Introduction This class helped me to solve out and answer the very many questions in human’s mind or activities that most people accept responsibility by trying to figure out on their own, the kind of environment that they reside in and how they interact with one another. Studying philosophy helps people to understand how things work, consider them in order and reason about the obvious situations in life, the ones, which make sense, and the hardest things that linger in the human mind. There are different fields of studying philosophy; there is the field of ethics and reliability, scientific technology, religion or human spirit and the real nature. Theory helps to get knowledge about the history of things and how they came up, it is also useful for the people who do research especially in religion studies; they need to develop thoughts and reasoning on how to discover the proper reason for why must religion do things. What I have learned In this class I have learned many things, I have developed to be a person of critical thoughts and discovered how to engage in ideas and answer questions. I acquired a unique way to understand other people’s opinions, though am not special than the others, I have a skill that many do not have, that is, I make a decision out analytical and evaluation of thoughts and obtain information from other sources and come up with an outstanding outcome which we did in this class too. From philosophy, I have learned the people’s views should be respected by not underestimating my fellow friends for example when we were in our third week you asked us to see each others work and learn from it, when I saw my fellow students work I took it as an opportunity ti learn from others and see how others think and how different our answers were, this helped me to have insight and learn from my mistakes. Also, I have the skill to clearly request for information, consider and compare the various opinions or beliefs that I have, now through this class I can take my mind to any other place and think about how others feel about their religion and how different my religion was from them. I have learned to understand the history of things or why some behave in a unique manner and how they join with the real world in which we reside. The good thing about this class is that it gave me the ability to see things from many different perspectives. One way or another I can communicate to a large group of individuals and address them appropriately by arranging my ideas and narrate to them clearly and fluently to make sure that they get my message. In my view from this class I can say that I am a better person and focus on my abilities and what I need to change to be better than others, everything that I need to do in life I apply to this class by just coming up with discussion and critically think of it, and it becomes possible to deal with life matters too. Informal logic In philosophy, there is a study of informal logic which describes the la.

1. Introduction
This class helped me to solve out and answer the very many
questions in human’s mind or activities that most people accept
responsibility by trying to figure out on their own, the kind of
environment that they reside in and how they interact with one
another. Studying philosophy helps people to understand how
things work, consider them in order and reason about the
obvious situations in life, the ones, which make sense, and the
hardest things that linger in the human mind. There are different
fields of studying philosophy; there is the field of ethics and
reliability, scientific technology, religion or human spirit and
the real nature. Theory helps to get knowledge about the history
of things and how they came up, it is also useful for the people
who do research especially in religion studies; they need to
develop thoughts and reasoning on how to discover the proper
reason for why must religion do things.
What I have learned
In this class I have learned many things, I have developed to be
a person of critical thoughts and discovered how to engage in
ideas and answer questions. I acquired a unique way to
understand other people’s opinions, though am not special than
the others, I have a skill that many do not have, that is, I make a
decision out analytical and evaluation of thoughts and obtain
information from other sources and come up with an
outstanding outcome which we did in this class too. From
philosophy, I have learned the people’s views should be
respected by not underestimating my fellow friends for example
when we were in our third week you asked us to see each others
work and learn from it, when I saw my fellow students work I
took it as an opportunity ti learn from others and see how others
think and how different our answers were, this helped me to
have insight and learn from my mistakes. Also, I have the skill
to clearly request for information, consider and compare the

