5.5b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Irregular bones Irregular shape Do not fit into other bone classification categories Example: Vertebrae and hip
Classification of Bones on the Basis of Shape Slide 5.5c Copyright Š 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 5.1
9 Parts of a Long Bone • Epiphysis • Distal • Proximal • Diaphysis • Metaphysis • Compact bone • Spongy bone • Articular cartilage • Periosteum • Endosteum • Medullary cavity • Trabeculae • Bone marrow • Red marrow and yellow marrow Femur Periosteum Yellow marrow Medullary cavity Space containing red marrow Spongy bone Compact bone Articular cartilage Epiphyseal plates Proximal epiphysis Distal epiphysis Diaphysis Endosteum Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
10 Microscopic Structure • Bone cells are called osteocytes • in a lacuna • Osteocytes transport nutrients and wastes by cellular processes in canaliculi • The extracellular matrix of bone is largely collagen and inorganic salts • Collagen gives bone resilience & strength • Inorganic salts make bone hard
11 Compact Bone • Osteon aka Haversian System • Central canal • Perforating canal aka Volkmann’s canal • Osteocytes • Lamellae • Lacunae • Bone matrix • Canaliculi Nerve Osteon Nerve Nerve Canaliculus Osteocyte Periosteum Endosteum Trabeculae Pores Bone matrix Blood vessels Compact bone Lacuna (space) Blood vessels Perforating canal Central canal containing blood vessels and nerves Central canal Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Microscopic Anatomy of Bone Slide Copyright Š 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 5.3
Microscopic Anatomy of Bone Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Lacunae  Cavities containing bone cells (osteocytes)  Arranged in concentric rings  Lamellae  Rings around the central canal  Sites of lacunae Figure 5.3
Microscopic Anatomy of Bone Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Canaliculi Tiny canals Radiate from the central canal to lacunae Form a transport system Figure 5.3
15 Spongy Bone • Spongy bone is aka cancellous bone (a) (c) Spongy bone Compact bone (b) Spongy bone Compact bone Remnant of epiphyseal plate Spongy bone Compact bone Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. a: © Ed Reschke; b,c: Courtesy of John W. Hole, Jr.
16 Bone Development and Growth • Parts of the skeletal system begin to develop during the first few weeks of prenatal development • Bones replace existing connective tissue in one of two ways: • As intramembranous bones • As endchondral bones
17 Intramembranous Bones • Intramembranous Bones • These bones originate within sheetlike layers of connective tissues • They are the broad, flat bones • Skull bones (except mandible) • Are known as intramembranous bones
18 Endochondral Bones • Endochondral Bones • Bones begin as hyaline cartilage • Form models for future bones • These are most bones of the skeleton • Are known as endochondral bones
19 Endochondral Ossification • Hyaline cartilage model • Primary ossification center • Secondary ossification centers • Epiphyseal plate • Osteoblasts vs. osteoclasts (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (a) Cartilaginous model Calcified cartilage Articular cartilage Developing periosteum Compact bone developing Primary ossification center Medullary cavity Medullary cavity Medullary cavity Secondary ossification center Secondary ossification center Blood vessel Epiphyseal plate Remnant of epiphyseal plate Remnants of epiphyseal plates Epiphyseal plates Compact bone Spongy bone Articular cartilage Spongy bone Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
20 Growth at the Epiphyseal Plate • First layer of cells • Closest to the end of epiphysis • Resting cells • Anchors epiphyseal plate to epiphysis • Zone of resting cartilage • Second layer of cells • Many rows of young cells • Undergoing mitosis • zone of proliferating cartilage 1 2 3 4 (a) (b) Bone tissue of epiphysis Zone of resting cartilage Zone of proliferating cartilage Zone of hypertrophic cartilage Zone of calcified cartilage Ossified bone of diaphysis Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. b: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer
21 Growth at the Epiphyseal Plate • Third layer of cells • Older cells • Left behind when new cells appear • Cells enlarging and becoming calcified • zone of hypertrophic cartilage • Fourth layer of cells • Thin • Dead cells • Calcified extracellular matrix • zone of calcified cartilage 1 2 3 4 (a) (b) Bone tissue of epiphysis Zone of resting cartilage Zone of proliferating cartilage Zone of hypertrophic cartilage Zone of calcified cartilage Ossified bone of diaphysis Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. b: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer
22 Homeostasis of Bone Tissue • Bone Resorption – action of osteoclasts and parathyroid hormone aka parathormone aka PTH • Bone Deposition – action of osteoblasts and calcitonin • Occurs by direction of the thyroid and parathyroid glands Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. © Biophoto Associates/Photo Researchers, Inc. Developing medullary cavity Osteoclast
23 Factors Affecting Bone Development, Growth and Repair • Deficiency of Vitamin A – retards bone development • Deficiency of Vitamin C – results in fragile bones • Deficiency of Vitamin D – rickets, osteomalacia • Insufficient Growth Hormone – dwarfism • Excessive Growth Hormone – gigantism, acromegaly • Insufficient Thyroid Hormone – delays bone growth • Sex Hormones – promote bone formation; stimulate ossification of epiphyseal plates • Physical Stress – stimulates bone growth
24 Bone Function • Bones shape, support, and protect body structures
25 Support, Protection, and Movement • Support, Movement & Protection • Gives shape to head, etc. • Supports body’s weight • Protects lungs, etc. • Bones and muscles interact • When limbs or body parts move
26 Blood Cell Formation • Blood Cell Formation • Also known as hematopoiesis • Occurs in the red bone marrow
27 Inorganic Salt Storage • Inorganic Salt Storage • Calcium • Phosphate • Magnesium • Sodium • Potassium
28 Skeletal Organization • The actual number of bones in the human skeleton varies from person to person • Typically there are about 206 bones • For convenience the skeleton is divided into the: • Axial skeleton • Appendicular skeleton
29 Divisions of the Skeleton • Axial Skeleton • Skull • Spine • Rib cage • Appendicular Skeleton • Upper limbs • Lower limbs • Shoulder girdle • Pelvic girdle Hyoid Cranium Face Clavicle Scapula Sternum Ribs Humerus Ulna Hip bone Radius Femur Patella Tibia Fibula Tarsals Metatarsals Phalanges Phalanges Skull Vertebral column Vertebral column Sacrum Coccyx Carpals Metacarpals (a) (b) Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
30 Skull • Is composed of the cranium (brain case) and the facial bones
31 Cranium • Frontal Bone (1) • Forehead • Roof of nasal cavity • Roofs of orbits • Frontal sinuses • Supraorbital foramen • Coronal suture Parietal bone Frontal bone Coronal suture Lacrimal bone Ethmoid bone Squamous suture Sphenoid bone Temporal bone Perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone Infraorbital foramen Vomer bone Mandible Supraorbital foramen Nasal bone Sphenoid bone Middle nasal concha of the ethmoid bone Inferior nasal concha Maxilla Mental foramen Zygomatic bone Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
32 Cranium • Parietal Bones (2) • Side walls of cranium • Roof of cranium • Sagittal suture Coronal suture Frontal bone Sphenoid bone Ethmoid bone Lacrimal bone Nasal bone Zygomatic bone Maxilla Mental foramen Mandible Coronoid process Styloid process Mandibular condyle Mastoid process External acoustic meatus Temporal process of zygomatic bone Zygomatic process of temporal bone Occipital bone Temporal bone Parietal bone Lambdoid suture Squamous suture Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
33 Cranium • Occipital Bone (1) • Back of skull • Base of cranium • Foramen magnum • Occipital condyles • Lambdoidal suture Zygomatic bone Palatine process of maxilla Palatine bone Occipital bone Foramen magnum Lambdoid suture Zygomatic arch Mandibular fossa Styloid process Occipital condyle External acoustic meatus Sphenoid bone Vomer bone Temporal bone Mastoid foramen Frontal bone Median palatine suture Incisive foramen Greater palatine foramen Stylomastoid foramen Foramen spinosum Carotid canal Jugular foramen Foramen ovale Foramen lacerum Condylar canal Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
