European Union and United States Approve Merck’s Ebola Vaccine

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A former Pentagon official, Pamela (Pam) Berkowsky is the president of Blue Sapphire Strategies, a public affairs and business consultancy. As an active champion of enhancements to DOD and government-wide biodefense capabilities, and as the wife of otolaryngologist Dr. Adam Shapiro, she maintains a deep concern about potential biological threats to the United States, including infectious diseases such as COVID-19, and a keen interest in the development of vaccines to treat them. In 2019, both the European Union and the US Food & Drug Administration (FDA) announced approval of the world’s first vaccine for the viral disease Ebola. Developed by Merck, the vaccine Ervebo received conditional marketing authorization from the European Medicines Agency, allowing it to be approved on an accelerated schedule and with less required clinical data than a typical new drug. Given the public health imperative, the FDA also completed its evaluation of the safety and effectiveness of this vaccine on an expedited timetable. Ervebo underwent trials during ebola outbreaks in Guinea, and the Democratic Republic of Congo, and in additional studies in Liberia and Sierra Leone. Antibody responses to Ervebo were also tested on individuals in Canada, Spain and the United States. Administered as a single-dose injection, the vaccine is approved for people over the age of 18 to protect against Ebola Zaire, the virus’ most common subtype.

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EUROPEAN UNION AND UNITED
STATES APPROVE MERCK’S EBOLA
VACCINE
Pamela Berkowsky

In 2019, both the European Union and the US Food & Drug
Administration (FDA) announced approval of the world’s first
vaccine for the viral disease Ebola. Developed by Merck, the
vaccine Ervebo received conditional marketing authorization from
the European Medicines Agency, allowing it to be approved on an
accelerated schedule and with less required clinical data than a
typical new drug. Given the public health imperative, the FDA also
completed its evaluation of the safety and effectiveness of this
vaccine on an expedited timetable.

Ervebo underwent trials during ebola outbreaks in Guinea, and
the Democratic Republic of Congo, and in additional studies in
Liberia and Sierra Leone. Antibody responses to Ervebo were also
tested on individuals in Canada, Spain and the United States.
Administered as a single-dose injection, the vaccine is approved for
people over the age of 18 to protect against Ebola Zaire, the virus’
most common subtype.

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An alumnus of Princeton University and the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, Pamela Berkowsky serves as a senior executive defense consultant with the South Florida Defense Alliance (SFDA) www.southfloridadefensealliance.org. Married to Adam Shapiro, a double board-certified physician with whom she founded Aerospace Medical Sleep Consultants, Pamela Berkowsky focuses on the defense innovation ecosystem and the national security implications of climate change. Among her particular interests are climate impacts on infectious diseases, including Ebola, and the resulting consequences for bio-warfare defense; one of the most important medical countermeasures is vaccination. The first human vaccination against the Ebola virus was approved just two years ago. Ervebo, a vaccine produced by the pharmaceutical corporation Merck & Co., Inc., was authorized by the European Union in 2019, followed by approval from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration later that year. During the ebola epidemic in the Democratic Republic of Congo in 2019, the World Health Organization had begun to use Ervebo as an investigational vaccine under a special program to mitigate the outbreak. Only around three percent of the roughly 100,000 persons who had been vaccinated up to that point developed Ebola. The EU and FDA approvals were based on these findings, as well as data from earlier trials including the ring vaccination study conducted during the catastrophic multi-year outbreak in Guinea that resulted thousands of fatalities. Most recently, the vaccine was credited with ending the 2021 Ebola outbreak in Guinea, only months after the first cluster was identified.