2. various opinions or beliefs that I have, now through this class I
can take my mind to any other place and think about how others
feel about their religion and how different my religion was from
them. I have learned to understand the history of things or why
some behave in a unique manner and how they join with the real
world in which we reside. The good thing about this class is that
it gave me the ability to see things from many different
perspectives. One way or another I can communicate to a large
group of individuals and address them appropriately by
arranging my ideas and narrate to them clearly and fluently to
make sure that they get my message. In my view from this class
I can say that I am a better person and focus on my abilities and
what I need to change to be better than others, everything that I
need to do in life I apply to this class by just coming up with
discussion and critically think of it, and it becomes possible to
deal with life matters too.
Informal logic
In philosophy, there is a study of informal logic which describes
the large ways that are applied in consideration using statistical
methods and making judgments about a set of statements when
trying to give out own opinion, simple logic works to bring out
the rules of logic according to the daily reasoning. In this case,
we analyzed the informal logic fallacies, which are commonly
used, incorrect, or mistake may have occurred when reading an
article, when chatting or watching commercials then suddenly
questions starts lingering around your head. This simple logic
lacks behavior generally, but it is deduced from so many
disciplines when studying different fields such as the practical
study of arguments, past events of evidence consideration, ways
to carry out discussions and the many meaning of the term
argument. Therefore, a fallacy or mistake is an untrue statement
that splits down an argument through representing in an
incorrect way and pull out wrong relevance to facts. These
informal fallacies are used to amuse other people, and some are
not noticeable when it appears that an error is noticeable and it

3. depends on formal logic then this is described as the informal
logical fallacies in which reasoning relates to inductive
reasoning and the drawing of deductions is taken from what we
experience in reality. For example, fast food is high in fat; fast
food has little nutritional value then the conclusion is, if I eat
fast food, I will be unhealthy. On the other hand, abductive
reasoning is obtained scientifically, and it is concerned with
relatively related subjects but the outcome may relate with the
rationale, example cats do like fish, butter is a cat then the
conclusion follows butter like fish. (Deleuze, & six Guattari,
2014).
Understanding the media
Informal logic has improved my reasoning and understanding of
the media in that it has generated a logic in me, in the way I
consider and make judgments on arguments that occur in
commonly spoken words. Some cases come up outlining the
occurrence of particular forms of reasoning, but instead, the
primary objective is how to define and analyze arguments in the
social broadcasting. Nowadays the community has involved
itself in the mass media, which can be of benefit and also not
beneficial to the society, it only depends on what is being
transmitted and the value of it. When am watching an
advertisement, photography or either drawing I can apply
deductive reasoning using informal logic which is so easily to
persuade depending on the type of creativity used, then I’m able
to understand how these deductions are achieved and the
influence of the human mind. For example, an advertisement
about the quality of a product which are very competitive in the
market, the ads can be very influential in that they can distinct a
product function but make it more informal. It may be deduced
that using a particular product it can be more beneficial
compared to the other, by applying words such as faster, good
scent or more rapid growth and others, and that’s how they end
up pulling more customers and society. (Sinnott-Armstrong &
Fogelin, 2014).

4. Understanding global religions
Through informal logic have been able to grasp the religions
globally, in reference to the topic of holy communion and the
importance of marriage, the evidences provided regarding the
argument, that when a person enters into sexual union with
another person but his spouse is alive, it is violation of marriage
vows, I’m able to understand that when an individual engages
into marriage should commit himself to the what he/she
promised to, if the promise is broken and individual goes astray
there is always violence, therefore my understanding is that
when a spouse commits adultery which he/she ought not to
engage brings violence to the family, the next argument is about
the holy communion; any individual in a state of mortal sin
should not take holy communion, if I deduce this using the
criteria whether a sin is mortal I can understand, a person must
be aware of adultery, be consent in doing it, and then involve
himself willingness, therefore, the arguments placed for
marriage are correct using the evidence or following the
outcomes that come after.
Formal Logic
Formal logic is a form of reasoning that bases conclusions from
the inferences. It is also concerned about how the components
of an argument relate to each other and how these components
interact to guarantee the validity of the argument. An argument
is one’s position on an issue, which is usually supported by a
couple of facts. The argument process is purely philosophical
and mathematical, where the evidence fully justifies the
eventual conclusion. It bases the validity of the premises on the
validity of the inferences made. A premise is an assertion that is
often presented that is not supported by other assertions. With
this form of logic, the chain of reasoning is assumed to be valid
if the conclusions follow from the premises. Therefore if the
conclusion is supported by all the premises available, it is
correct. Formal logic is synonymous with the deductive

