ethics of research are there .

1. Ethics of research
Presented BY-Noor Afshan Khan
Email Id- noorafshan01july@gmail.com
Course- Academic writing.
APPLICATION No-
b9e554abec3711e98bff17b9a749d939

2. Definition
"Research ethics" refers to
a diverse set of values,
norms and institutional
regulations that help
constitute and regulate
scientific activity.

3. Objective of research ethics
to protect human participants
to ensure that research is conducted in a
way that serves interests of individuals,
group and/or society as a whole
to examine specific research activities and
projects for their ethical soundness,
protection of confidentiality and the process
of informed consent.

4. Historical Development of Ethical
Standards in Research
 Nuremberg code(1947):principal go satisfy moral,
ethical,and legal concept in human experimentation,
with voluntary consent being absolutely essential.
Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948):is a
recognition of and pledge to basic human rights for the
international community; human rights are protected
by law.
Declaration of Helsinki (1964, 1975,2000): Ethical
principles for medical research involving human
subjects (research procedures, risk assessment duties,
issues of informed consent)

6. Ethical Principles Guiding
Research
Respect for human dignity
Respect for free and informed consent
Privacy and confidentiality
Respect for justice and inclusiveness
Minimizing harm
Maximizing benefits
Plagiarism

7. Human Dignity
Protect the multiple and interdependent interest of the person
(bodily, psychological, cultural integrity).
The principle of human dignity includes:
1-The right to self-determination: means that prospective
participants have the right to decide voluntarily whether to
participate in a study, without risking penalty or prejudicial
treatment.
2-The right to full disclosure: means that the research has fully
described the nature of the study, the person's right to refuse
participation, the researcher's responsibilities, and likely risks
and benefits.

8. Consent
Voluntary informed consent is essential for research
involving human subjects
According to the APA, Informed Consent should include:
1-Description of the nature of the research
2-statement that the research is voluntary and
participants can withdraw at any time
3-identification of Risk and Benefits
4-Description of compensation

9. Privacy and confidentiality
All information collected
in a research project
should remain
confidential
Participants should be
non -identifiable
Data should be locked
away in a secure setting

10. Harm
Harm and discomfort can take many forms;
can physical (eg, injury), emotional (eg,
stress), social (eg, loss of wages) or
financial.
Researchers must use strategies to
minimize all types of harm and discomfort,
even ones that are temporary.

11. justice and inclusiveness
These means:
 Fairness and equity
Procedural justice
Application process
Distributive justice

12. Beneficence
The duty to benefit others
The duty to maximize net benefits
Produce benefits for subjects themselves,
other individuals
Produce benefits for society as a whole
and for the advancement of knowledge
(usually the primary benefits)

13. Plagiarism
Comes from the Latin word meaning "to kidnap"
Example of plagiarism:
 Copying someone else's words without proper
citation
 Stealing someone else's ideas
 Stealing someone else's intellectual property

15. Ethical Principles According To
Belmont Report
The Belmont Report identified three principles essential
to the ethical conduct of research with humans:
1. Respect for persons
2. Beneficence
3. Justice
These three basic principles serve as the foundation of
the current HHS regulation and guidelines for the ethical
conduct of human subjects research supported by HHS.

16. What are the benefits of
ethical research?
 Integrity of research and
scholarly value.
 Advancing healthcare
treatment with the
maximum respect for
human being.
 Acknowledge and protect
fundamental human rights
of participants.
 To minimise potential
harms.

17. References
http:
//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_ethics
www.nieshs.nih.gov/research/resources/
bioethics/what is/
http:
//healthcare.partners.org/phsirb/BillofRig
hts.htm

18. Thanku