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A respected expert in defense and national security, Pamela Berkowsky has decades of federal and territorial government experience and has recently been certified as a Climate Communicator by the CLEO Institute. As the President of Blue Sapphire Strategies, a Miami-based public affairs and business consultancy, Pamela Berkowsky serves as a senior executive defense consultant to the South Florida Defense Alliance (www.southfloridadefensealliance.org). Her SFDA work focuses primarily on resiliency and the national security implications of climate change, particularly the impacts on U.S. military installations, personnel, readiness, and operations. In mid-2021, the US Defense Department (DOD) announced that it would undertake a comprehensive upgrade of energy infrastructure at Hurlburt Field, the Destin, Florida military base which hosts the headquarters of Air Force Special Operations Command (HQ AFSOC). The Energy Savings Performance Contract (ESPC), awarded by the Defense Logistics Agency – Energy, provides Schneider Electric Buildings Americas with a $22.6 million task order to bring Hurlburt Fields’s infrastructure up to standard, aiming to ensure that grid stability and critical power supply needs are fully met. The work is also expected to have a positive budgetary impact, with $1.5 million in annual energy savings forecast across the 22-year contract term – a projected annual 17.7% reduction in energy costs. The project is one of a new breed of long term ESPC contracts that strive to boost facility efficiency while also improving mission readiness and 24/7 energy reliability. Among the upgrades spanning more than 375 structures planned at Hurlburt Field are a canopy solar PV system that will supply 240kW of electricity, airfield LED lighting upgrades, enhanced HVAC capacity, and duct sealing. In addition, a microgrid control-outfitted battery energy system with 200kW/112kWhr storage capacity will boost operational resilience and help ensure mission-critical reliability. Construction is projected for completion in early 2023 and will significantly enhance HQ AFSOC’s stability and resiliency.

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Pamela Berkowsky is a Fulbright scholar and former Pentagon and United States Virgin Islands government official with expertise in disaster preparedness and response. As a senior executive consultant to the South Florida Defense Alliance (www.southfloridadefensealliance.org), she focuses on defense innovation and climate resiliency issues. Pamela Berkowsky and her Defense Alliance colleagues are carefully monitoring steps the federal and municipal governments are undertaking across the country to mitigate the long-term impacts of climate change. One important civic development in late 2021 worth noting is the Denver, Colorado, City Council adoption of an ordinance that aims to decrease greenhouse gas emissions. The new municipal rules are the first ever to cover all multifamily and commercial buildings citywide. They mandate improvements spanning building electrification, efficiency, and the use of renewable energy. Backed by a local commercial real estate organization, the new regulations were adopted by a unanimous Council vote and are based on recommendations of the “Energize Denver” Task Force. Under the ambitious new rules, buildings exceeding 25,000 square feet must attain nearly one-third energy savings by 2030, with interim goals in 2024 and 2027 helping to measure progress along the way. Where cost-effective, gas-powered systems must also be replaced by electric cooling and heating systems. At the same time, buildings with a footprint of between 5,000 and 25,000 square feet are required to either have 100 percent LED lighting in place by 2030 or obtain 20 percent or more of their electricity through solar. By enabling these significant changes, which aim for net zero energy within two decades, Denver is providing a mix of incentives and support, coordinated through the Energize Denver Resource Hub.

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As a former Pentagon official whose tenure spanned three Presidential administrations, Pamela Berkowsky serves as a Senior Executive Defense Consultant to the South Florida Defense Alliance (SFDA), a non-profit 501(c)(6) organization established to 1) grow defense investments in South Florida in the areas of space, aviation and healthcare, and 2) educate South Florida’s innovation ecosystem about accessing DOD funding and contracts (https://pt.slideshare.net/pamelabberkowsky/doing-businesswithmilitarycompiled). In this regard, Pamela Berkowsky and her SFDA colleagues work closely with the Miami-Dade Beacon Council, the County’s economic development authority, to connect South Florida tech founders, funders, and entrepreneurs to the relevant Department of Defense (DOD) entities. The Defense Innovation Unit (DIU) is one of the primary entities playing an integral role in DOD’s innovation acquisition strategy. It was established in 2015 with a mission of accelerating DOD’s commercial tech adoption through partnerships with leading companies in locales including Boston, Austin and Silicon Valley. DIU’s commercial partnerships extend well beyond the sphere of traditional defense contractors and are facilitated through a pair of complementary efforts: National Security Innovation Capital (NSIC) and the National Security Innovation Network (NSIN). The latter involves partnerships with incubators, universities, and accelerators in areas such as dual-use ventures and new concept development. It also encourages “customer discovery” as a key pathway toward commercializing technologies developed in DOD laboratories. By contrast, NSIC serves to direct investment toward next generation hardware technologies through Other Transaction Authority (OTA) agreements. In addition, the DIU has simplified the process of securing merit-based contracts for companies that have never before worked with the US government. Its current director Mike Brown (former Symantec CEO) has repeatedly underscored the need for the US military to rapidly acquire and utilize leading edge commercial technologies in areas such as autonomous systems, AI, sensors, space, communications and cyber security. With awards ranging from $500K - $3M, DIU facilitates an accelerated means of addressing challenges defined as critical for national security through delivery of workable commercial technologies within a 12- to 24-month timeframe.

