About the topic of James Marcia's Identity Development in Personal Development. The first parts are visual aid and require the presenter to make a speech or metaphor to prepare the students about the topic. The anime/manga bits are from chainsaw man, all rights to Fujimoto Tatsuki and Shonen Jump. Yeah :)
6. Identity versus role confusion is the fifth stage of ego in
psychologist Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial
development. This stage occurs during adolescence between
the ages of approximately 12 and 18. During this stage,
adolescents explore their independence and develop a sense
of self.
According to Erikson, people progress through a series of
stages as they grow and change throughout life. During each
stage, everyone faces a developmental conflict that must be
resolved to successfully develop the primary virtue of that
stage. Erikson was interested in how social interaction and
relationships affect development and growth.
7. SELF-IDENTITY
It is defined as the role or roles which one
believes define oneself. It is “fundamental
organizing principal which develops constantly
throughout the lifespan.” and are unique
characteristics that make up an individual.
Identity involves the experiences,
relationships, beliefs, values, and memories
that make up a person's subjective sense of
self. This helps create a continuous self-image
that remains fairly constant even as new
aspects of the self are developed or
strengthened over time.
8. ROLE CONFUSION
Involves the individual not being sure about
themselves or their place in society. In
response to role confusion or identity crisis, an
adolescent may begin to experiment with
different lifestyles (e.g., work, education, or
political activities)
An example of role confusion is a teenager who
has not committed to any particular identity and
feels confused about their place in society.
9. CONSEQUENCES OF ROLE CONFUSION
ROLE CONFUSION CAN HAVE LASTING CONSEQUENCES ON A PERSON'S LIFE, INCLUDING:
• DIFFICULTIES WITH COMMITMENT: A STABLE PERSONAL IDENTITY ALLOWS INDIVIDUALS TO
HAVE BETTER RELATIONSHIPS WITH OTHERS.
• WORSE MENTAL HEALTH AND WELL-BEING: RESEARCH HAS LINKED A STRONG SENSE OF
IDENTITY TO BETTER EMOTIONAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING IN ADOLESCENTS.
• WEAK SENSE OF SELF: ROLE CONFUSION HAS BEEN FOUND TO LEAD TO A WEAK SENSE
OF SELF.
• LACK OF CONFIDENCE: A LACK OF SELF-IDENTITY CAN MAKE IT DIFFICULT FOR PEOPLE TO
HAVE CONFIDENCE IN THEMSELVES AND THEIR ABILITIES.
10.
11. BENEFITS OF IDENTITY
THERE ARE NUMEROUS BENEFITS BEHIND SHAPING AND FORMING AN IDENTITY.
COMMITMENT: RESOLVING THE CRISIS AT THIS STAGE OF DEVELOPMENT INVOLVES COMMITTING
TO A PARTICULAR IDENTITY. THIS MIGHT INVOLVE COMMITTING TO A CAREER PATH, DECIDING
WHAT SOCIAL GROUPS TO ASSOCIATE WITH, AND EVEN DEVELOPING A SENSE OF PERSONAL
STYLE.
SELF-CONFIDENCE: THOSE WHO ARE ABLE TO DEVELOP A STRONG SENSE OF IDENTITY ARE
BETTER ABLE TO HAVE SELF-CONFIDENCE, OR A SENSE OF TRUST IN THEIR ABILITIES, QUALITIES,
AND JUDGEMENTS.
SENSE OF INDEPENDENCE: THOSE WHO RECEIVE PROPER ENCOURAGEMENT AND
REINFORCEMENT THROUGH PERSONAL EXPLORATION WILL EMERGE FROM THIS STAGE WITH A
STRONG SENSE OF SELF AND A FEELING OF INDEPENDENCE AND CONTROL. THOSE WHO REMAIN
UNSURE OF THEIR BELIEFS AND DESIRES WILL REMAIN INSECURE AND CONFUSED ABOUT
THEMSELVES AND THE FUTURE.
FIDELITY: THOSE WHO ARE SUCCESSFUL DEVELOP FIDELITY, A PSYCHOLOGICAL VIRTUE
CHARACTERIZED BY THE ABILITY TO RELATE TO OTHERS AND FORM GENUINE RELATIONSHIPS.
THIS ABILITY PLAYS AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN THE UPCOMING STAGE KNOWN AS INTIMACY
VERSUS ISOLATION.
14. One approach to assessing identity development was proposed
by James Marcia. In his approach, adolescents are asking
questions regarding their exploration of and commitment to many
issues. Marcia created a structural interview designed to classify
adolescents into one of four statuses of identity. The statuses are
used to describe and pinpoint the progression of an adolescent's
identity formation process. In Marcia's theory, identity is
operationally defined as whether an individual has explored
various alternatives and made firm commitments to
an occupation, religion, sexual orientation, and a set
of political values.