34 Cranium • Temporal Bones (2) • Side walls of cranium • Floor of cranium • Floors and sides of orbits • Squamous suture • External acoustic meatus • Mandibular fossa • Mastoid process • Styloid process • Zygomatic process Coronal suture Frontal bone Sphenoid bone Ethmoid bone Lacrimal bone Nasal bone Zygomatic bone Maxilla Mental foramen Mandible Coronoid process Styloid process Mandibular condyle Mastoid process External acoustic meatus Temporal process of zygomatic bone Zygomatic process of temporal bone Occipital bone Temporal bone Parietal bone Lambdoid suture Squamous suture Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
35 Cranium • Sphenoid Bone (1) • Base of cranium • Sides of skull • Floors and sides of orbits • Sella turcica • Sphenoid sinuses Transverse section Lesser wing Optic canal Greater wing Sella turcica Foramen ovale Foramen spinosum Foramen rotundum Lesser wing Greater wing Superior orbital fissure Foramen rotundum Lateral pterygoid plate Medial pterygoid plate (b) (a)
36 Cranium • Ethmoid Bone (1) • Roof and walls of nasal cavity • Floor of cranium • Wall of orbits • Cribiform plates • Perpendicular plate • Superior and middle nasal conchae • Ethmoid sinuses • Crista galli Transverse section Crista galli Orbital surface Ethmoidal sinuses Cribriform plate Crista galli Perpendicular plate Superior nasal concha Middle nasal concha Perpendicular plate (a) (b)
37 Facial Skeleton • Maxillary Bones (2) • Upper jaw • Anterior roof of mouth • Floors of orbits • Sides of nasal cavity • Floors of nasal cavity • Alveolar processes • Maxillary sinuses • Palatine process Coronal suture Frontal bone Sphenoid bone Ethmoid bone Lacrimal bone Nasal bone Zygomatic bone Maxilla Mental foramen Mandible Coronoid process Styloid process Mandibular condyle Mastoid process External acoustic meatus Temporal process of zygomatic bone Zygomatic process of temporal bone Occipital bone Temporal bone Parietal bone Lambdoid suture Squamous suture Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
38 Facial Skeleton Frontal sinus Ethmoidal sinuses Sphenoidal sinus Maxillary sinus Copyright Š The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
39 Facial Skeleton • Palatine Bones (2) • ‘L’ shaped bones located behind the maxillae • Posterior section of hard palate • Floor of nasal cavity • Lateral walls of nasal cavity Coronal section Horizontal portion Perpendicular portion Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
40 Facial Skeleton • Zygomatic Bones (2) • Prominences of cheeks • Lateral walls of orbits • Floors of orbits • Temporal process Coronal suture Frontal bone Sphenoid bone Ethmoid bone Lacrimal bone Nasal bone Zygomatic bone Maxilla Mental foramen Mandible Coronoid process Styloid process Mandibular condyle Mastoid process External acoustic meatus Temporal process of zygomatic bone Zygomatic process of temporal bone Occipital bone Temporal bone Parietal bone Lambdoid suture Squamous suture Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
41 Facial Skeleton • Lacrimal Bones (2) • Medial walls of orbits • Groove from orbit to nasal cavity • Nasal Bones (2) • Bridge of nose Coronal suture Frontal bone Sphenoid bone Ethmoid bone Lacrimal bone Nasal bone Zygomatic bone Maxilla Mental foramen Mandible Coronoid process Styloid process Mandibular condyle Mastoid process External acoustic meatus Temporal process of zygomatic bone Zygomatic process of temporal bone Occipital bone Temporal bone Parietal bone Lambdoid suture Squamous suture Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
42 Facial Skeleton • Vomer Bone (1) • Inferior portion of nasal septum Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Coronal suture Frontal bone Nasal bone Palatine bone Vomer bone Alveolar processes Inferior nasal concha Maxilla Palatine process of maxilla Styloid process Sphenoidal sinus Mandible Perpendicular plate (nasal septum) Frontal sinus Crista galli Cribriform plate Foramen magnum Jugular foramen Internal acoustic meatus Sella turcica Occipital bone Parietal bone Temporal bone Lambdoid suture Squamous suture Sphenoid bone Hypoglossal canal Mastoid process Ethmoid bone
43 Facial Skeleton • Inferior Nasal Conchae (2) • Extend from lateral walls of nasal cavity Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Coronal suture Frontal bone Nasal bone Palatine bone Vomer bone Alveolar processes Inferior nasal concha Maxilla Palatine process of maxilla Styloid process Sphenoidal sinus Mandible Perpendicular plate (nasal septum) Frontal sinus Crista galli Cribriform plate Foramen magnum Jugular foramen Internal acoustic meatus Sella turcica Occipital bone Parietal bone Temporal bone Lambdoid suture Squamous suture Sphenoid bone Hypoglossal canal Mastoid process Ethmoid bone
44 Facial Skeleton • Mandible Bone (1) • Lower jaw • Body • Ramus • Mandibular condyle • Coronoid process • Alveolar process • Mandibular foramen • Mental foramen Coronoid process Mandibular foramen Mandibular condyle Ramus Alveolar border Mental foramen Body Body Alveolar arch Mandibular foramen Coronoid process (a) (b) Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
45 Infantile Skull • Fontanels – fibrous membranes (b) Anterior fontanel Posterior fontanel Frontal bone Frontal suture (metopic suture) Sagittal suture Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
46 Vertebral Column • The vertebral column, or spinal column, consists of many vertebrae separated by cartilaginous intervertebral discs.
47 Vertebral Column • Cervical vertebrae (7) • Thoracic vertebrae (12) • Lumbar vertebrae (5) • Sacral (4-5 fused segments) • Sacrum is fused bone • Coccygeal (3-4 fused segments) • Coccyx is fused bone (b) (a) Cervical curvature Thoracic curvature Lumbar curvature Lumbar vertebrae Thoracic vertebrae Cervical vertebrae Sacral curvature Vertebra prominens Rib facet Intervertebral Intervertebral foramina Sacrum Coccyx Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
48 Vertebral Column • Cervical curvature • Thoracic curvature • Lumbar curvature • Sacral curvature • Rib facets • Vertebral prominens • Intervertebral discs (IVD) • Intervertebral foramina (IVF) (b) (a) Cervical curvature Thoracic curvature Lumbar curvature Lumbar vertebrae Thoracic vertebrae Cervical vertebrae Sacral curvature Vertebra prominens Rib facet Intervertebral Intervertebral foramina Sacrum Coccyx Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
49 Typical Vertebrae • Includes the following parts: • Vertebral body • Pedicles • Lamina • Spinous process • Transverse processes • Vertebral foramen • Facets
50 Cervical Vertebrae • Atlas – 1st; supports head • Axis – 2nd; dens pivots to turn head • Transverse foramina • Bifid spinous processes • Vertebral prominens – useful landmark (b) (c) (a) Anterior Posterior Atlas Axis Body Dens (odontoid process) Spinous process Dens Inferior articular process Facet that articulates with dens (odontoid process) of axis Facet that articulates with occipital condyle Spinous process Anterior articular facet for atlas Transverse foramen Transverse process Superior articular facet Vertebral foramen Transverse process Transverse foramen Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
51 Thoracic Vertebrae Body Superior articular process Spinous process Transverse process Inferior articular process Intervertebral disc Anterior Posterior Body Pedicle Vertebral foramen Superior articular process Facet for tubercle of rib Transverse process Lamina Spinous process Inferior articular process Intervertebral notch Body Pedicle Superior articular process Transverse process Facet for tubercle of rib Spinous process (a) (c) (b) • Long spinous processes • Rib facets Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
52 Lumbar Vertebrae • Large bodies • Thick, short spinous processes (c) Lumbar vertebra Lamina Pedicle Body Vertebral foramen Spinous process Superior articular process Transverse process Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
53 Sacrum • 4-5 fused segments • Median sacral crest • Posterior sacral foramina • Posterior wall of pelvic cavity • Sacral promontory aka base • Area toward coccyx is the apex Sacral canal Tubercle of median sacral crest Auricular surface Posterior sacral foramen Sacral hiatus Coccyx Sacrum Superior articular process Sacral promontory Anterior sacral foramen (a) (b) Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
54 Coccyx • Aka tailbone • 3-4 fused segments Sacral canal Tubercle of median sacral crest Auricular surface Posterior sacral foramen Sacral hiatus Coccyx Sacrum Superior articular process Sacral promontory Anterior sacral foramen (a) (b) Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
55 Thoracic Cage • The thoracic cage includes the ribs, the thoracic vertebrae, the sternum, and the costal cartilages that attach the ribs to the sternum.
