higher education presentation - World bank

Francisco Marmolejo 1/11/2013
fmarmolejo@worldbank.org

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Francisco Marmolejo
Tertiary Education Coordinator
The World Bank

http://www.worldbank.org/education/tertiary 1


Dominique Moisi.
Geopolitics of Emotions (2009)



International trends in higher education International trends in higher education

Massification Massification
Still asymmetrical access / retention/ graduation Still asymmetrical access / retention/ graduation
Increasing international student mobility Increasing international student mobility
Revolution in teaching, learning and curriculum Revolution in teaching, learning and curriculum
Quality assurance, accountability and qualification Quality assurance, accountability and qualification
frameworks frameworks
Financing higher education Financing higher education
The private providers’ revolution The private providers’ revolution
The academic profession The academic profession

The research environment The research environment
Information and communications technology Information and communications technology



260 Upper secondary and post secondary non-tertiary = 100
Sub-Saharan Africa Arab states
Southern and 240
3% 5% Central and
West Asia 220
Eastern Europe
12% 200
14%
180
Central Asia 160
1% 140
120
100
80
60
40

North America
and Western
East Asia and
Europe Latin America
Pacific
25% and Caribbean Male-tertiary Female-tertiary Male-below upper sec Female-below upper sec
29%
11%
Source: OECD (2004) Education at a Glance: OECD Indicators 2004, Table A11.1a, p.175.

Access Rates in Higher Education and
GDP Per Capita



International trends in higher education

Massification
Still asymmetrical access / retention/ graduation
Increasing international student mobility
Revolution in teaching, learning and curriculum
Quality assurance, accountability and qualification
frameworks
Financing higher education
The private providers’ revolution
The academic profession

The research environment
Information and communications technology

More than ever more people are
having access to higher education …




Massification
Still asymmetrical access / retention/ graduation Latin America & Oceania Africa
the Caribbean 9% 4% Asia
Increasing international student mobility 2% 12%
frameworks

North America
Information and communications technology 23% Europe
50%
Source: OECD (2012) Education at a Glance


Massification
Still asymmetrical access / retention/ graduation
frameworks




¿Sequential? Multi-task?



I have a netbook, MP3 International trends in higher education
Players, flashdrive, IPAD…
Dad, what did you use in
Massification
school when you were
student? Still asymetrical access / retention/ graduation
My brain!!
frameworks



Still asymetrical access / retention/ graduation Still asymetrical access / retention/ graduation




Public vs. private higher education institutions
in Brazil
Número de Ins tuiciones en la Educación Superior - Brasil 1997-2009
2.500
2.160

2.000

1.500

1.000 689

500
252
211
0
1997 2009
En Sector Privado 689 2.160
En Sector Público 211 252

Out of 2.412 HEIs in Brazil, only 252 are public
Private & Confidential 34


Still asymetrical access / retention/ graduation Still asymetrical access / retention/ graduation





Massification
.
Still asymetrical access / retention/ graduation
World
OECD countries Increasing international student mobility
USA
Japan Revolution in teaching, learning and curriculum
Germany
France
South Korea frameworks
Engand
Netherlands
China World: 47,022
Canada USA: 13,715 The private providers’ revolution
Israel
India
China: 667 The academic profession
Norway India: 161
Brazil The research environment
New Zaeland
Portugal Information and communications technology
Taiwan
Mexico
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 40000 45000 50000

Francisco Marmolejo fmarmole@email.arizona.edu



…Implications for higher
education
Yes, but…



Every wants one
No one knows what it is
No one knows how to get one

Philip G. Altbach (2004)

“World Class”: “Ranking among the
foremost in the world; of an
international standard of excellence”

Webster Dictionary



50

51



Concentration
of Talent

Students
Teaching Staff
.
Researchers

Top
Leading-Edge
Graduates
Research
Supportive
Resources WCU Regulatory
Framework Favorable
Public Budget Autonomy Governance
Resources . Dynamic Academic .
Endowment Revenues Technology Freedom
Tuition Fees Transfer
Research Grants
Leadership Team
Strategic Vision
Culture of Excellence

Source: Salmi (2009) Source: Salmi (2009)

Source: Salmi (2009)




Share of
Undergraduate Graduate
University Graduate
Faculty members / Researchers Students Students
Students (%)
Harvard 7,002 10,094 59
Incoming students Stanford 6,442 11,325 64

Proper balance between undergraduate and MIT 4,066 6,140 60
Oxford 11,106 6,601 37
graduate students Cambridge 12,284 6,649 35
LSE 4,254 4,386 51
Beijing 14,662 16,666 53
Tokyo 15,466 12,676 45



Faculty members / researchers
Incoming students
Proper balance of undergraduate vs.
graduate students
International dimension

John Hudzik

It is essential that it be embraced by
International students:
It shapes institutional ethos and values and
institutional leadership, governance,
touches the entire higher education
faculty, students, and all academic service Harvard (19%)
enterprise.
and support units.
Cambridge (18%)

COMPREHENSIVE
INTERNATIONALIZATION
Foreign professors:
Caltech (37%)
The global reconfiguration of economies,
systems of trade, research, and Harvard (30%)
Not only impacts all of campus life but the communication, and the impact of global
institution’s external frames of reference, forces on local life, dramatically expand the Oxford (36%)
partnerships, and relations. need for comprehensive
internationalization and the motivations Cambridge (33%)
and purposes driving it.