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Pamela Berkowsky is former federal government official with expertise in disaster preparedness and response. She served in senior positions in the Pentagon, including the Office of the Secretary of Defense and the Department of the Navy, and is president of Blue Sapphire Strategies, a boutique public affairs business consultancy. As a Senior Executive Defense Consultant to the South Florida Defense Alliance (https://www.southfloridadefensealliance.org/about-us-1), Pamela Berkowsky focuses on defense innovation and resiliency issues, including the impact of climate change on military installations, personnel and operations. She is a CLEO-Institute Certified Climate Communicator. Recognized by the Defense Department as a “threat multiplier,” climate change is now being formally integrated into all aspects of defense planning, strategy and budgeting. This is not a minor change. Although the National Defense Strategy has incorporated climate considerations since 2008, they were never fully considered a part of budget and force planning. The new Defense Climate Risk Analysis (DCRA) report, promulgated in October 2021, makes it clear that the challenges associated with climate change affect DOD missions, plans, equipment, capabilities, personnel, and infrastructure. Extreme weather impacts the military, with hurricanes significantly damaging North Carolina and Florida bases, and Norfolk Naval Base experiencing “sunny day" flooding. Wildfires driven by climate change are a growing concern for military installations in California, while “black flag” heat days, which prevent troops from training safely, are becoming more frequent. In an international context, climate change can also adversely impact U.S. allies, exacerbate existing global instabilities, and pose new challenges such as the retreating sea ice and permafrost thawing in the Arctic. This is ramping up U.S. geostrategic competition with Russia and China, with the latter country demonstrating a “Polar Silk Road” ambition. In the Indo-Pacific region, rising sea levels threaten Pacific Island nations, many of which house U.S. military bases and facilities, and potentially bring opportunities for China to assert dominance. The positive news is that the DOD is now working to integrate climate risk planning across all elements of the Department in ways that will have an immediate impact. And with the increased use of renewable energy assets, steps are being taken to ensure a future force that is green, climate resilient, and able to maintain target levels of readiness, training, and security cooperation with allies.

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A senior executive defense consultant with the South Florida Defense Alliance (www.southfloridadefensealliance.org), Pamela Berkowsky has worked in defense and defense-related sectors for more than three decades. Certified as a Climate Communicator by the CLEO Institute, Pamela Berkowsky focuses on resiliency and the national security implications of climate change, particularly the impacts on U.S. military installations, personnel, readiness, and operations. With coastal South Florida experiencing the effects of rising temperatures and sea levels sooner and more intensely than many other parts of the country, Miami-Dade County Mayor Daniella Levine Cava is taking numerous proactive steps to confront the issue, including the naming of Jane Gilbert as the county's -- and the world’s -- first Chief Heat Officer. The mayor created the position in order to “expand, accelerate, and coordinate our efforts to protect people from heat and save lives.

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Pamela Berkowsky, founder and president of the public affairs consulting firm Blue Sapphire Strategies, is a former senior Defense Department official. Pamela Berkowsky is also Senior Executive Defense Consultant to the South Florida Defense Alliance, a 501(c)(6) coalition of public, private and non-profit entities that seek to unite, champion and grow the military and defense/homeland security investments in South Florida (https://www.southfloridadefensealliance.org/about-us-1). One of the Alliance’s key areas of effort is in the resiliency arena, developing measures to enhance infrastructure, operational and personnel readiness and resiliency at South Florida’s numerous military installations and commands. In early 2021, President Joe Biden signed Executive Order 14008 directing a “whole of government” approach to tackling the climate crisis. With regard to the Department of Defense, it directed the Secretary of Defense to assess the security implications of climate change and to incorporate climate change and its potential impact into analysis, war-gaming and simulations. As a result, in October 2021, the Department published its Defense Climate Risk Analysis (DCRA) which closely followed the release of DOD’s broader “Climate Adaptation Plan.” The DCRA assessment focuses on the national security risks presented by global warming. One particular area of climate hazard singled out in the report is the vulnerability to sea level rise of island-based US military installations and facilities across the Indo-Pacific region. It highlights the possibility that China and other adversaries could take advantage of disruptions at these bases to expand their regional influence. Another potential risk relates to how “internal and external tensions” might be aggravated in various countries due to climate-driven resource scarcity. Resulting competition for basic resources could inflame international instability and pose increased security risks. In addition to the likelihood of growing instability between and within nations, the operational demands on DOD to supply urgent disaster relief and humanitarian aid could dramatically increase.

