3. Most common acquired fistula.
Ancient Egypt, before 2,000 years bc.
Described by Sims.
Background
4. 1. High fistula
•juxta cervical
•Vault(vesico-uterine)
2. Mid vaginal fistula
3. Low fistula
•Bladder neck (urethra intact)
•Urethral involment(segmental i.e partial b.neck loss)
•Complete bladder neck loss(circumfrential fistula)
4. Massive vaginal fistula
•encompasses all three fistulas & may include one/both ureters in addition
Classification
according to site of fistula
5. Simple VVF Complex VVF
<2-3cm in size
Supra trigonal
No hx of pelvic
malignancy or
radiation
Vaginal length is
normal
Healthy tissue
Good access
>3cm
Trigonal or below
Hx pelvic malignancy or
radiation
Vaginal length shortened
Associated with scarring
Involving urethra,vesical
neck,ureter,intestinal
Previouse unsuccesful
attempt of repair
7. congenital or acquired,
Congenital are very rare
and associated with other
urogenital malformations.
Obstetric =developing
world over 90 % of fistulas
are of obstetric etiology .
Surgical/gynaecological
=industrialized world, the
most common cause
(>75 %) gynaecologic and
pelvic surgeries.
Radiation Malignant
miscellaneous causes.
Causes/etiology
8. VVF usually presents with continouse leak of urine per
vaginum(true incontinece) CLASSIC SYMPTOM
immediate(post op) or delayed onset of leakage(post pelvic
radiations i.e months upto years)
Leakage after surgical injury occur from the first post op
day
Obstetrical fistula=symptoms takes 7-14days to develop
Small fistula=leakage in certain postions and can also pass
urine normally
Large fistula= pt may not void at all but leak
Menouria i.e cyclic heamaturia at time of menstruation
may be present
Recurrent cystitis, perineal skin irritation, vaginal fungal
infection
presentation
9.
10. History
(etiology gynae surgry,pelvic radiation,prolong
labour,trauma during labour,attempt of
repair,comorbidities)
General & genital examinations
Genital/E==full vaginal inspection and include
assessment of tissue mobility,accessibility of the fistula to
vaginal repair; determination of the degree of tissue
inflammation, edema, and infection.
CBC and Urine analysis, U.creatinine
Urine for culture and sensitivity.
Investigations
11. 3 swab test
intravenous urogram (IVU) is necessary to exclude
ureter injury or fistula because 10% of VVFs have
associated ureter fistulas.
Ascending pyelography to fortify the findings of IVP.
Modern imaging technique contarst CT and MRI have
limited value.
Cystogram
Cystoscopy gold standard=size ,shape , number and
location of fistulas.
17. Indications
i. Simple
ii. <2cm
iii. Dx within 7 days of index surgery
iv. Unrelated to carcinoma/radiations
Continouse bladder drainage
i. by transurethral or suprapubic catheter
ii. Duration upto 30days
a. Small fistula may resolve sponte…
b. If fistula decreases in size=drainage for additional
2-3weeks
c. If no improvement in 30days=surgery
18. Estrogen replacement therapy
Local estrogen vaginal cream
Antiboitics
combination of (methanamine,methylen
blue,phenyl salicylate,benxoic acid) and
parasympatholytics(atropine
sulphate,hyoscyamine sulfate)
Sitz bath
19. Good prognosis Uncertain prognosis
Multiple
Mixed (vvf+Rvf)
>4cm
Present
Extensive
Draining into vagina
Present
Present
Single
Vvf
<4cm
Absent
Minimal
Draining into bladder
Absent
Absent
No. of fistula
Site
Size
Vaginal scarring
Tissue loss
Ureter involment
Urethral involment
Circumfrential defect
21. The laparoscopic approach
Robotic approach
Electrocautry fulgurations
•fistula small in size
•vaginal and cystoscopic route
=fulguration=foleys catheter
placement for 2-3 weeks
22. Endoscopic closure using fibrin glue
usefule and safe for intaractable fistula
using interposition flaps or grafts
Martius flap
•consists of adipose and connective tissue,fistula
involving trigone, bladder neck and urethra blood
supply
23. For repair of big fistula,post radiation fistula
Aim
• To support fistula repair
• To fill dead space
• To bring in new blood supply to area of repair
Grafts
• Martius graft-labial fats and bulbocavernous muscle
• Gracils
• Omental graft
• Rectus abdominis
• Peritoneal flap graft
Pedical interpostion grafts
24. Dictum is that best to repair the fistula at its first closure during index
surgery
Obstetrical fistula 3 months after delivery
Surgical/gynaecolgical fistula
• If recognise within 48hrs-can be repaired immediately as the tissue is more
mobile, have less inflammation.
