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1. Benefits of the sociological
perspective
Benefits of the sociological
perspective

2. Benefits of the sociological perspective
 The sociological perspective becomes away thinking a
form of consciousness that change familiar
understanding of our selves and others
 Sociological perspective enables us to asses both
opportunities and the constraints that characterize lives
 Sociological perspectives empowers us to be active
participation in our society

3. 1.5. Micro and Macro Sociology
 Micro sociology :-deals with the nature of human
behavior and human social interaction based on small
scale studies
Example : interaction b/n parents and their children
 Macro sociology:-analyzes the social system and
population studies in large scale
Example:-studying large scale activities such as wars over
great number of individuals (one or ,more nations )in
large scale of geographical space over long period of
time

4. CHAPTER TWO
THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIOLOGY
A Historical Review
2.1. Early origins and Development of sociology
 it was only 1838 that French thinkers Auguste comte
coined the term sociology from Latin word socius (the
social ) and Greek word logus ( Reasoning /learning)
 The industrial revolution, the French revolution and
enlightenment were three main reasons that contributed
the emergency of sociology
 Other factors that facilitated the emergency of sociology
were social problems ,political changes, religious
changes or secularization

5. 2.2. Founders of sociology
 Auguste Comte(1798-1857)
• His aim was to create a naturalistic science of society which
would both explain the past development of mankind and
predict its future course
• He emphasized that the study of the society must be scientific
• He developed the law of three stages
1. The theological stage : is the first and characterized prior 1300
In theological stage all natural phenomena and social events
were explained in terms of super natural force
2. Metaphysical stage :where people understand society as a
natural not super natural
3. Scientific (positivists )stage :which he believed to be the
principle of social development

6. Cont..
 Herbert Spencer (1820-1903)
 Was one of the funders of the sociology
 He too believed that the society operates according to
fixed laws , he emphasizes evolutionary changes in
social structure
 Emile Durkheim
 He is one of the classical sociologist
 Durkheim sociology revolve around the following three
topics
1. Social facts
2. Solidarity and the division of labor in society
3. Suicide and social currents

7. Cont..
 Karl marx (1818-1883)
 German economics and philosopher and often regarded
as the most profound sociological thinkers
 His theories combines ideas derived from philosophy
,history and social science
 Central to his view was the belief that society should not
just be studied , but should also be changed because
the status quo(the existing state of the society ) was
resulting in the oppression of the most population by a
small group of wealth people
 Max Weber (1864-1920)
 One of the founders of sociology and his famous work
weber “explored the influence of ethics and religion on
the development of capitalism

8. Chapter three
Theoretical perspectives in sociology
• Three major perspectives have emerged in sociology the
functionalist, the conflict and symbolic interaction
perspectives
3.1. Functional Perspectives
 Are based on the assumptions that society is stable ,orderly
system, a complex system whose part work together to
promote stability
 According to this perspective a society is composed of
interrelated parts , each which serve a function and
contributes to overall stability of the society
 It is some times called structural functionalism because it
often focuses on the ways social structure e.g social
institutions

9. Cont…..
• Two theorists Herbert Spencer and Robert Merton
were major contributors to this perspective
• Functionalism perspective was founded by French
sociologist Emile Durkheim
3.2. The conflict Paradigm
• The conflict paradigm is a frame work for building theory
that emission society as an arena of in equality that
generates conflict and change
• It describes the inequalities that exist in all societies
around the globe
• It originated from the ideas of Karl max

10. 2.2. The conflict paradigm
It ignores how different social institutions Family,
Education, politics , Religion etc.. Provide essential
functions in a society and can work together to create a
balance
2.3. The symbolic – interaction paradigm
 is a sociology theory that seeks to understand human’s
relationship with their society by focusing on the symbol
s that help us give meaning to the experience our lives .
 Symbolic interactionists believes that peaple
communicate with each other through language and
symbols and one can make sense of society through
examining this .

11. Characteristics of symbolic interaction paradigm
 It emphasizes interaction among people
 Use symbol in communication and interaction
 Focuses on small scale of human life
 Interpretation as part of actions
 The most influential contributors to symbolic
interactionist tradition was Herbert blumer

12. Chapter four
Social Organization and Interaction
4.1 Group and Institution
Group refers to any number of people with similar norms
,values and expectation who interact with one another
on a regular basis
Basic features of social groups
 Members of the groups continue to interact with one
another
 Members require living by norms that are special to the
group
 Members view each other as part of the group member
or feel sense of identification of the group

13. Types of the group
Primary and secondary groups
• Primary groups : is small group based on largely on long
term face to face interaction and typically based on
affiliation such as family or friendship groups
• Secondary groups: is one based on shared goals or
interest in which the members are rarely face to face
contact with each other
• In groups and out groups
• In Groups: are the groups to which individuals both
belong and psychologically identify
• Out groups :are those to which individuals do not
belong or identify

14. Cont……..
Group dynamics
• The ways in which individuals affect groups and the ways in
which groups affect individuals are known as group dynamics
• Dyad: is the smallest possible group which consist two
persons and it is the most unstable group
• A triad : a group of three persons e.g married couples and
their first child
Institutions
Social institutions is an interrelated system of social roles and
social norms organized around the satisfaction of an
important social need or social function
Examples: the family ,government ,religion ,education and
media etc..

15. 4.2.Social Values and Norms
 Social values : values are shared assumptions
,standards by the members of the society as to what is
right or wrong, good or bad
 Social norms :are unwritten rules of behavior shared by
members of a given group or society
 Differences between values and norms
 Norms are the standards or rules which society
considers normal or acceptable while values are those
conceptions which people consider as important

16. Mores and folk ways
 Mores :refers to norms that have great moral
significance
 Folk ways : are minor rules about social conduct that
serve as convantiol ways of doing things
4.3. social structure : Status and Role
 Status: is recognized social position that an individual
occupies within the society
 An ascribed status: is a social position that is received at
birth or in voluntarily assumed latter in life courses
Examples :- being a daughter, a teenage girl and a senior
citizen

17. Cont…
 An achieved status: refers to social positions that is
assumed voluntarily and that reflect a significant
measure of personal ability and effort .
Examples :-a computer programmer ,an Olympic athlete
and thief
 Master status: asocial status that is primarily , socially
identifying characteristics of an individuals or status that
has exceptional important for social identity
Example :- Being a Queen or king

18. Cont….
Role
• is a second major component of social interaction
• Refers to pattern of expected behavior attached to
particular status