Artigo sobre bebidas alcoolicas

1. Alcoholic Beverages
World Scholar: Latin America & the Caribbean, 2011
Artigos incluídos
Introduction
Alcoholic Beverages
Por John Super
Introduction
Indigenous peoples, during the pre-Columbian era, produced several types of alcoholic beverages. In
the Andes, Native Americans referred to grain- or fruit-based drinks as chicha. The indigenous in
Mexico's central valley specialized in pulque, a drink made from the maguey plant.
Although the native population continued to consume these drinks after the conquest, Spaniards
introduced European beverages to the New World. For instance, Spaniards preferred wine and began
planting vineyards. Beer production also began in the colonial era, although it only became popular in
the late nineteenth century after German brewers immigrated to the region. During the twentieth
century, Latin America's alcoholic beverages became important exports. For example, using the
Malbec grape, Argentines produced wines that gained international popularity for their taste.
Alcohol consumption in Latin America raised social questions, as well. Public officials during both the
colonial and national periods believed that alcohol contributed to disorder, crime, and low worker
productivity. Based on these concerns, Latin American governments in the past and present have
attempted to limit production, distribution, and consumption.
Update
Mexican breweries sell their products globally. For example, Cervecería Modelo is one of the largest
beer producers in the world, and its top brand Corona is popular internationally.
Mexico also exports tequila and mezcal. In 2006 the United States and Mexico signed an agreement
allowing tequila to be bottled in the United States. The agreement also created a tequila bottle registry.
Although Mexican pulque was popular during the colonial era, consumption has declined. By 2010
only a few small producers in Central Mexico remained in business.
In 2002, Chile and Argentina signed onto the Mutual Acceptance Agreement (MAA) struck in 2001 by
Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and the United States. Signatories to the pact agreed to permit the
importation of wines from every other signatory country so long as the wines were produced in
accordance with the domestic laws, regulations and enological practices of the country of origin.
Today, Chile has begun to specialize in the Carménère grape. Disease wiped out this variety in
Europe, but it survived in Chile. Formerly, the grape was blended with other types, but now Chileans
are producing and marketing just Carménère wines.

2. There is a long-standing and controversial debate between Chile and Peru as to which country has
rightful claim to Pisco, a type of brandy distilled from grapes and often used in cocktails such as the
Pisco Sour. Both countries have produced legislation and advertising intended to establish a monopoly
on the production of Pisco, to varying degress of success. While Chile maintains that both countries
have the right to produce Pisco, in Peru the importation and sale of Chilean Pisco is illegal and it is
common to see advertising reading El Pisco es Peruano, carajo! (Pisco is Peruvian, dammit!). Peru
also celebrates National Pisco Sour Day each year in February.
The region's biggest brewery is Brazil's Companhia de Bebidas das Americas (ABV), or AmBev, which
holds 68 percent of the beer market in Brazil and also exports to twelve other Latin American
countries. Anheuser-Busch InBev (U.S.) bought a majority stake in AmBev in 2004.
The World Bank estimates that the proportion of deaths attributable to alcohol in Latin America and the
Caribbean is 4.5 percent, compared to a global rate of 1.5 percent.
Updated Bibliography
Bruera, Matías. La Argentina fermentada: vino, alimentación y cultura. Buenos Aires: Paidós, 2006.
Graham, Kathryn Marie, Sharon Bernards, Myriam Munné, and Sharon C. Wilsnack, eds. Unhappy
Hours: Alcohol and Partner Aggression in the Americas. Washington, DC: Pan American Health
Organization, 2008.
Nogueira, Luiz Augusto Horta. Biocombustíveis na América Latina: situação atual e perspectivas. São
Paulo: Fundação Memorial da América Latina, 2007.
Pyne, Hnin Hnin, Miriam Claeson, and Maria Correia. Gender Dimensions of Alcohol Consumption
and Alcohol-Related Problems in Latin America and the Caribbean. Washington, DC: World Bank,
2002.
Sánchez Santiró, Ernest, ed. Cruda realidad: producción, consumo y fiscalidad de las bebidas
alcohólicas en México y América Latina, siglos XVII–XX. México D.F.: Instituto Mora, 2007.
Citação da fonte
"Alcoholic Beverages." World Scholar: Latin America & the Caribbean, Gale, a
Cengage Company, 2011. World Scholar: Latin America & the Caribbean, worldsc
holar.tu.galegroup.com/tinyurl/53ueDX. Accessed 11 Aug. 2017.
Gale Número do documento: GALE|AAA000011176