• Otherwise repair after 10-12weeks
Radiation fistula after 12 months
If repair fails reattempt after 3months
25. Mid vaginal transvginal
High vaginal
Post hystrectomy/juxta cervical abdominal/vaginal
low fistula vaginal
urethral
juxtaurethral
Circumfrential combined
Loss of bladder neck abdomino-vaginal
26. High inacessible fistula
Multiple fistula
Involment of uterus or bowel
Need for ureter re-implatation
Complex fistula
Associated pelvic pathology
Surgeon prefrence
27. Vaginal=avoids laparotomy and splitting of the bladder
recovery is shorter with less morbidity,
Less blood loss and postoperative bladder irritability.
procedure can be done in an outpatient setting;
postoperative pain is minimal
results as successful as those of the abdominal approach are.
vaginal shortening may be an issue with some types of vaginal VVF repairs,
including the Latzko operation.
Vaginal vs abdominal Approachs
28. 1.Inadequate exposure related to a high or retracted fistula in a narrow
vagina.
2. Close proximity of the fistulous tract to the ureter.
3. Associated pelvic pathology requiring simultaneous abdominal surgery
4. Multiple and recurrent fistulas
5. Supratrigonal location
6.Surgeon's inexperience with vaginal surgery.
Abdominal approach
29. Good exposure , spot less bright light .
surgeons experience with best route as well as location/size/number/associated uretric fistula.
Mobilization of bladder.
Excision of scar tissue.
Tension free suturing.
Closure in layers.
Interposition of flaps or grafts—omentum , muscle etc.
Postoperative continuous bladder drainage for 2-3 weeks
Principal of repair
30. Adequate urinary tract drainage.
prevention of infection(Appropriate use of antimicrobials).
Maintenance of haemostasis.
Wide mobilization of the vaginal epithelium to expose the
bladder
Excision of scar tissue.
Factor affecting successful outcome
31.
32. A: A longitudinal incision is placed in the bladder dome. B: The incision is
extended around the fistula. The fistulous tract and its vaginal orifice are
completely excised. C: Interrupted delayed-absorbable sutures are used to
close the vagina in one or two layers.
33. D: Continuous delayed-absorbable suture closes the bladder mucosa
longitudinally. E: A suprapubic catheter is placed into the bladder in an extra
peritoneal location.
34. F: The bladder muscularis is closed with delayed-absorbable continuous or
interrupted sutures. G: An omental flap can be interposed between the bladder
closure and the vaginal closure.
35.
36.
37.
38. A: Ureters have been catheterized. An incision through the
vaginal epithelium is made circumferentially around the
fistula. B: The vaginal epithelium is widely mobilized from
the bladder. The scarred fistula tract should be excised.
39. C: A continuous (or interrupted) delayed-absorbable suture
inverts the mucosa into the bladder. D: A second suture line
is placed in the musculofascial layer to reinforce the first.
Vaginal epithelium is trimmed and approximated
40. Latzko technique for a closure of a simple vesicovaginal
fistula. (A)A circumferential incision is made around the
fistula. The fistula is not excised. B: The vaginal epithelium
is mobilized approximately 2 cm from the fistula.
41. C: Delayed-absorbable interrupted mattress sutures are
placed parallel to the edge of the fistula tract to invert it
into the bladder. D: One or two additional rows of suture
approximate the musculofascial layer of the bladder.
42. The vaginal epithelium is closed transversely with
interrupted delayed-absorbable sutures.
43. A: The lateral margin of the labia majora is incised vertically) The fat
pad adjacent to the bulbocavernosus muscle is mobilized, leaving a
broad pedicle attached at the inferior pole.