56 Thoracic Cage • Ribs (12) • Sternum • Thoracic vertebrae (12) • Costal cartilages • Supports shoulder girdle and upper limbs • Protects viscera • Role in breathing 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 True ribs (vertebrosternal ribs) Vertebrochondral ribs False ribs (a) Floating ribs (vertebral ribs) Sternum Body Manubrium Ribs Costal cartilage Xiphoid process Thoracic vertebra Clavicular notch Sternal angle Jugular notch (suprasternal notch) (b) b: © Victor B. Eichler, PhD Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
57 Ribs • Humans have 12 pairs of ribs: • True ribs (7) • False ribs (5), of which: • Floating (2) • There are some anomalies: • Cervical ribs • Lumbar ribs 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 True ribs (vertebrosternal ribs) Vertebrochondral ribs False ribs (a) Floating ribs (vertebral ribs) Sternum Body Manubrium Ribs Costal cartilage Xiphoid process Thoracic vertebra Clavicular notch Sternal angle Jugular notch (suprasternal notch) (b) b: © Victor B. Eichler, PhD Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
58 Rib Structure • Shaft • Head – posterior end; articulates with vertebrae • Tubercle – articulates with vertebrae • Costal cartilage – hyaline cartilage Anterior end (sternal end) Shaft Facet Head Neck T ubercle Facet Spinous process Costal groove Shaft Anterior end Head Tubercle Neck (a) (b) Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
59 Sternum • Three (3) parts of the sternum: • Manubrium • Body • Xiphoid process 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 True ribs (vertebrosternal ribs) Vertebrochondral ribs False ribs (a) Floating ribs (vertebral ribs) Sternum Body Manubrium Ribs Costal cartilage Xiphoid process Thoracic vertebra Clavicular notch Sternal angle Jugular notch (suprasternal notch) (b) b: © Victor B. Eichler, PhD Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
60 Pectoral Girdle • Also known as the shoulder girdle • Clavicles • Scapulae • Supports upper limbs • True shoulder joint is simply the articulation of the humerus and scapula Sternum Costal cartilage Rib Scapula Humerus Ulna Radius Clavicle (a) Coracoid process Head of humerus Acromion process Acromial end Sternal end Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
61 Clavicles • Articulate with manubrium • Articulate with scapulae (acromion process) • A-C joint Sternum Costal cartilage Rib Scapula Humerus Ulna Radius Clavicle (a) Coracoid process Head of humerus Acromion process Acromial end Sternal end Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Acromion process Coracoid process Spine Glenoid cavity Suprascapular notch Superior border Supra- glenoid tubercle Infra- glenoid tubercle Coracoid process Acromion process Supraspinous fossa Infraspinous fossa Glenoid cavity Lateral (axillary) border Subscapular fossa Medial (vertebral) border (a) (b) (c) 62 Scapulae • Spine • Supraspinous fossa • Infraspinous fossa • Acromion process • Coracoid process • Glenoid fossa or cavity
63 Upper Limb • Humerus • Radius • Ulna (Interosseous membrane) • Carpals • Metacarpals • Phalanges Olecranon process Head of radius Neck of radius Ulna Olecranon fossa Carpals Metacarpals Phalanges Humerus Humerus Ulna Ulna Radius (c) (d) (a) Hand (palm anterior) (b) Hand (palm posterior) Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. d: © Martin Rotker
64 Humerus • Head • Greater tubercle • Lesser tubercle • Anatomical neck • Surgical neck • Deltoid tuberosity • Capitulum • Trochlea • Coronoid fossa • Olecranon fossa Capitulum Trochlea Deltoid tuberosity Head Lesser tubercle Greater tubercle Greater tubercle (a) (b) Lateral epicondyle Coronoid fossa Intertubercular groove Medial epicondyle Olecranon fossa Anatomical neck Surgical neck Lateral epicondyle Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
65 Radius • Lateral forearm bone • Head • Radial tuberosity • Styloid process Styloid process Ulnar notch of radius Styloid process Head of ulna Ulna Radius Radial tuberosity Head of radius Coronoid process Trochlear notch Olecranon process (b) (a) Olecranon process Trochlear notch Coronoid process Radial notch Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
66 Ulna • Medial forearm bone • Trochlear notch • Olecranon process • Coronoid process • Styloid process Styloid process Ulnar notch of radius Styloid process Head of ulna Ulna Radius Radial tuberosity Head of radius Coronoid process Trochlear notch Olecranon process (b) (a) Olecranon process Trochlear notch Coronoid process Radial notch Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
67 Wrist and Hand • Carpal Bones (16 total bones) • Scaphoid • Lunate • Triquetral • Pisiform • Hamate • Capitate • Trapezoid • Trapezium • Metacarpal Bones (10) • Phalangeal Bones (28) • Proximal phalanx • Middle phalanx • Distal phalanx Trapezium Trapezoid Capitate Scaphoid Trapezium (a) (b) Trapezoid Capitate Scaphoid Ulna Radius Lunate Hamate Triquetrum Pisiform Phalanges 5 5 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 Distal phalanx Middle phalanx Proximal phalanx Metacarpals (metacarpus) Carpals (carpus) Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
68 Pelvic Girdle • Coxal Bones (2) • Supports trunk of body • Protects viscera • Forms pelvic cavity Sacrum Sacral promontory Sacroiliac joint Acetabulum Pubis Symphysis pubis (a) Pubic arch Ischium Pubic tubercle Ilium Obturator foramen Ischium Coccyx Sacral hiatus Sacrum (b) Ilium Sacral canal Pubis Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. (c) c: © Martin Rotker
69 Hip Bones • Also known as the coxae: • Acetabulum • There are three (3) bones: 1. Ilium • Iliac crest • Iliac spines • Greater sciatic notch 2. Ischium • Ischial spines • Lesser sciatic notch • Ischial tuberosity 3. Pubis • Obturator foramen • Symphysis pubis • Pubic arch Iliac crest Iliac crest Iliac fossa Ilium Ilium Ischium Ischium Pubis Pubis Ischial spine Obturator foramen Acetabulum Pubic crest Pubic tubercle (b) (a) Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Anterior superior iliac spine Anterior inferior iliac spine Posterior superior iliac spine Posterior inferior iliac spine Greater sciatic notch Lesser sciatic notch Ischial tuberosity Obturator foramen
70 Greater and Lesser Pelves • Greater Pelvis • Lumbar vertebrae posteriorly • Iliac bones laterally • Abdominal wall anteriorly • Lesser Pelvis • Sacrum and coccyx posteriorly • Lower ilium, ischium, and pubic bones laterally and anteriorly Sacral promontory Flared ilium Pelvic brim Symphysis pubis Pubic arch Pubic arch (a) Female pelvis (b) Male pelvis Sacral promontory Sacral curvature Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
71 Differences Between Male Female Pelves • Female pelvis • Iliac bones more flared • Broader hips • Pubic arch angle greater • More distance between ischial spines and ischial tuberosities • Sacral curvature shorter and flatter • Lighter bones • Why? Sacral promontory Flared ilium Pelvic brim Symphysis pubis Pubic arch Pubic arch (a) Female pelvis (b) Male pelvis Sacral promontory Sacral curvature Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
72 Lower Limb • Femur • Patella • Tibia • Fibula • Tarsals • Metatarsals • Phalanges Metatarsals Fibula Tibia Tibia Patella Femur Fibula (c) Lateral view Fibula Tibia Lateral condyle (d) Posterior view (b) Medial condyle Femur Tarsals Phalanges Femur Patella Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
73 Femur • Longest bone of body • Head • Fovea capitis • Neck • Greater trochanter • Lesser trochanter • Linea aspera • Condyles • Epicondyles Neck Head Fovea capitis (a) (b) Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Lateral condyle Medial condyle Intercondylar fossa Medial epicondyle Patellar surface Lateral epicondyle Greater trochanter Gluteal tuberosity Lesser trochanter Linea aspera
74 Patella • Aka kneecap • Anterior surface of the knee joint • Flat sesamoid bone located in the quadriceps tendon Metatarsals Fibula Tibia Tibia Patella Femur Fibula (c) Lateral view Fibula Tibia Lateral condyle (d) Posterior view (b) Medial condyle Femur Tarsals Phalanges Femur Patella Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
75 Tibia • Aka shin bone • Medial to fibula • Condyles • Tibial tuberosity • Anterior crest • Makes the medial malleolus Tibia Fibula Medial malleolus Tibial tuberosity Anterior crest Medial condyle Intercondylar eminence Lateral malleolus Lateral condyle Head of fibula Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