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Pamela Berkowsky is an experienced executive and former Pentagon official with expertise in national security and international affairs. During the course of her career, she has served in multiple high-profile positions in the federal government as both a career civil servant and a political appointee. Currently based in Florida and the US Virgin Islands, Pamela Berkowsky serves as the president of Blue Sapphire Strategies, a public affairs and business consultancy firm. In addition, she is an avid tennis fan and supports and serves as a Board Member of multiple community organizations, including USA Foundation of the Israel Tennis & Education Centers (https://itecenters.org/). The Israel Tennis & Education Centers (ITEC) is a non-profit organization that seeks to support children from all backgrounds living in one of the world’s most high conflict areas; it is one of Israel’s largest social impact programs. ITEC engages its young members in sports, teaching vital life skills such as focus, self-reliance, and perseverance while enhancing values of tolerance, co-existence, and self-esteem. There are multiple ways to contribute to their programs including through the Lippy Leadership Society, which provides annual funding to ITEC’s 14 centers, many of which are located in low-income neighborhoods. The Lippy Leadership Society is named after Dr. William Lippy, one of ITEC’s six original founders who has been at the forefront in supporting its social, educational, and athletic programs. These programs have in turn, benefitted both Jews and non-Jews across Israel, while positively impacting the lives of thousands of Israeli youth. Membership of the Lippy Leadership Society is classified into four categories which are the Founder Society (upon providing a $1,000 annual renewable gift), Chai Society (through an annual renewable gift of $1,800), Friends for Life Society (through an annual renewable gift of $5,000), and Masada Society (through an annual renewable gift of $10,000).

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President of Blue Sapphire Strategies, Pamela Berkowsky is a national security expert and CLEO-certified Climate Communicator who has worked at the highest levels of federal and state/local governments. Pamela Berkowsky also serves as a senior executive defense consultant to the South Florida Defense Alliance (https://www.southfloridadefensealliance.org/about-us-1), where she focuses on defense innovation and military climate resiliency issues, including relations with the Southeast Florida Regional Climate Change Compact. Commonly known as the Compact, the Southeast Florida Regional Climate Change Compact is a collaboration among the counties of Miami-Dade, Palm Beach, Monroe and Broward to lower greenhouse emissions across the region. The Compact also seeks to develop common climate resilience policies and to establish community adaptation strategies. Established in 2009 by local government officials across Southeast Florida, the Compact addresses the effects of climate change on the area’s population. For over a decade, the counties involved in the Compact initiative have networked with stakeholders at the municipal, state, and federal governments to develop and implement various climate initiatives. Other collaborations include working with development groups, community-based organizations, academia, and economic entities. The Compact achieves its objectives by sharing regional knowledge and tools – most notably its Unified Sea Level Rise Projections -- and developing standards that ensure efficiency, coordination, and transparency when different parties put their plans into action. To keep their partners abreast of conditions, the Compact regularly updates six key climate indicators: temperature, sea level rise, sea surface temperature, high tide flooding, saltwater intrusion, and precipitation. These indicators are meant to serve as a central database for the most recent, relevant, and accurate scientific information about climate change across the region, thereby helping regional organizations to keep their planning consistent, and supporting initiatives to educate officials, the public and media about the impacts of climate change. A team of technical experts drawn from relevant government agencies, non-governmental organizations, and the academic community compiles the information.