44. C: The fat pad is drawn through a tunnel beneath the labia minor and
vaginal mucosa and sutured with delayed-absorbable sutures to the
fascia of the urethra and bladder. D: The vaginal mucosa is mobilized
widely to permit closure over the pedicle without tension. The vulvar
incision is closed with interrupted delayed-absorbable sutures.
45. The bladder should be drained for14-21 days.
Excellent hydration to ensure irrigation of the bladder and
to prevent clots that could obstruct the bladder.
Catheter blockage should be prevented so that there is no
bladder distension and tension on the suture lines.
Supra-pubic catheter may be used for fistula.
Cystogram is to evaluate the integrity of the bladder
before discontinuing the bladder drainage.
Postoperative care
46. Contraceptive advice i.e spacing for 1-2 years.
Abstenence for 3 month.
Maintain hygeine.
If pregnancy occurs elective C/section is
indicated as when fetus attains maturity.
Woman who had repair of obstetrical fistula may
develop UTIs, DUB and other gynae problems
like other population, should go for medical Rx
and when pelvic surgery is indicated should be
done by experienced surgeon.
Instruction on discharge
47. 2 to 3 weeks from surgery is an
adequate time period for postoperative
imaging.
6 weeks & 12 weeks.
Followup
48. Adequate exposure of the operative field should be obtained to
avoid inadvertent organ injury and to ensure early identification of
any injury ocurred.
Minimize bleeding and hematoma formation.
Widely mobilize the bladder from the vagina to diminish
the risk of suture placement into the bladder wall
Factors affecting successful outcome
49. Adequate urinary tract drainage and catheterisation .
Treatment and prevention of infection (Appropriate use of
antimicrobials).
Wide mobilization of the vaginal epithelium to expose the
bladder
Excise all scar tissue, even at the risk of increasing the size of
the fistula in an attempt to create a fresh bladder injury•
(this
recommendation is not universally acceptable)
Factor affecting successful outcome
50. General factors that increase the risk complications
Obesity
Smoking
Advancing age
Poorly controlled diabetes
Chronic kidney disease pt
Chronic liver disease pt
Hypertension
Poor nutritional status
Bleeding disorders
Chronic illness,chronic infections
Poor immune system
Factors affecting successful outcome
51. early
•Excessive bleeding
•Surgical wound infection
•Urinary tract infection
•Continued urine leakage through the fistula
Late
•Risks of abdominal and pelvic adhesions (if abdminal approach is
used)
•Risks of dyspareunia and tenderness (if vaginal approach is used)
•Reduced vaginal length/ shortening and stenosis(if vaginal approach
is used)
Post op complications
52. 1. Surgeons involved in VVF repair should
have enough training, skills, and experience
to select an appropriate procedure for each
patient.
2. Attention should be given to skin care,
nutrition, rehabilitation, counselling and
support prior to and following fistula repair.
3. If a VVF is diagnosed within six weeks of
surgery, consider catheterisation for 12
weeks after the causative event.
EUA guidelines 2016
53. 4. Tailor the timing of fistula repair to the
individual pt & surgeon requirements once
any oedema, inflammation, tissue necrosis, or
infection, are resolved.
5. Where ureteric re-implantation or
augmentation cystoplasty are required, the
abdominal approach is necessary.
Conti…..
54. 6. Ensure that the bladder is continuously
drained following fistula repair until healing
is confirmed
(10-14 days for simple and/or postsurgical fistulae;
14-21 days for complex and/or post-radiation
fistulae).
7. if urinary or faecal diversions are required,
avoid using irradiated tissue for repair.
8. Use interposition grafts when repair of
radiation associated fistulae is undertaken.
Conti……
57. After iatrogenic VVF, bladder drainage and conservative
trail is mandatory for 3-12weeks.
It helps in healing of small fistulas & allow time for
decrease in inflammatory process & adequate tissue
vascularity for proper post operative healing of VVF.
We conclude that open trans vesical repair of VVF is safe &
effective method of VVF repair e upto 100% success rate
especially if there is no previouse intervention.
Conclusion