John Hudzik



More than 3.3 million students
abroad.
It is forecasted that by 2020 there
will be 7 million international
students.

.

1975 1980 1990 1995 2000 2004 2006 2008

Source: OECD and UNESCO Institute for Statistics (for data on non-OECD countries and up to 1995).

2009 OECD average
%
22
20
18
• It is forecasted that by 2020 16
the number will increase to 7 14
million international students 12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Hungary

Norway
Belgium
Australia
United Kingdom
Austria

Netherlands

United States

Slovak Republic

Slovenia
Switzerland

Iceland

Finland

Poland
Sweden

Japan
Spain

Chile
Canada¹

Denmark

Portugal

Estonia
New Zealand

Ireland



Major players: U.S.A., U.K. and Australia

Middle powers: France, Germany, Spain, Italy

Evolving destinations: Canada, New Zealand, Japan

Emerging contenders: Malaysia, China, Singapore

Source: Verbik, L. et al. (2007) International Student Mobility: Patterns and Trends. The Observatory on
Borderless Higher Education

Korea:
4.6%

India:
6.8%
China:
17.1%

Source: OECD Education at a Glance 2010



2006
2002 Other
Austria
OCDE
9% 2% Italy
Swiss
2%
2%
U.S.A. Belgium
20% 2%
Spain
2%
Japan
England 4%
14% France
9%
Germany
12% Australia
10%

Students traveling abroad
for a short period of time
with their “imported”
teacher, remaining together,
continuing to speak mainly
their own language even
while abroad, and having
just a superficial glimpse at
the foreign culture and
people



Who needs international
education anyway?

Internationalized curriculum
Foreign language competency
“In the 21st Century there will be only two
kinds of people: Those who think globally, Dual/joint degrees
and those who are looking for work” International certification of competencies
International Accreditation
Significant presence in relevant international
consortia

Peter F. Drucker

Francisco Marmolejo fmarmole@email.arizona.edu

A good idea, but.. A critical need

Source of prestige and $$$ Means for better education

About mobility of bodies About mobility of societes

Marginal Mainstreamed

A priority for “tomorrow” A priority for ”yesterday”



Government support

(*): GDP equivalent based on PPP
Source: OECD. Education at a Glance 2010
81

http://www.beerkens.info/blog/atom.xml



Government funding
Endowments

Endowment Endowment
EUA Inglaterra
(Millones USD 2005) (Millones USD 2005)

Government funding
Harvard University 25,460 Cambridge 6,080
Endowments
Yale University 15,200 Oxford 5,320
Tuition and fees
Stanford University 12,160 Edinburgh 340 Significant research funding
University of Texas 11,590 Manchester 228
Efficient financial and administrative
management practices
Princeton University 11,210 Glasgow 228



Used in 100 higher education institutions in MENA
countries. Voluntary participation.

Institutional level:
• Review of governance practices compared with self-defined
benchmarks

National level:
• Review of overall public policies

Expansion to other regions



TIPO TALENTO RECURSOS GOVERNANZA
Universidad de -Estudiantes y
investigación profesorado de
excelencia.
+++ +++
-Enfasis en posgrado
Universidad de -Concentración en
Enseñanza estudiantes de
licenciatura
++ +++
U.Tecnológica -Diversidad de
matrícula
-Excelente
+ +++
profesorado para
enseñanza técnica y
pedagogía
Universidad -Diversidad de
Abierta alumnado
-Excelente
+ +++ …All depends of…
profesorado para la
enseñanza a
distancia



There is not a single formula…

China What may work in one case…
South Korea
Singapur &
Malaysia
Russia
India
Mexico
Nigeria
Chile …may not be the best solution in another
case

Continuing doing
things the same
way, but expecting
to have different
results




For every complex problem there is
an answer that is clear, simple,
…and wrong.
H. L. Mencken



Francisco Marmolejo
Tertiary Education Coordinator
The World Bank
Tel. +1 (202) 458-5927

Email: fmarmolejo@worldbank.org
http://www.worldbank.org/education/tertiary

http://conahec.org


higher education presentation - World bank

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