76 Fibula • Lateral to tibia • Long, slender • Head • Makes the lateral malleolus • Non-weight bearing Tibia Fibula Medial malleolus Tibial tuberosity Anterior crest Medial condyle Intercondylar eminence Lateral malleolus Lateral condyle Head of fibula Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
77 Foot • Tarsal Bones (14) • Calcaneus • Talus • Navicular • Cuboid • Lateral (3rd) cuneiform • Intermediate (2nd) cuneiform • Medial (1st) cuneiform • Metatarsal Bones (10) • Phalanges (28) • Proximal • Middle • Distal (b) Tibia Fibula Talus Navicular Phalanges Calcaneus Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Medial cuneiform Metatarsals (metatarsus) Tarsals (tarsus) Calcaneal tuberosity
78 Foot Calcaneus Talus Navicular Cuboid Lateral cuneiform Intermediate cuneiform Medial cuneiform Proximal phalanx Middle phalanx Distal phalanx Phalanges Metatarsals (metatarsus) Tarsals (tarsus) 5 4 3 2 1 (a) Copyright Š The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
79 Lifespan Changes • Decrease in height at about age 30 • Calcium levels fall • Bones become brittle • Osteoclasts outnumber osteoblasts • Spongy bone weakens before compact bone • Bone loss rapid in menopausal women • Hip fractures common • Vertebral compression fractures common
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Joints Slide 5.43 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Articulations of bones  Functions of joints Hold bones together Allow for mobility  Ways joints are classified Functionally Structurally
Functional Classification of Joints Slide 5.44 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Synarthroses – immovable joints  Amphiarthroses – slightly moveable joints  Diarthroses – freely moveable joints
Structural Classification of Joints Slide 5.45 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Fibrous joints Generally immovable  Cartilaginous joints Immovable or slightly moveable  Synovial joints Freely moveable
Fibrous Joints Slide 5.46 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Bones united by fibrous tissue – synarthrosis or largely immovable. Figure 5.27d, e
Cartilaginous Joints – mostly amphiarthrosis Slide 5.47 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Bones connected by cartilage  Examples Pubic symphysis Intervertebral joints Figure 5.27b, c
Synovial Joints Slide 5.48 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Articulating bones are separated by a joint cavity  Synovial fluid is found in the joint cavity Figure 5.27f–h
Features of Synovial Joints- Diarthroses Slide 5.49 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Articular cartilage (hyaline cartilage) covers the ends of bones  Joint surfaces are enclosed by a fibrous articular capsule  Have a joint cavity filled with synovial fluid  Ligaments reinforce the joint
Structures Associated with the Synovial Joint Slide 5.50 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Bursae – flattened fibrous sacs  Lined with synovial membranes  Filled with synovial fluid  Not actually part of the joint  Tendon sheath  Elongated bursa that wraps around a tendon
The Synovial Joint Slide 5.51 Copyright Š 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 5.28
Types of Synovial Joints Based on Shape Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 5.29a–c
Types of Synovial Joints Based on Shape Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 5.29d–f
Inflammatory Conditions Associated with Joints Slide 5.53 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Bursitis – inflammation of a bursa usually caused by a blow or friction  Tendonitis – inflammation of tendon sheaths  Arthritis – inflammatory or degenerative diseases of joints  Over 100 different types  The most widespread crippling disease in the United States
Clinical Forms of Arthritis Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Osteoarthritis  Most common chronic arthritis  Probably related to normal aging processes  Rheumatoid arthritis  An autoimmune disease – the immune system attacks the joints  Symptoms begin with bilateral inflammation of certain joints  Often leads to deformities
Clinical Forms of Arthritis Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Gouty Arthritis Inflammation of joints is caused by a deposition of urate crystals from the blood Can usually be controlled with diet
bone.ppt

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bone.ppt

  • 1. 1 Introduction • Human skeleton initially cartilages and fibrous membranes • Hyaline cartilage is the most abundant cartilage • By age 25 the skeleton is completely hardened • 206 bones make up the adult skeleton (20% of body mass) • 80 bones of the axial skeleton • 126 bones of the appendicular skeleton
  • 2. 2 Bone Classification • Bone Classification: • Long Bones • Short Bones • Sesamoid Bones • Flat Bones • Irregular Bones • Wormian Bones (sutural) (a) (e) (b) (c) (d) Copyright Š The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
  • 3. Classification of Bones Slide 5.4a Copyright Š 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Long bones Typically longer than wide Have a shaft with heads at both ends Contain mostly compact bone • Examples: Femur, humerus
  • 4. Classification of Bones Slide 5.4b Copyright Š 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Short bones Generally cube-shape Contain mostly spongy bone Examples: Carpals, tarsals
  • 5. Classification of Bones on the Basis of Shape Slide 5.4c Copyright Š 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 5.1
  • 6. Classification of Bones Slide 5.5a Copyright Š 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Flat bones Thin and flattened Usually curved Thin layers of compact bone around a layer of spongy bone Examples: Skull, ribs, sternum
  • 7. Classification of Bones Slide 5.5b Copyright Š 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Irregular bones Irregular shape Do not fit into other bone classification categories Example: Vertebrae and hip
  • 8. Classification of Bones on the Basis of Shape Slide 5.5c Copyright Š 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 5.1
  • 9. 9 Parts of a Long Bone • Epiphysis • Distal • Proximal • Diaphysis • Metaphysis • Compact bone • Spongy bone • Articular cartilage • Periosteum • Endosteum • Medullary cavity • Trabeculae • Bone marrow • Red marrow and yellow marrow Femur Periosteum Yellow marrow Medullary cavity Space containing red marrow Spongy bone Compact bone Articular cartilage Epiphyseal plates Proximal epiphysis Distal epiphysis Diaphysis Endosteum Copyright Š The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
  • 10. 10 Microscopic Structure • Bone cells are called osteocytes • in a lacuna • Osteocytes transport nutrients and wastes by cellular processes in canaliculi • The extracellular matrix of bone is largely collagen and inorganic salts • Collagen gives bone resilience & strength • Inorganic salts make bone hard
  • 11. 11 Compact Bone • Osteon aka Haversian System • Central canal • Perforating canal aka Volkmann’s canal • Osteocytes • Lamellae • Lacunae • Bone matrix • Canaliculi Nerve Osteon Nerve Nerve Canaliculus Osteocyte Periosteum Endosteum Trabeculae Pores Bone matrix Blood vessels Compact bone Lacuna (space) Blood vessels Perforating canal Central canal containing blood vessels and nerves Central canal Copyright Š The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
  • 12. Microscopic Anatomy of Bone Slide Copyright Š 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 5.3
  • 13. Microscopic Anatomy of Bone Slide Copyright Š 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Lacunae  Cavities containing bone cells (osteocytes)  Arranged in concentric rings  Lamellae  Rings around the central canal  Sites of lacunae Figure 5.3
  • 14. Microscopic Anatomy of Bone Slide Copyright Š 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Canaliculi Tiny canals Radiate from the central canal to lacunae Form a transport system Figure 5.3
  • 15. 15 Spongy Bone • Spongy bone is aka cancellous bone (a) (c) Spongy bone Compact bone (b) Spongy bone Compact bone Remnant of epiphyseal plate Spongy bone Compact bone Copyright Š The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. a: Š Ed Reschke; b,c: Courtesy of John W. Hole, Jr.