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A respected expert in national security and defense affairs, Pamela Berkowsky has decades of government experience and has been certified as a Climate Communicator by the CLEO Institute. As the President of Blue Sapphire Strategies, a public affairs consultancy she founded, Pamela Berkowsky is also a senior executive defense consultant to the South Florida Defense Alliance (www.southfloridadefensealliance.org) for which she focuses on resiliency and the national security implications of climate change, particularly the impacts on U.S. military installations, personnel, readiness, and operations. Climate change and extreme weather events such as flooding, storms, and drought have adversely affected U.S. military facilities. For example, Hurricane Florence – which hit North Carolina in 2018 -- dumped 36 inches of rain and flooded three Marine Corps installations, causing $3.6 billion in damage. That same year, Hurricane Michael destroyed Tyndall Air Force base in Florida, causing damage valued at least at $4.7 billion. Given the burgeoning costs, and cascading impacts on readiness and operations, climate resiliency is a major concern for the Department of Defense (DOD), which defines resilience as the ability to prepare, anticipate, and adapt to changing conditions in order to respond to, withstand, and quickly recover from disruptions. According to a July 2021 speech by Joe Bryan, the Pentagon’s senior climate advisor, climate change is affecting the military’s resources and readiness and numerous investments must be made to mitigate the deleterious impacts. Despite the U.S. having advanced climate modeling technology, there remain opportunities for improvement in preparedness, including in climate data and analysis. This includes boosting computing power and using higher resolution technologies to monitor the small-scale effects that are key to observing regional climate patterns, especially in coastal areas. The DOD should also model various climate disaster scenarios at key military installations. Analysis should take into consideration impact on infrastructure, assets, and surrounding communities, as well as warning time and response time. Investing in smart technologies will help the DOD effectively integrate both current as well as projected climate impact scenarios into their planning cycles, in order to make necessary infrastructure modifications.

How the DOD can Invest in Military Climate Resiliency

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A senior executive defense consultant with the South Florida Defense Alliance (SFDA) www.southfloridadefensealliance.org, Pamela Berkowsky has worked in defense and defense-related sectors for more than three decades. Certified as a Climate Communicator by the CLEO Institute, Pamela Berkowsky focuses on resiliency and the national security implications of climate change, particularly the impacts on U.S. military installations, personnel and operations. Climate change is causing stress on the planet and climate scientists continue to warn that it remains the greatest threat to human health in recorded history. Heat is one of the most dangerous, deadly, and under-discussed dangers of climate change. Heat and drought pose a significant threat to the American economy, global food and water supplies, and the emergency response system in general. In recognition of the need to raise public awareness of the increasing severity of and risks from excessive heat events, naming and ranking heat has emerged as one of many public policy responses to the climate crisis, while Florida’s Miami-Dade County has named the first-ever Chief Heat Officer to focus on this “silent killer”. Heatwaves are growing increasingly deadly, and according to a study published earlier this year in Nature, heat is not an equal opportunity climate threat. In fact, around the world people living below the poverty level are 50% more exposed to the “urban heat island effect” in which pavement and concrete absorb more heat than trees and grass, thereby driving up temperature levels. The Extreme Heat Resilience Alliance (an international coalition built by the nonpartisan Adrienne Arsht-Rockefeller Foundation Resilience Center at the Atlantic Council) has made addressing these racial and urban “zip code” inequities a priority. The Alliance is also seeking to improve public health data collection and to create public insurance mechanisms to assist cities in accessing funding and resources for heat wave mitigation and response measures.

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The president of Blue Sapphire Strategies, a Miami-based public affairs consulting firm, Pamela Berkowsky holds a master’s degree in national security studies from the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy and a bachelor’s degree in public and international affairs from Princeton University. Pamela Berkowsky, who with her husband, Adam Shapiro, founded Aerospace Medical Sleep Consultants, also serves as a senior executive defense consultant to the South Florida Defense Alliance (www.southfloridadefensealliance.org), where she focuses on the national security implications of climate change, defense innovation, and opportunities to expand Department of Defense (DOD) investments in South Florida, including the aviation and aerospace sectors. In September of this year, DOD’s Defense Innovation Unit (DIU) requested proposals from private-sector companies for “lightweight, portable, long-duration” nuclear power and propulsion technologies that may be utilized to power future DoD missions in space. Existing electrical and solar-based propulsion technologies, according to the DoD, cannot support trips beyond Earth’s orbit nor are they compatible with the reduced size and weight requirements of next-generation spacecraft. As a result, a sophisticated propulsion system that can provide significant variations in velocity and power to payloads while being fuel-efficient is essential. Due to the low-temperature nature of space, the DoD additionally asked that proposed systems be able to deliver heat to spacecraft systems and that the quantity of radiation emitted be kept to a minimum. While NASA is already working to develop fission-based propulsion and power systems, DIU’s solicitation is focused on identifying commercial technology that can be used in the nearer term. Using Other Transaction Authority, DIU expects to award contracts by the end of the year.