5. reasoning, where the conclusions are gotten from the premises
given. Formal logic can, however, give wrong conclusions if the
premises given are false. This is because it does not assess the
validity of the claims but only draws the conclusion from the
premises.
Formal and informal logic
Formal logic has various patterns and symbols. The first one is
modus ponens. It is a means of correlating two different things.
This means that the existence of one thing entirely depends on
the influence of another. For example, if it rains, the vent will
be canceled. Therefore because it is raining now, the event has
to be canceled. The next symbol is modus tollens. This means
that when a situation is real, the reverse must reflect the exact
opposite of the situation. For example, in the argument, if he is
a doctor, he will be able to treat her. He has not been able to
treat her; therefore he is not a doctor. The next pattern is the
chain argument. This is the argument that supports the
relationship between two or more factors. It describes the
occurrence of one factor as caused by the other’s situation. For
example, Ally is taller that Cate and Cate is taller than Diana.
The logical conclusion would be Ally is taller than Diana. The
next pattern is the disjunctive syllogism where the argument
presents two options for one to choose. For example, the
argument, Ally will either get an A or B in class. Therefore the
conclusion is, if Ally does not get a B, she will get an A.
Informal logic is the logic of the argument. It is where analysis,
evaluation, and interpretation of the argument is done in real
life situations or a natural language. It does not rely on the
premises given to make a conclusion; rather it depends on these
and other factors to be proven as true so that a logical
conclusion is made. An example is, my friend who lives in New
York is rich. Since live in New York, I ride in limos and buy
expensive clothes. Everyone in New York is, therefore, rich.
The conclusion is not solely based on the premises given, but by

6. other factors such as my economic state.
Comparison between formal and informal logic
There are significant differences between informal and formal
logic. Formal logic uses deductive reasoning whereas informal
reasoning uses inductive reasoning. Deductive reasoning is a
chain of reasoning that involves reasoning from the general to
particulars. It is where a precise conclusion is drawn from the
general premises given. Formal logic utilizes this in formulating
the arguments since there must be a proper correlation between
the premises to provide a logical conclusion. Inductive
reasoning refers to reasoning from particulars to generals, and
the premises provide some degree of support for the conclusion.
Informal logic uses this reasoning to formulate it arguments
since it applies the practice of everyday reasoning, in
conjunction with the premises presented to make a logical
conclusion. It does not follow a set method of making the
conclusion but considers the aspects of everyday life as an
influence to the conclusion made.
Formal logic deals with propositions that have absolute truths
and inferences with standard validity. It bases the conclusion on
these propositions and validates the argument based on the clear
relatedness of the propositions. The informal logic, on the other
hand, uses more than just the premises given to form a
conclusion. This form of logic was intended to be applied in
everyday life situations. It therefore also uses some other
knowledge as the basis to form the conclusion. It analyzes the
grounds and reasons for conclusions. It looks at the reasons
presented support, justify or in some way demonstrate the
conclusion. It involves questions of degree, probability,
plausibility and persuasiveness. The informal logic does not
have a strict mechanism to validate its arguments. It uses
generic qualities such as the quality of support used to justify
the claims presented, the nature of the evidence and the
strengths of the premises. These justify whether a conclusion is
logical or not.

7. Formal logic is more structured than informal logic. Formal
logic relies on the formation of patterns between the premises
and the support of the conclusion from the premises so that it
can validate an argument. The informal logic is freer, as it does
not only rely on the premises but also other influences to make
logical conclusions. The methods of validating the argument are
also vague since they encompass qualities like the strength of
the premises and the nature of the argument to validate the
argument.
The informal and formal logic also have significant similarities.
Both these lines of reasoning can provide the wrong conclusions
if the premises provided are false. In the case of formal logic,
since it derives its conclusions from the premises presented, the
provision of one or several false premises could make the
conclusion wrong even though the logic is correct. An example
is, all slaves were illiterate, and W.E.B Dubois was a slave. The
correct conclusion would be that W.E.B Dubois was illiterate;
however, this is not true. The informal logic also bases its
arguments partly on the premises given and can provide a wrong
conclusion when used. Take the example; the planet Venus
produces light at night. The sun gives light. The logical
conclusion would be that all heavenly bodies give light;
however, this is not true as Venus is a planet and is incapable of
producing light. Therefore for both lines of logic, the wrong
information may give the wrong argument.
Both of these logic are used to come to a correct conclusion
based on the premises given. They are both geared to ensuring
that the person evaluates all the information and utilizes it to
form a feasible conclusion. The approaches to ensuring that the
conclusion is logical are different; however, they all fulfill the
intended objective.
Formal and informal logic can be applied in many sectors. For
example, it can be used in science during research. The
deductive reasoning in formal logic can be used in the
application of the theories whereas the inductive reasoning in
informal logic is used in the creation of inferences.