  • 16. 16 Bone Development and Growth • Parts of the skeletal system begin to develop during the first few weeks of prenatal development • Bones replace existing connective tissue in one of two ways: • As intramembranous bones • As endchondral bones
  • 17. 17 Intramembranous Bones • Intramembranous Bones • These bones originate within sheetlike layers of connective tissues • They are the broad, flat bones • Skull bones (except mandible) • Are known as intramembranous bones
  • 18. 18 Endochondral Bones • Endochondral Bones • Bones begin as hyaline cartilage • Form models for future bones • These are most bones of the skeleton • Are known as endochondral bones
  • 19. 19 Endochondral Ossification • Hyaline cartilage model • Primary ossification center • Secondary ossification centers • Epiphyseal plate • Osteoblasts vs. osteoclasts (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (a) Cartilaginous model Calcified cartilage Articular cartilage Developing periosteum Compact bone developing Primary ossification center Medullary cavity Medullary cavity Medullary cavity Secondary ossification center Secondary ossification center Blood vessel Epiphyseal plate Remnant of epiphyseal plate Remnants of epiphyseal plates Epiphyseal plates Compact bone Spongy bone Articular cartilage Spongy bone Copyright Š The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
  • 20. 20 Growth at the Epiphyseal Plate • First layer of cells • Closest to the end of epiphysis • Resting cells • Anchors epiphyseal plate to epiphysis • Zone of resting cartilage • Second layer of cells • Many rows of young cells • Undergoing mitosis • zone of proliferating cartilage 1 2 3 4 (a) (b) Bone tissue of epiphysis Zone of resting cartilage Zone of proliferating cartilage Zone of hypertrophic cartilage Zone of calcified cartilage Ossified bone of diaphysis Copyright Š The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. b: Š The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer
  • 21. 21 Growth at the Epiphyseal Plate • Third layer of cells • Older cells • Left behind when new cells appear • Cells enlarging and becoming calcified • zone of hypertrophic cartilage • Fourth layer of cells • Thin • Dead cells • Calcified extracellular matrix • zone of calcified cartilage 1 2 3 4 (a) (b) Bone tissue of epiphysis Zone of resting cartilage Zone of proliferating cartilage Zone of hypertrophic cartilage Zone of calcified cartilage Ossified bone of diaphysis Copyright Š The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. b: Š The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer
  • 22. 22 Homeostasis of Bone Tissue • Bone Resorption – action of osteoclasts and parathyroid hormone aka parathormone aka PTH • Bone Deposition – action of osteoblasts and calcitonin • Occurs by direction of the thyroid and parathyroid glands Copyright Š The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Š Biophoto Associates/Photo Researchers, Inc. Developing medullary cavity Osteoclast
  • 23. 23 Factors Affecting Bone Development, Growth and Repair • Deficiency of Vitamin A – retards bone development • Deficiency of Vitamin C – results in fragile bones • Deficiency of Vitamin D – rickets, osteomalacia • Insufficient Growth Hormone – dwarfism • Excessive Growth Hormone – gigantism, acromegaly • Insufficient Thyroid Hormone – delays bone growth • Sex Hormones – promote bone formation; stimulate ossification of epiphyseal plates • Physical Stress – stimulates bone growth
  • 24. 24 Bone Function • Bones shape, support, and protect body structures
  • 25. 25 Support, Protection, and Movement • Support, Movement & Protection • Gives shape to head, etc. • Supports body’s weight • Protects lungs, etc. • Bones and muscles interact • When limbs or body parts move
  • 26. 26 Blood Cell Formation • Blood Cell Formation • Also known as hematopoiesis • Occurs in the red bone marrow
  • 27. 27 Inorganic Salt Storage • Inorganic Salt Storage • Calcium • Phosphate • Magnesium • Sodium • Potassium
  • 28. 28 Skeletal Organization • The actual number of bones in the human skeleton varies from person to person • Typically there are about 206 bones • For convenience the skeleton is divided into the: • Axial skeleton • Appendicular skeleton
  • 29. 29 Divisions of the Skeleton • Axial Skeleton • Skull • Spine • Rib cage • Appendicular Skeleton • Upper limbs • Lower limbs • Shoulder girdle • Pelvic girdle Hyoid Cranium Face Clavicle Scapula Sternum Ribs Humerus Ulna Hip bone Radius Femur Patella Tibia Fibula Tarsals Metatarsals Phalanges Phalanges Skull Vertebral column Vertebral column Sacrum Coccyx Carpals Metacarpals (a) (b) Copyright Š The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
  • 30. 30 Skull • Is composed of the cranium (brain case) and the facial bones
  • 31. 31 Cranium • Frontal Bone (1) • Forehead • Roof of nasal cavity • Roofs of orbits • Frontal sinuses • Supraorbital foramen • Coronal suture Parietal bone Frontal bone Coronal suture Lacrimal bone Ethmoid bone Squamous suture Sphenoid bone Temporal bone Perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone Infraorbital foramen Vomer bone Mandible Supraorbital foramen Nasal bone Sphenoid bone Middle nasal concha of the ethmoid bone Inferior nasal concha Maxilla Mental foramen Zygomatic bone Copyright Š The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
  • 32. 32 Cranium • Parietal Bones (2) • Side walls of cranium • Roof of cranium • Sagittal suture Coronal suture Frontal bone Sphenoid bone Ethmoid bone Lacrimal bone Nasal bone Zygomatic bone Maxilla Mental foramen Mandible Coronoid process Styloid process Mandibular condyle Mastoid process External acoustic meatus Temporal process of zygomatic bone Zygomatic process of temporal bone Occipital bone Temporal bone Parietal bone Lambdoid suture Squamous suture Copyright Š The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