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A graduate of Princeton University and a Fulbright scholar, Pamela Berkowsky is a former Pentagon and Virgin Islands government official. Currently, Pamela Berkowsky is the president of Blue Sapphire Strategies – the public affairs consulting firm she founded -- and a senior executive defense consultant to the South Florida Defense Alliance (SFDA). Founded in 2017, the SFDA was established to unite, champion and grow the defense community in the four-county region of South Florida (Monroe, Miami-Dade, Broward and Palm Beach counties). The area’s rich military presence includes more than 50,000 active duty, guard & reserve service members and their families, more than 230,000 veterans -- and encompasses several key military commands and installations including Homestead Air Reserve Base, Naval Air Station Key West, Coast Guard District 7, and MARFORSOUTH, some of the country’s most significant Department of Defense and homeland security assets. SFDA is a non-profit 501(c)(6) organization established by an initial grant from the Governor’s Florida Defense Support Task Force. It has partnered with the Miami-Dade Beacon Council to grow defense investments in South Florida in the areas of space, aviation and healthcare, and educate South Florida’s innovation ecosystem about accessing DOD funding and contracts. The SFDA is currently embarking on a significant effort to assess and enhance the climate resiliency of South Florida’s military installations and personnel. To learn more about how the SFDA advocates for military presence, capability, and growth in South Florida, visit www.southfloridadefensealliance.org.

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Pamela Berkowsky is a former Pentagon and state government official with expertise in disaster preparedness and response. She served in senior Pentagon positions during the Bush I and Clinton Administrations is president of Blue Sapphire Strategies, a public affairs business consultancy. As a Senior Executive Defense Consultant to the South Florida Defense Alliance (https://www.southfloridadefensealliance.org/about-us-1), Pamela Berkowsky focuses on defense innovation and resiliency issues, including the impacts of climate change and sea level rise on U.S. military installations, personnel, readiness and operations. She is a CLEO-certified Climate Communicator. In March, 2021, Secretary of Defense Lloyd Austin established the Department of Defense (DOD) Climate Working Group. This was a direct response to President Biden’s issuance of Executive Order 14008, which promulgated his Administration’s policy regarding the primacy of climate considerations in the development and conduct of foreign and national security policy. The new DOD Working Group, which has already met, is comprised of senior civilian and military officials, including the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, the Secretaries of the Military Departments and the Service Chiefs. According to the Defense Secretary’s memorandum which established it, the mission of the Climate Working Group is two-fold, to: “1) coordinate Department responses to EO 14008 and subsequent climate and energy-related directives, and 2) track implementation of climate and energy-related actions and progress against future goals.” He also directed the Working Group to consult on these matters with Congress -- on a bipartisan basis – and to work with other federal agencies and departments to coordinate efforts as necessary.

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A national security and international relations professional, Pamela Berkowsky has decades of consequence management experience at a senior government level. She has also gained unique insights into healthcare sector response initiatives through her husband, Adam Shapiro, an otolaryngolgist. Pamela Berkowsky leverages this knowledge and experience to provide consultancy services to nonprofit, public, and private clients as president of Blue Sapphire Strategies and to support DOD investments in the commercial and academic sectors as senior executive defense consultant for the South Florida Defense Alliance. The largest government department in the United States, the DOD trains and equips military forces to ensure U.S. national security and deter wars. The department also provides humanitarian assistance and international support to other countries, notably in the wake of natural disasters. Under the leadership of Secretary of Defense Lloyd Austin, the Department of Defense is providing significant assistance to India as it confronts the latest destabilizing and deadly chapter of the COVID-19 crisis. As part of its whole-of-government effort, the US has sent medical supplies and equipment to the country for aid in the battle against the pandemic. Donated to India through the US Agency for International Development, the support has included rapid diagnostic kits, oxygen cylinders and regulators, ventilators, N95 masks, therapeutics, and importantly, vaccine manufacturing supplies and public health assistance. This builds on seven decades of the US-India Health Partnership, which has served to reduce HIV infections, combat tuberculosis, help pregnant women and improve healthcare across India and in its most vulnerable communities.

