know about a smart process of finishing in clothing

1. Presented By
Student name : Nusrat Jahan
ID no : 2017-2-3-003
Department :wet process engineering (MSc)
University :Bangladesh University Of Textiles

2. Temperature regulating or thermo-regulating finish is a smart finishing
technique that maintain core body temperature by storing or releasing
latent heat energy to change its phase and provide comfort of the
wearer in diverse environments.
The body itself regulates its temperature through a group of biological
processes and the human body is a mass of ongoing chemical
reactions that regulates body heat within an optimum temperature
range (usually set at 37+1◦C) called the thermo-neutral zone.
what is Temperature-regulating Finishes

3. Clothing that can provide extra insulation in hot as well as cold
conditions , Such textiles are treated with a technical term namely
“Temperature-regulated or Thermo-regulated clothing”.
This active Smart textiles are designed to respond in adverse
conditions in their surrounding environment and there by provide
enhanced protection and comfort of wearer.
“Temperature-regulated or Thermo -regulated clothing”.

4. One of the main purposes of wearing clothes now a modern ages is the
comfort of the body.
Comfort may be classified in to 4 major classes
 Thermal or thermo physiological comfort,
 sensorial comfort,
 psychological comfort
 and garment fit
Why are we wearing Clothing

5. How we can provide Temperature-regulated or
Thermo- regulated finish in clothing
So,
By selecting the suitable characteristics of phase change materials
(PCMs) we can provide Temperature-regulated finish in fabric
Thermal comfort can influence the comfort level of garment to a
great extent. Thermal comfort can be achieved by different
processes. Incorporation of PCMs into textiles is the most widely
used method for making thermo regulated smart textiles. Smart
textiles can sense the environmental condition and react to the
required change and equilibrium.

6. What is Phase change materials (PCMs)
Materials that have the ability to absorb and release latent heat energy
from surroundings in a dynamic heat exchange processes is called PCMs .
Phase change material is a substance which can changes it phase from
solid to liquid, liquid to gas or vice versa through absorbing, storing or
releasing heat energy as per required
The most common example of a PCMs
found in nature is water at 0◦C, which
crystallizes as it changes from liquid to a
solid e.g. ice .
A phase change also occurs when water is
heated to a temperature of 100◦C at which
point it becomes steam.
When ice melts into water it absorbs
approximately a latent heat of 335 kJ/kg.
When water is further heated, a sensible
heat of only 4200 J/kg is absorbed while
the temperature rises by one kelvin and its

7. Phase change processes
Transitions between solid, liquid, and gaseous phases typically involve
large amounts of energy compared to the specific heat. If heat were
added at a constant rate to a mass of ice to take it through its phase
changes to liquid water and then to steam, the energies required to
accomplish the phase changes (called the latent heat of fusion and latent
heat of vaporization ) would lead to plateaus in the temperature vs time
graph. The graph below presumes that the pressure is one standard
atmosphere
Figure 1. Schematic representation of phase change
process

8. Organic PCMs
Four classes of organic PCMs:
(i) Paraffin waxes : Paraffin is a technical name of alkane,but often it’s
specially used for linear hydrocarbon having general formula of CnH2n+2.
Its characteristics such as non-toxic,chemically inert,low cost and high
storage energy capacity paraffin wax based PCMs include: n-Octadecane
(M.P. 28°C), n-Nonadecane (M.P. 32-33°C), n-Eicosane (M.P. 36-37°C) and
n-Heneicosane (M.P. 39-41°C).
(ii) Poly (ethylene glycol)s :Poly(ethylene glycol)s (PEGs) are composed of
liner dimethyl ether chains with hydroxyl end groups, HO-CH2-(CH2-O-CH2-
)n-CH2-OH. They are soluble both in water and some organic solvents.
PEGs are available in various molecular weights with different melting
temperatures and latent heat storage capacities. An example is PEG-1000
with 32°C melting temperature and 149.5 kJ/kg latent heat of fusion.
(iii) Polyalcohol and their derivatives : Pentaerythritol (PE), Pentaglycerine
(PG) and neopentylglycol (NPG).
Classification of PCMs

9. Inorganic PCMs
The major type of inorganic PCMs is hydrated inorganic salts.
Glauber’s salt is one of the most commonly used inorganic PCM with
melting temperature in the range of 32-33°C and latent heat of fusion of 254
kJ/kg. However, the greatest challenge with Glauber’s salt is to achieve its
durability on textiles and clothing. .
In the thermal energy system (TES),using sodium sulfate water solution as
the PCM, heat produced or absorbed by the following chemical reaction
between the decahydrate crystal and the water solution
Na2SO4 + 10H2O Na2SO4.10H2O
Classification of PCMs
(iv) Fatty acids and their derivatives:
Fatty acids are usually based on animal or plant fats and oils, and thus are considered
renewable and sustainable source of PCMs. They are biodegradable and non-toxic
with good thermal and chemical stability.examples : Capric acid (M.P. 30-32°C), Lauric
acid (M.P. 41-44°C), Tridecylic acid (M.P. 41.4°C) and Myristic acid (M.P. 49-58°C).
Mixtures of fatty acids are also used as PCMs, e.g. Lauric-Palmitic acid, Lauric-
Myristic acid, Lauric-Stearic acid. Some examples of fatty acid derivatives used as
PCMs are Glycerol trimyristrate, Glycerol tripalmitate, Erythritol tetrastearate and
Galactitol hexastearate.