8. Uses of formal logic in the media
Formal logic is used in the media to capture the news and
predict various outcomes of events. The media’s role is to
provide information to the public. To do this, it must relate
various events so that it can create a comprehensive story.
Journalists doing a story on a critical topic gather their
information from many general sources and piece it together to
provide a general and comprehensive story. They also provide
predictions and assess various events to come up with a final
stand on issues. An example of the application of formal logic
in the media is when covering a scandal. They join the evidence
present about the scandal and base a conclusion from the
evidence. For example, in CNN a while back, the media house
had used the information about the terror attacks in the African
Country Kenya to come up with the headline that Kenya was a
hotbed of terrorism.
Uses of formal logic in religion
Formal logic has been used in religion to come up with various
doctrines. It relates the information, gotten from the Holy
Books and Scriptures to come up with a conclusive argument. A
good example is the Christian belief on how to get eternal life.
The Bible states that for one to receive eternal life, they must
acknowledge Christ in their lives and live good lives according
to the guidelines stressed by the Bible. Therefore, if one does
not do these things, they can never receive eternal life. Such
beliefs serve as the motivation for them to conform to the set-
out guidelines by their spiritual books.
How did this make me critical thinker?
Formal logic has helped me in the studding of critical thinking.
Critical thinking is the ability to objectively analyze and
evaluate a situation before forming a judgment on the matter.
Formal logic allowed me to understand, analyze, evaluate and
articulate arguments. These skills are essential for critical
thinking. With the use of formal reasoning, one analyzes the
relationship between the presented premises so that they can

9. make a logical conclusion based on these premises. They can
validate an argument and find a missing premise, thereby giving
them the ability to evaluate events and situations to determine
their validity before coming to a conclusion.
Also, I have developed to be a critical thinker, have gained
skills that lead to critical thought, also have an advanced
sequence of thinking skills that help me make an analytical
judgment and be more reasonable than emotional. Throughout
this class, I learned how to process information and ideas and
come up with real and analytical conclusions for that purpose.
Have been able to apply what critical thinking entails into daily
life; which can be from different working places, from
magazines or newsletters, or what people talk about related to
the private
life and social and political matters. Have been helped to
develop a proper knowledge of interpreting and assess the
argument. In real life, I can solve problems and make
significant decisions out of it, the outcomes of every of every
discussion I make amounts high. When making these decisions,
I possibly collect information from different sources and
analyze it using the skills have then I make clear outcomes.
That is not enough after implementing any decision I also
review later to make changes where necessary. Whenever using
critical thinking, some issues occupy my mind; that is questions
such as who, what, where, when, why and how, and if I can
answer them concerning any argument then the results will be
more precise and skillful.
Another reason is that I don’t make conclusions without having
the correct proves, I encounter possible course of action
differently from my classmates which I got a low score on
miserably. The way I encounter it intervenes my communication
styles, I make clear, precise and developed statements anytime I
am communicating. Also, I in our assignment we read all these
articles and journals; that now I am able to connect all that I
have read and compare our meetings and evaluate to improve
my level of knowledge. Being a critical thinker I can do

10. analysis without assistance from anybody, I can draw
information or any problem that I come across and make
suggestions by evaluating each of them and then makes final
conclusions from it, it may seem difficult or wrong sometimes
but once the skills are acquired it becomes possible to be a good
critical thinker.
Finally, I’m a critical thinker because I can evaluate myself
and try to stop doing what is wrong and focus on always doing
is right regardless when I am supervised or even independent,
then I can develop my original ideas without relying on other
people, and this makes me self-confident that I can do it my
own and every day I get a chance to improve my thinking level,
How I used Informal & Formal Logic and Critical Thinking In
My Everyday Life:
Answer this question
The whole essay must be 15 pages! Not LESS