  • 33. 33 Cranium • Occipital Bone (1) • Back of skull • Base of cranium • Foramen magnum • Occipital condyles • Lambdoidal suture Zygomatic bone Palatine process of maxilla Palatine bone Occipital bone Foramen magnum Lambdoid suture Zygomatic arch Mandibular fossa Styloid process Occipital condyle External acoustic meatus Sphenoid bone Vomer bone Temporal bone Mastoid foramen Frontal bone Median palatine suture Incisive foramen Greater palatine foramen Stylomastoid foramen Foramen spinosum Carotid canal Jugular foramen Foramen ovale Foramen lacerum Condylar canal Copyright Š The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
  • 34. 34 Cranium • Temporal Bones (2) • Side walls of cranium • Floor of cranium • Floors and sides of orbits • Squamous suture • External acoustic meatus • Mandibular fossa • Mastoid process • Styloid process • Zygomatic process Coronal suture Frontal bone Sphenoid bone Ethmoid bone Lacrimal bone Nasal bone Zygomatic bone Maxilla Mental foramen Mandible Coronoid process Styloid process Mandibular condyle Mastoid process External acoustic meatus Temporal process of zygomatic bone Zygomatic process of temporal bone Occipital bone Temporal bone Parietal bone Lambdoid suture Squamous suture Copyright Š The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
  • 35. 35 Cranium • Sphenoid Bone (1) • Base of cranium • Sides of skull • Floors and sides of orbits • Sella turcica • Sphenoid sinuses Transverse section Lesser wing Optic canal Greater wing Sella turcica Foramen ovale Foramen spinosum Foramen rotundum Lesser wing Greater wing Superior orbital fissure Foramen rotundum Lateral pterygoid plate Medial pterygoid plate (b) (a)
  • 36. 36 Cranium • Ethmoid Bone (1) • Roof and walls of nasal cavity • Floor of cranium • Wall of orbits • Cribiform plates • Perpendicular plate • Superior and middle nasal conchae • Ethmoid sinuses • Crista galli Transverse section Crista galli Orbital surface Ethmoidal sinuses Cribriform plate Crista galli Perpendicular plate Superior nasal concha Middle nasal concha Perpendicular plate (a) (b)
  • 37. 37 Facial Skeleton • Maxillary Bones (2) • Upper jaw • Anterior roof of mouth • Floors of orbits • Sides of nasal cavity • Floors of nasal cavity • Alveolar processes • Maxillary sinuses • Palatine process Coronal suture Frontal bone Sphenoid bone Ethmoid bone Lacrimal bone Nasal bone Zygomatic bone Maxilla Mental foramen Mandible Coronoid process Styloid process Mandibular condyle Mastoid process External acoustic meatus Temporal process of zygomatic bone Zygomatic process of temporal bone Occipital bone Temporal bone Parietal bone Lambdoid suture Squamous suture Copyright Š The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
  • 38. 38 Facial Skeleton Frontal sinus Ethmoidal sinuses Sphenoidal sinus Maxillary sinus Copyright Š The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
  • 39. 39 Facial Skeleton • Palatine Bones (2) • ‘L’ shaped bones located behind the maxillae • Posterior section of hard palate • Floor of nasal cavity • Lateral walls of nasal cavity Coronal section Horizontal portion Perpendicular portion Copyright Š The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
  • 40. 40 Facial Skeleton • Zygomatic Bones (2) • Prominences of cheeks • Lateral walls of orbits • Floors of orbits • Temporal process Coronal suture Frontal bone Sphenoid bone Ethmoid bone Lacrimal bone Nasal bone Zygomatic bone Maxilla Mental foramen Mandible Coronoid process Styloid process Mandibular condyle Mastoid process External acoustic meatus Temporal process of zygomatic bone Zygomatic process of temporal bone Occipital bone Temporal bone Parietal bone Lambdoid suture Squamous suture Copyright Š The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
  • 41. 41 Facial Skeleton • Lacrimal Bones (2) • Medial walls of orbits • Groove from orbit to nasal cavity • Nasal Bones (2) • Bridge of nose Coronal suture Frontal bone Sphenoid bone Ethmoid bone Lacrimal bone Nasal bone Zygomatic bone Maxilla Mental foramen Mandible Coronoid process Styloid process Mandibular condyle Mastoid process External acoustic meatus Temporal process of zygomatic bone Zygomatic process of temporal bone Occipital bone Temporal bone Parietal bone Lambdoid suture Squamous suture Copyright Š The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
  • 42. 42 Facial Skeleton • Vomer Bone (1) • Inferior portion of nasal septum Copyright Š The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Coronal suture Frontal bone Nasal bone Palatine bone Vomer bone Alveolar processes Inferior nasal concha Maxilla Palatine process of maxilla Styloid process Sphenoidal sinus Mandible Perpendicular plate (nasal septum) Frontal sinus Crista galli Cribriform plate Foramen magnum Jugular foramen Internal acoustic meatus Sella turcica Occipital bone Parietal bone Temporal bone Lambdoid suture Squamous suture Sphenoid bone Hypoglossal canal Mastoid process Ethmoid bone
  • 43. 43 Facial Skeleton • Inferior Nasal Conchae (2) • Extend from lateral walls of nasal cavity Copyright Š The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Coronal suture Frontal bone Nasal bone Palatine bone Vomer bone Alveolar processes Inferior nasal concha Maxilla Palatine process of maxilla Styloid process Sphenoidal sinus Mandible Perpendicular plate (nasal septum) Frontal sinus Crista galli Cribriform plate Foramen magnum Jugular foramen Internal acoustic meatus Sella turcica Occipital bone Parietal bone Temporal bone Lambdoid suture Squamous suture Sphenoid bone Hypoglossal canal Mastoid process Ethmoid bone
  • 44. 44 Facial Skeleton • Mandible Bone (1) • Lower jaw • Body • Ramus • Mandibular condyle • Coronoid process • Alveolar process • Mandibular foramen • Mental foramen Coronoid process Mandibular foramen Mandibular condyle Ramus Alveolar border Mental foramen Body Body Alveolar arch Mandibular foramen Coronoid process (a) (b) Copyright Š The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
  • 45. 45 Infantile Skull • Fontanels – fibrous membranes (b) Anterior fontanel Posterior fontanel Frontal bone Frontal suture (metopic suture) Sagittal suture Copyright Š The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
  • 46. 46 Vertebral Column • The vertebral column, or spinal column, consists of many vertebrae separated by cartilaginous intervertebral discs.