10. classification based on the size of the capsules is as
follows:
(i) Micro PCMs :Microencapsulation defined as the process of surrounding or
wrapping one substance to another substance at very limited scale,
producing capsules ranging from less than 1 micron to several 100 microns
in size
(ii) Macro PCMs :Macro PCMs are spherical capsules of a larger size (3-5 mm)
containing high concentrations of phase change materials.These materials
were originally developed for use in cooling vests and clothing.
Classification of PCMs

11. How PCMs works

12. The required properties for a PCM for a high efficiency cooling system with
thermal
energy system (TES) for specific application such as in textile fields are as
follow:
(i) melting point between 15◦C and 35◦C;
(ii) large heat of fusion
(iii) little temperature difference between melting point and solidification point
(iv) harmless to the environment
(v) low toxicity
(vi) non-flammable
(vii) stability for repetition of melting and solidification
(viiii) large thermal conductivity, for effective heat transfer
Selection of properties of PCMs to be used in Thermo
Regulated Fabric

13. Methods of incorporation of PCMs into
Textiles
 Spinning method/Fibre technology
 Coating,
 lamination,
 melt spinning,
 bi-component synthetic fiber extrusion
 Injection molding
 foam techniques

14.  Spinning method/Fibre technology
liquid polymer,polymer solution ,or base material and fibre can be added with
PCMs is then spun according to the spinning methods such as melt,dry or wet
spinning and extrusion of molten polymers. The incorporation of PCM within a
fiber requires first that the it be microencapsulated. PCMs affect the spin ability
and mechanical properties of themo-regulating fibres.
 Lamination method
PCMs would be incorporated into a tiny polymer film and applied to the inner
side of the textile substrate by lamination in order to improve thermo-
physiological wearing comfort of garments
Methods of incorporation of PCMs into
Textiles
 Coating method
microspheres containing in phase change material dispersed in water solution and
coated into textile substrate throughout a surfactant, a dispersant, an antifoam
agent, a thickener and a polymer binder. Preferred phase change materials include
paraffinic hydrocarbons. coating processes available such as knife-over-roll,
knife-over-air, pad-dry-cure, gravure, dip coating, and transfer coating .

15. Figure :Outlast Thermo-molecules as a
coating on textiles
Figure : Outlast Thermo-molecules locke
into textiles
Methods of incorporation of PCMs into
Textiles

16. Microencapsulation
Microencapsulation is the process of enclosing micro sized particles of solids or
liquids droplets or gases in the shell structure called microcapsules .
Particle size is below 1µm are known as nanoparticles
whereas particles size between 3µm-800µm are known as micro particles or
microcapsules or microspheres. .
Microcapsules that have walls less than 2µm in thickness and 20–40µm in diameter
is useful in Textile application
The microcapsules are produced by depositing a thin layer of polymer on small solid
particles or liquid droplets, or on dispersions of solids in liquids.

17. Applications of PCMs incorporated temperature
regulating textiles
 Space : suits and gloves to protect astronauts from the bitter cold
when working in space. It makes astronaut comfortable at space.
 Sports wear :active-wear garments, clothing textiles with thermo-
regulating properties are widely used. Snowboard gloves, underwear,
active wear, ice climbing and underwear for cycling and running are
few more examples of applications of PCMs in sports wear
 Bedding and accessories: quilts, pillows and mattress covers
ensure active temperature control in bed.
 Medical application :potential applications in surgical apparel,
patient bedding materials, bandages . used as a bandage and for
burn and heat/cool therapy
 Shoes and accessories :used in footwear, especially ski boots,
mountaineering boots, race car drivers’ boots etc.
 Automobile : headliners and seats of cars ,Helmets
 Protection :firefighters’ suits

18. Applications of PCMs incorporated temperature
regulating textiles
Some picture of thermo regulating finishes in

19. Why need Temperature-regulated or Thermo-regulated finish
clothing”.
 This finish creates a comfort zone
between wearer body and garment
 This finish can raises or reduces 2 to
5 deg celcilus temperature that
gives a relief Wearers .
 It helps wears to avoid carrying
heavy clothing during visiting in
cooler regions.
 This finish changes its mood
according to the environment stimuli
, gives protection and makes
comfort.
 Etc.

20.  Outlast Technologies;
 BASF;
 PCM Products;
 Honeywell;
 Devan Chemicals;
 Samsung;
 Microtek labs
Major Suppliers of PCMs

21. Challenges of thermo –regulating finish
textiles
 The development of new types of testing methods and
standards. the development of materials, such as their
mechanical properties, durability or functionality in various
conditions , may take a long time
 The main challenge in developing textile-PCM structures is the
method of their application. Encapsulation of PCMs in a
polymeric shell is an obvious choice but it adds dead weight to
the active material
 Another important challenges lies to the textile community for
this innovative textile in practical use is the durability of PCM
incorporated textiles in repeated uses.

22. Limitation
 This finishing clothings can reduce or enhances temperature only 2
-5 deg Celsius .
 Can not drastically reduce temperature like 40 deg temperatures to
25 deg temperature or vice versa…
 Because there is no invention of such PCMs that can reduce or
enhance temperature to a great extant

23.  Microencapsulation of liquids and solids is an innovative micro
packaging technology which is opening up new marketing opportunities
for performance apparel markets for making smart thermo-regulated
textiles
 The main areas of focus for smart and interactive textiles are the
military, healthcare, and performance sportswear. Definitely, PCM
incorporated textile would take a major role in future smart textiles
segments
 In today’s competitive market situation in world,the demand of today’s
customer is to get comfort in cloth,which is to be worn in different
situations from daily wear to functional wear.
Future prospects And Market for PCMs in textile applica

24. THANK YOU All
Less sweating …......
Be comfortable
……….