HIV LECTURE 2 BSC NURSING II YEAR

1. HIV Transmission
By: Nitish Singh
Asst. Prof.

2. 2
How HIV is Transmitted
Unprotected sex
with a HIV + person
Sharing
Needles
Infected Blood During Pregnancy
and Childbirth
Breast Feeding
Occupational Exposure and
reusing instruments

3. 3
Which Body Fluids Have Risk
for HIV Contaminated Exposure?
Considered “At Risk”
• Blood
• Semen
• Vaginal secretions
• Cerebrospinal fluid
• Synovial, Pleural,
Pericardial, Peritoneal
fluids
• Amniotic fluid
• Breast Milk
• Other body fluids visibly
contaminated with blood
Considered “Not At
Risk”
• Tears
• Sweat
• Urine and Feces
• Saliva
Unless they contain visible
blood

4. 4
How HIV Is NOT Transmitted
• Kissing/hugging
• Contact with sweat, tears, urine or faeces
• Insects bites (e.g. mosquitoes and Bed
bugs)
• Bathing/Swimming in the same pond/pool
• Sharing cooking utensils, cups, toilet
seats, bedding, telephones or towels
• Eating food prepared by an infected
person

5. What socioeconomic factors
might facilitate transmission of
HIV?

6. 6
Effect of Bridge Populations
on Magnitude of HIV
General population
•Women
( married and unmarried)
•Babies and Children
•Youth
•Men
High-risk Populations
•Sex Workers
•Trafficked women
•Men who have sex with men
•Needle sharing drug users
Bridge populations
• Clients of sex workers
• Partners of IDUs
• Migrant / mobile populations
• Truck drivers
• Population in conflict

7. 7
Women & Sexual
Transmission of HIV
• Women are at higher risk of getting HIV
through sexual contact than men because
of:
- Large amount of mucosal surface area in
vagina
- Pooling of semen during intercourse
• Women are especially vulnerable, when
they:
– Are young: due to immature genital tract
– Have STIs
– Are undergoing or have passed menopause

8. Sexually Transmitted Infections(STIs)/
Reproductive Tract Infections (RTIs)
&
HIV Infection

9. 9
What are STIs/STDs/RTIs?
• Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)
– Infections spread from person to person during sexual
contact
• Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs)
– Those with symptomatic STIs are said to have an STD
• Reproductive Tract Infections (RTIs)
– Infections of the reproductive tract that occur due to:
• Poor personal hygiene
• Poor sterile techniques

10. 10
STIs Scenario In India
• The incidence of STIs is high among the
High Risk Groups- 2.5%
• Prevalence of symptoms suggestive of
STI/RTI in women was in the range of 23%
to 43%, while in men, it is in the range of 4%
to 9%
• Awareness of STI/RTI in men is 53% while in
women is only 44%
(Source; NACO, Annual report-2009-10)

11. 11
Factors Affecting
STI Transmission
STI Transmission
Biological Factors
Social Factors
Behavioral Factors

12. 12
Biological Factors Affecting
STI Transmission
Biological factors
• Age: younger more
vulnerable
• Gender
• Immune status
Women More Prone to STIs
than Men
• Internal reproductive organs
– Difficultly examining oneself
• Receptive partner during
sexual encounters
• Symptoms, e.g. white
discharge, may be
considered natural
• More than 50% of STIs in
women are asymptomatic

13. 13
Behavioral Factors Affecting
STI Transmission
• Personal sexual behaviors –
unprotected sex with multiple partners
• Other behaviours associated with
risk- alcohol and/or substance use
predisposing to high risk behavior
• Partner’s behavior – multiple partners,
injecting drug user etc.

14. 14
Social Factors Affecting
STI Transmission
Link both gender and behavioral
issues
–Low status of women in most societies
–Men’s reluctance to use condoms
–Sexual violence
–Limited access to health care facilities
–Lack of knowledge of STIs

15. 15
What is the Link
Between STIs and HIV?
• A person with an STI has a
higher risk of getting HIV through
sex than a person without an STI
• Treatment of STI could reduce
risk of sexual transmission of HIV
• Prevention strategies for HIV and
STIs are the same

16. 16
Common Signs &
Symptoms of STIs
Males
• Ulcers / sores
• Discharge from urethral
opening
• Swellings/growths –
warts (groin / scrotum)
• Pain / burning when
urinating
Females
• Ulcers/sores
• Vaginal discharge
• Swellings/ growths-warts
(groin/labia)
• Burning when urinating
• Pain (lower abdomen/
back ache)

17. Thank You!