  • 47. 47 Vertebral Column • Cervical vertebrae (7) • Thoracic vertebrae (12) • Lumbar vertebrae (5) • Sacral (4-5 fused segments) • Sacrum is fused bone • Coccygeal (3-4 fused segments) • Coccyx is fused bone (b) (a) Cervical curvature Thoracic curvature Lumbar curvature Lumbar vertebrae Thoracic vertebrae Cervical vertebrae Sacral curvature Vertebra prominens Rib facet Intervertebral Intervertebral foramina Sacrum Coccyx Copyright Š The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
  • 48. 48 Vertebral Column • Cervical curvature • Thoracic curvature • Lumbar curvature • Sacral curvature • Rib facets • Vertebral prominens • Intervertebral discs (IVD) • Intervertebral foramina (IVF) (b) (a) Cervical curvature Thoracic curvature Lumbar curvature Lumbar vertebrae Thoracic vertebrae Cervical vertebrae Sacral curvature Vertebra prominens Rib facet Intervertebral Intervertebral foramina Sacrum Coccyx Copyright Š The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
  • 49. 49 Typical Vertebrae • Includes the following parts: • Vertebral body • Pedicles • Lamina • Spinous process • Transverse processes • Vertebral foramen • Facets
  • 50. 50 Cervical Vertebrae • Atlas – 1st; supports head • Axis – 2nd; dens pivots to turn head • Transverse foramina • Bifid spinous processes • Vertebral prominens – useful landmark (b) (c) (a) Anterior Posterior Atlas Axis Body Dens (odontoid process) Spinous process Dens Inferior articular process Facet that articulates with dens (odontoid process) of axis Facet that articulates with occipital condyle Spinous process Anterior articular facet for atlas Transverse foramen Transverse process Superior articular facet Vertebral foramen Transverse process Transverse foramen Copyright Š The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
  • 51. 51 Thoracic Vertebrae Body Superior articular process Spinous process Transverse process Inferior articular process Intervertebral disc Anterior Posterior Body Pedicle Vertebral foramen Superior articular process Facet for tubercle of rib Transverse process Lamina Spinous process Inferior articular process Intervertebral notch Body Pedicle Superior articular process Transverse process Facet for tubercle of rib Spinous process (a) (c) (b) • Long spinous processes • Rib facets Copyright Š The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
  • 52. 52 Lumbar Vertebrae • Large bodies • Thick, short spinous processes (c) Lumbar vertebra Lamina Pedicle Body Vertebral foramen Spinous process Superior articular process Transverse process Copyright Š The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
  • 53. 53 Sacrum • 4-5 fused segments • Median sacral crest • Posterior sacral foramina • Posterior wall of pelvic cavity • Sacral promontory aka base • Area toward coccyx is the apex Sacral canal Tubercle of median sacral crest Auricular surface Posterior sacral foramen Sacral hiatus Coccyx Sacrum Superior articular process Sacral promontory Anterior sacral foramen (a) (b) Copyright Š The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
  • 54. 54 Coccyx • Aka tailbone • 3-4 fused segments Sacral canal Tubercle of median sacral crest Auricular surface Posterior sacral foramen Sacral hiatus Coccyx Sacrum Superior articular process Sacral promontory Anterior sacral foramen (a) (b) Copyright Š The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
  • 55. 55 Thoracic Cage • The thoracic cage includes the ribs, the thoracic vertebrae, the sternum, and the costal cartilages that attach the ribs to the sternum.
  • 56. 56 Thoracic Cage • Ribs (12) • Sternum • Thoracic vertebrae (12) • Costal cartilages • Supports shoulder girdle and upper limbs • Protects viscera • Role in breathing 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 True ribs (vertebrosternal ribs) Vertebrochondral ribs False ribs (a) Floating ribs (vertebral ribs) Sternum Body Manubrium Ribs Costal cartilage Xiphoid process Thoracic vertebra Clavicular notch Sternal angle Jugular notch (suprasternal notch) (b) b: Š Victor B. Eichler, PhD Copyright Š The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
  • 57. 57 Ribs • Humans have 12 pairs of ribs: • True ribs (7) • False ribs (5), of which: • Floating (2) • There are some anomalies: • Cervical ribs • Lumbar ribs 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 True ribs (vertebrosternal ribs) Vertebrochondral ribs False ribs (a) Floating ribs (vertebral ribs) Sternum Body Manubrium Ribs Costal cartilage Xiphoid process Thoracic vertebra Clavicular notch Sternal angle Jugular notch (suprasternal notch) (b) b: Š Victor B. Eichler, PhD Copyright Š The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
  • 58. 58 Rib Structure • Shaft • Head – posterior end; articulates with vertebrae • Tubercle – articulates with vertebrae • Costal cartilage – hyaline cartilage Anterior end (sternal end) Shaft Facet Head Neck T ubercle Facet Spinous process Costal groove Shaft Anterior end Head Tubercle Neck (a) (b) Copyright Š The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
  • 59. 59 Sternum • Three (3) parts of the sternum: • Manubrium • Body • Xiphoid process 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 True ribs (vertebrosternal ribs) Vertebrochondral ribs False ribs (a) Floating ribs (vertebral ribs) Sternum Body Manubrium Ribs Costal cartilage Xiphoid process Thoracic vertebra Clavicular notch Sternal angle Jugular notch (suprasternal notch) (b) b: Š Victor B. Eichler, PhD Copyright Š The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
  • 60. 60 Pectoral Girdle • Also known as the shoulder girdle • Clavicles • Scapulae • Supports upper limbs • True shoulder joint is simply the articulation of the humerus and scapula Sternum Costal cartilage Rib Scapula Humerus Ulna Radius Clavicle (a) Coracoid process Head of humerus Acromion process Acromial end Sternal end Copyright Š The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
  • 61. 61 Clavicles • Articulate with manubrium • Articulate with scapulae (acromion process) • A-C joint Sternum Costal cartilage Rib Scapula Humerus Ulna Radius Clavicle (a) Coracoid process Head of humerus Acromion process Acromial end Sternal end Copyright Š The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
  • 62. Copyright Š The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Acromion process Coracoid process Spine Glenoid cavity Suprascapular notch Superior border Supra- glenoid tubercle Infra- glenoid tubercle Coracoid process Acromion process Supraspinous fossa Infraspinous fossa Glenoid cavity Lateral (axillary) border Subscapular fossa Medial (vertebral) border (a) (b) (c) 62 Scapulae • Spine • Supraspinous fossa • Infraspinous fossa • Acromion process • Coracoid process • Glenoid fossa or cavity
  • 63. 63 Upper Limb • Humerus • Radius • Ulna (Interosseous membrane) • Carpals • Metacarpals • Phalanges Olecranon process Head of radius Neck of radius Ulna Olecranon fossa Carpals Metacarpals Phalanges Humerus Humerus Ulna Ulna Radius (c) (d) (a) Hand (palm anterior) (b) Hand (palm posterior) Copyright Š The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. d: Š Martin Rotker
  • 64. 64 Humerus • Head • Greater tubercle • Lesser tubercle • Anatomical neck • Surgical neck • Deltoid tuberosity • Capitulum • Trochlea • Coronoid fossa • Olecranon fossa Capitulum Trochlea Deltoid tuberosity Head Lesser tubercle Greater tubercle Greater tubercle (a) (b) Lateral epicondyle Coronoid fossa Intertubercular groove Medial epicondyle Olecranon fossa Anatomical neck Surgical neck Lateral epicondyle Copyright Š The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
  • 65. 65 Radius • Lateral forearm bone • Head • Radial tuberosity • Styloid process Styloid process Ulnar notch of radius Styloid process Head of ulna Ulna Radius Radial tuberosity Head of radius Coronoid process Trochlear notch Olecranon process (b) (a) Olecranon process Trochlear notch Coronoid process Radial notch Copyright Š The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
  • 66. 66 Ulna • Medial forearm bone • Trochlear notch • Olecranon process • Coronoid process • Styloid process Styloid process Ulnar notch of radius Styloid process Head of ulna Ulna Radius Radial tuberosity Head of radius Coronoid process Trochlear notch Olecranon process (b) (a) Olecranon process Trochlear notch Coronoid process Radial notch Copyright Š The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