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Pamela Berkowsky is a former Pentagon and state government official with expertise in disaster preparedness and response. She served in senior Pentagon positions during the Bush I and Clinton Administrations is president of Blue Sapphire Strategies, a boutique public affairs business consultancy. As a Senior Executive Defense Consultant to the South Florida Defense Alliance (https://www.southfloridadefensealliance.org/about-us-1), Pamela Berkowsky focuses on defense innovation and resiliency issues, including the impacts of climate change and sea level rise on U.S. military installations, personnel and operations. She is a founding member of inWEM, the International Network of Women in Emergency Management. A development she has watched with interest is the recent establishment of the Extreme Heat Resilience Alliance, an international coalition built by the nonpartisan Adrienne Arsht-Rockefeller Foundation Resilience Center at the Atlantic Council. In recognition of the need to raise public awareness of the increasing severity of and risks from excessive heat events, naming and ranking heat waves is the top priority of the new alliance. According to the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), extreme heat is the weather event responsible for the highest number of deaths across the country. Naming and categorizing heat waves in the same way we name hurricanes and winter storms would draw public attention to extreme heat events and provide leaders the ability to better protect and prepare their constituents. The Alliance also seeks to improve heat-related municipal cost assessments and public health data collection, and to create public insurance mechanisms to assist cities in accessing funding and resources for heat wave mitigation and response measures.

Extreme Heat Resilience Alliance Recommends the Naming of Heat Waves

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An alumnus of both Princeton University and the Fletcher School of Law & Diplomacy, Pamela Berkowsky is proud of her decades of public service. During her Clinton Administration Pentagon tenure, Pamela Berkowsky served as the Department of Defense liaison to the National Security Council and federal, state and local agencies on domestic terrorism preparedness and homeland defense issues. As a champion of enhancements to DOD and government-wide biodefense capabilities, she studied potential biological threats to the United States, including infectious diseases such as COVID-19, and sought to strengthen DOD's ability to respond to such threats at home. Numerous national security assessments, including a recent RAND Corporation study, conclude that the global coronavirus pandemic is the greatest threat to the nation in a century. Compared to World War II, which had an average of 9,000 American deaths per month, COVID-19 has claimed an average of 30,000 lives per month, with numbers expected to rise. It is not surprising, therefore, that Department of Defense assets have played a larger role in responding to the pandemic than any other domestic event in history. What began earlier this year with limited involvement in assisting stranded cruise ship passengers has since grown into a response engaging every branch of the military, including active, reserve and Guard forces; many new assets have received their debut in the midst of the pandemic. Troops and DOD civilian personnel have been engaged in numerous missions ranging from manning field hospitals and urban augmentation medical facilities, deploying hospital ships and rural response teams, distributing PPE, serving meals, conducting virus screening tests, and vaccine development and distribution. Throughout the pandemic, ensuring the safety and protection of its own military and civilian personnel and their families has also been a primary DOD objective.

Covid 19 as a us national security emergency

Pamela Berkowsky

Pamela Berkowsky is a former Pentagon and state government official with expertise in disaster preparedness and response. She is president of Blue Sapphire Strategies, a boutique public affairs business consultancy. As a Senior Executive Defense Consultant to the South Florida Defense Alliance (https://www.southfloridadefensealliance.org/about-us-1). Pamela Berkowsky focuses on defense innovation and resiliency issues, including the impacts of climate change and sea level rise on U.S. military installations, personnel and operations. The American Security Project, a nonpartisan organization focused on the national security challenges of the 21st century, has identified climate change -- an “accelerant of instability” -- as one of the most critical threats to security both at home and abroad. Its president, retired Marine Corps brigadier general Stephen Cheney, recently addressed the impact of extreme heat on military operations, installations and readiness. In a desert region such as Arizona, record breaking high temperatures and heat intensity can affect training tempo, limit available flying hours, and strain demands on installation power generation. This past summer, Davis-Monthan Air Force Base alone experienced 16 days with a temperature in excess of 90 degrees. On such days, strenuous exercise and physical training activities are suspended and flight operations constrained, making it more likely they will be shifted to nighttime. Furthermore, drought conditions and desertification overseas can result in food insecurity and climate migration, forcing the Department of Defense to intensify its focus on the possibility of increased climate-driven conflict abroad.