IDENTITY DEVELOPMENT
15.
16. IDENTITY DIFFUSION
The opposite of identity achievement. The individual has not resolved their
identity crisis yet by failing to commit to any goals or values and
establish a future life direction. In adolescents, this stage is
characterized by disorganized thinking, procrastination, and avoidance
of issues and actions.
Adolescents unable to face the necessity of identity development avoid
exploring or making commitments by remaining in an amorphous state
of identity diffusion, something which may produce social isolation. The
least complex and mature of the four identity statuses, Identity Diffusion
is the mark of those who have neither explored nor made commitments
across life-defining areas. They may or may not have experienced an
identity crisis, (which is a state of existential dread and confusion
regarding one's self), with some reporting having little interest in such
matters and others reporting repeated indecision.
17. IDENTITY FORECLOSURE
This occurs when teenagers conform to an identity without exploring what
suits them best. For instance, teenagers might follow the values and roles
of their parents or cultural norms. They might also foreclose on a negative
identity, or the direct opposite of their parents' values or cultural norms.
The foreclosure status is when a commitment is made without exploring
alternatives. Often these commitments are based on parental ideas and
beliefs that are accepted without question". As Marcia himself put it, "the
individual about to become a Methodist, Republican farmer like his
Methodist, Republican farmer father, with little or no thought in the matter,
certainly cannot be said to have "achieved" an identity, in spite of his
commitment". Adolescents may foreclose on the handed-down identity
willingly or under pressure. The case of "negative-identity" occurs when
adolescents adopt an identity in direct opposition to a prescribed identity.
18. IDENTITY MORATORIUM
This postpones identity achievement by providing temporary
shelter. This status provides opportunities for exploration,
either in breadth or in-depth. Examples of moratoria common
in American society include college or the military. Identity
moratorium is the status of individuals who are in the midst of
a crisis, whose commitments are either absent or are only
vaguely defined, but who are actively exploring alternatives.
Marcia notes that "moratoriums...report experiencing more
anxiety than do students in any other status. The world for
them is not, currently, a highly predictable place; they are
vitally engaged in a struggle to make it so".
Despite such anxiety, the postmodern trend has been for more
people to spend more time in the status, a phenomenon Gail
Sheehy termed Provisional Adulthood.
19. IDENTITY ACHIEVEMENT
This status is attained when the person has solved the identity issues
by making commitments to goals, beliefs, and values after an
extensive exploration of different areas. Once a crisis has been
experienced and worked through, Marcia considered, "a likely
progression would be from diffusion through moratorium to
identity achievement". The latter is thus the status of individuals
who have typically experienced a crisis, undergone identity
explorations, and made commitments. Marcia found some
evidence to support his "theoretical description of Students who
have achieved an identity as having developed an internal, as
opposed to external, locus of self-definition“. The individual has
attained a coherent and committed identity based on personal
decisions. This is a long process and is not often achieved by the
end of adolescence.
20. SOCIAL INTERESTS,
EMOTIONAL STABILITY,
AND MATURITY LEVEL
Your interests are also expanding, oftentimes with the exclusion of
family. You have cliques, sports groups, peers in class, clubs, and other
social networks that take different forms in terms of quantity and quality
of relationship you share with them. It is at this point when there is a
need for maturity to be able to handle emotions well, express emotional
reactions positively, and communicate feelings clearly for smooth,
interpersonal relationships. Maturity and emotional stability are
important especially when dealing with people and handling stress. Let
us try looking at your immediate social network and influences.
23. Freedom and Independence
How to be Independent:
Be Responsible
Learn to manage time and money
Develop planning skills
Know your limitations
Remain respectful adults and authorities
Believe in yourself!
How to be Independent:
It as choosing how to live one's own life within one's inherent
capacities and means and consistent with one's personal values
and preferences. Independence, thus, is synonymous with
freedom of choice, self-determination, and autonomy from outside
interference. “With Power comes great responsibility”.
25. Regarding career interest vs.
suitability, your career interests
are your work inclinations.
Identifying job interests help you
make a sensible career decision.
Following your job interests
implies using your talents and
aligning with your beliefs and
preferences.
26.
Questions often asked when choosing
a career:
What activities are interesting for you?
In your free time, what do you usually
do?
In school, what subjects are you good
at?
Have you put any thought in your
future career?
Given your interests, what future
career do you think would suit you?