  • 67. 67 Wrist and Hand • Carpal Bones (16 total bones) • Scaphoid • Lunate • Triquetral • Pisiform • Hamate • Capitate • Trapezoid • Trapezium • Metacarpal Bones (10) • Phalangeal Bones (28) • Proximal phalanx • Middle phalanx • Distal phalanx Trapezium Trapezoid Capitate Scaphoid Trapezium (a) (b) Trapezoid Capitate Scaphoid Ulna Radius Lunate Hamate Triquetrum Pisiform Phalanges 5 5 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 Distal phalanx Middle phalanx Proximal phalanx Metacarpals (metacarpus) Carpals (carpus) Copyright Š The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
  • 68. 68 Pelvic Girdle • Coxal Bones (2) • Supports trunk of body • Protects viscera • Forms pelvic cavity Sacrum Sacral promontory Sacroiliac joint Acetabulum Pubis Symphysis pubis (a) Pubic arch Ischium Pubic tubercle Ilium Obturator foramen Ischium Coccyx Sacral hiatus Sacrum (b) Ilium Sacral canal Pubis Copyright Š The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. (c) c: Š Martin Rotker
  • 69. 69 Hip Bones • Also known as the coxae: • Acetabulum • There are three (3) bones: 1. Ilium • Iliac crest • Iliac spines • Greater sciatic notch 2. Ischium • Ischial spines • Lesser sciatic notch • Ischial tuberosity 3. Pubis • Obturator foramen • Symphysis pubis • Pubic arch Iliac crest Iliac crest Iliac fossa Ilium Ilium Ischium Ischium Pubis Pubis Ischial spine Obturator foramen Acetabulum Pubic crest Pubic tubercle (b) (a) Copyright Š The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Anterior superior iliac spine Anterior inferior iliac spine Posterior superior iliac spine Posterior inferior iliac spine Greater sciatic notch Lesser sciatic notch Ischial tuberosity Obturator foramen
  • 70. 70 Greater and Lesser Pelves • Greater Pelvis • Lumbar vertebrae posteriorly • Iliac bones laterally • Abdominal wall anteriorly • Lesser Pelvis • Sacrum and coccyx posteriorly • Lower ilium, ischium, and pubic bones laterally and anteriorly Sacral promontory Flared ilium Pelvic brim Symphysis pubis Pubic arch Pubic arch (a) Female pelvis (b) Male pelvis Sacral promontory Sacral curvature Copyright Š The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
  • 71. 71 Differences Between Male Female Pelves • Female pelvis • Iliac bones more flared • Broader hips • Pubic arch angle greater • More distance between ischial spines and ischial tuberosities • Sacral curvature shorter and flatter • Lighter bones • Why? Sacral promontory Flared ilium Pelvic brim Symphysis pubis Pubic arch Pubic arch (a) Female pelvis (b) Male pelvis Sacral promontory Sacral curvature Copyright Š The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
  • 72. 72 Lower Limb • Femur • Patella • Tibia • Fibula • Tarsals • Metatarsals • Phalanges Metatarsals Fibula Tibia Tibia Patella Femur Fibula (c) Lateral view Fibula Tibia Lateral condyle (d) Posterior view (b) Medial condyle Femur Tarsals Phalanges Femur Patella Copyright Š The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
  • 73. 73 Femur • Longest bone of body • Head • Fovea capitis • Neck • Greater trochanter • Lesser trochanter • Linea aspera • Condyles • Epicondyles Neck Head Fovea capitis (a) (b) Copyright Š The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Lateral condyle Medial condyle Intercondylar fossa Medial epicondyle Patellar surface Lateral epicondyle Greater trochanter Gluteal tuberosity Lesser trochanter Linea aspera
  • 74. 74 Patella • Aka kneecap • Anterior surface of the knee joint • Flat sesamoid bone located in the quadriceps tendon Metatarsals Fibula Tibia Tibia Patella Femur Fibula (c) Lateral view Fibula Tibia Lateral condyle (d) Posterior view (b) Medial condyle Femur Tarsals Phalanges Femur Patella Copyright Š The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
  • 75. 75 Tibia • Aka shin bone • Medial to fibula • Condyles • Tibial tuberosity • Anterior crest • Makes the medial malleolus Tibia Fibula Medial malleolus Tibial tuberosity Anterior crest Medial condyle Intercondylar eminence Lateral malleolus Lateral condyle Head of fibula Copyright Š The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
  • 76. 76 Fibula • Lateral to tibia • Long, slender • Head • Makes the lateral malleolus • Non-weight bearing Tibia Fibula Medial malleolus Tibial tuberosity Anterior crest Medial condyle Intercondylar eminence Lateral malleolus Lateral condyle Head of fibula Copyright Š The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
  • 77. 77 Foot • Tarsal Bones (14) • Calcaneus • Talus • Navicular • Cuboid • Lateral (3rd) cuneiform • Intermediate (2nd) cuneiform • Medial (1st) cuneiform • Metatarsal Bones (10) • Phalanges (28) • Proximal • Middle • Distal (b) Tibia Fibula Talus Navicular Phalanges Calcaneus Copyright Š The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Medial cuneiform Metatarsals (metatarsus) Tarsals (tarsus) Calcaneal tuberosity
  • 78. 78 Foot Calcaneus Talus Navicular Cuboid Lateral cuneiform Intermediate cuneiform Medial cuneiform Proximal phalanx Middle phalanx Distal phalanx Phalanges Metatarsals (metatarsus) Tarsals (tarsus) 5 4 3 2 1 (a) Copyright Š The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
  • 79. 79 Lifespan Changes • Decrease in height at about age 30 • Calcium levels fall • Bones become brittle • Osteoclasts outnumber osteoblasts • Spongy bone weakens before compact bone • Bone loss rapid in menopausal women • Hip fractures common • Vertebral compression fractures common
  • 80. 80
  • 81. Joints Slide 5.43 Copyright Š 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Articulations of bones  Functions of joints Hold bones together Allow for mobility  Ways joints are classified Functionally Structurally
  • 82. Functional Classification of Joints Slide 5.44 Copyright Š 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Synarthroses – immovable joints  Amphiarthroses – slightly moveable joints  Diarthroses – freely moveable joints
  • 83. Structural Classification of Joints Slide 5.45 Copyright Š 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Fibrous joints Generally immovable  Cartilaginous joints Immovable or slightly moveable  Synovial joints Freely moveable
  • 84. Fibrous Joints Slide 5.46 Copyright Š 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Bones united by fibrous tissue – synarthrosis or largely immovable. Figure 5.27d, e
  • 85. Cartilaginous Joints – mostly amphiarthrosis Slide 5.47 Copyright Š 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Bones connected by cartilage  Examples Pubic symphysis Intervertebral joints Figure 5.27b, c
  • 86. Synovial Joints Slide 5.48 Copyright Š 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Articulating bones are separated by a joint cavity  Synovial fluid is found in the joint cavity Figure 5.27f–h
  • 87. Features of Synovial Joints- Diarthroses Slide 5.49 Copyright Š 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Articular cartilage (hyaline cartilage) covers the ends of bones  Joint surfaces are enclosed by a fibrous articular capsule  Have a joint cavity filled with synovial fluid  Ligaments reinforce the joint
  • 88. Structures Associated with the Synovial Joint Slide 5.50 Copyright Š 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Bursae – flattened fibrous sacs  Lined with synovial membranes  Filled with synovial fluid  Not actually part of the joint  Tendon sheath  Elongated bursa that wraps around a tendon
  • 89. The Synovial Joint Slide 5.51 Copyright Š 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 5.28
  • 90. Types of Synovial Joints Based on Shape Slide Copyright Š 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 5.29a–c
  • 91. Types of Synovial Joints Based on Shape Slide Copyright Š 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 5.29d–f
  • 92. Inflammatory Conditions Associated with Joints Slide 5.53 Copyright Š 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Bursitis – inflammation of a bursa usually caused by a blow or friction  Tendonitis – inflammation of tendon sheaths  Arthritis – inflammatory or degenerative diseases of joints  Over 100 different types  The most widespread crippling disease in the United States
  • 93. Clinical Forms of Arthritis Slide Copyright Š 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Osteoarthritis  Most common chronic arthritis  Probably related to normal aging processes  Rheumatoid arthritis  An autoimmune disease – the immune system attacks the joints  Symptoms begin with bilateral inflammation of certain joints  Often leads to deformities
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  • 95.
  • 96. Clinical Forms of Arthritis Slide Copyright Š 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Gouty Arthritis Inflammation of joints is caused by a deposition of urate crystals from the blood Can usually be controlled with diet