Extreme Heat Can Impact Military Operations, Training, and Readiness

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Doing business-with-military-compiled

Pamela Berkowsky

A former DOD official and founding member of the International Network of Women in Emergency Management, Pamela Berkowsky is the President of Blue Sapphire Strategies and serves as a senior executive defense consultant to the South Florida Defense Alliance (SFDA). While in the Pentagon, Pamela Berkowsky served as a liaison between the Department of Defense and federal, state and local authorities on domestic terrorism preparedness and consequence management. The National Response Framework (NRF), issued by the U.S. Department of Homeland Security, provides a comprehensive approach to domestic incident management and response to all types of disasters and emergencies. It is built on “scalable, flexible and adaptable concepts” outlined in the National Incident Management System. The NRF prescribes key roles and responsibilities for prevention, preparation, response and recovery assigned to public, private and non-governmental entities across the Nation, and describes mechanisms for cross-sector coordination and integration. It highlights specific authorities and best practices for handling emergencies ranging from predominantly local incidents to large-scale catastrophic terrorist attacks. The NRF contains 15 emergency support functions (ESFs), and each ESF has a federal agency or department assigned as the lead coordinator. While DOD is the lead for ESF #3 (Public Works and Engineering) through the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, a Defense Coordinating Officer would be responsible for DOD support of all fifteen ESFs . The most recent NRF was issued in October, 2019.

DOD and Its Role in the National Response Framework

Pamela Berkowsky

As Assistant to the Secretary of Defense for Civil Support, Pamela Berkowsky was the Department of Defense Liaison to the National Security Council and federal, state and local agencies on domestic terrorism preparedness and consequence management; she has testified before the Senate Armed Services Committee on these matters. While much has changed in the years since 9/11 and Hurricane Katrina, including the establishment of the Department of Homeland Security, the Department of Defense continues to play an important role in disaster response and humanitarian assistance, carrying out these core missions in support of other U.S. government agencies – whether at home (FEMA) or abroad (Department of State). DOD is equipped with the manpower, equipment, capability and legal authority required to deploy relief resources around the world in the event of a natural or man-made disaster. In the event of a domestic or international contingency, Active Duty, National Guard and/or Reserve units can provide medical assistance, logistics and transportation support, engineering, aid distribution, search and rescue and security, among categories of assistance. While DOD’s forward-deployed assets facilitate the delivery of disaster relief and humanitarian assistance overseas, recent catastrophic floods, fires and hurricanes have underscored the importance of equipment pre-prepositioning for effective response efforts at home.

The Role of DOD in Disaster Relief & Humanitarian Assistance

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1. EUROPEAN UNION AND UNITED STATES APPROVE MERCK’S EBOLA VACCINE Pamela Berkowsky

2. INTRODUCTION A former Pentagon official, Pamela (Pam) Berkowsky is the president of Blue Sapphire Strategies, a public affairs and business consultancy. As an active champion of enhancements to DOD and government-wide biodefense capabilities, and as the wife of otolaryngologist Dr. Adam Shapiro, she maintains a deep concern about potential biological threats to the United States, including infectious diseases such as COVID-19, and a keen interest in the development of vaccines to treat them.

3. In 2019, both the European Union and the US Food & Drug Administration (FDA) announced approval of the world’s first vaccine for the viral disease Ebola. Developed by Merck, the vaccine Ervebo received conditional marketing authorization from the European Medicines Agency, allowing it to be approved on an accelerated schedule and with less required clinical data than a typical new drug. Given the public health imperative, the FDA also completed its evaluation of the safety and effectiveness of this vaccine on an expedited timetable.

4. Ervebo underwent trials during ebola outbreaks in Guinea, and the Democratic Republic of Congo, and in additional studies in Liberia and Sierra Leone. Antibody responses to Ervebo were also tested on individuals in Canada, Spain and the United States. Administered as a single-dose injection, the vaccine is approved for people over the age of 18 to protect against Ebola Zaire, the virus’ most common subtype.

European Union and United States Approve Merck’s Ebola Vaccine

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