immunity

1. IMMUNOSURVEILLANCE,
IMMUNOTHERAPY OF
CANCER
NAME : NUR FARRA NAJWA BINTI ABDUL AZIM
MATRIC NUMBER : 082015100035

2. OBJECTIVES
At the end of the seminar, students should be able
to :
 Understand immunosurveillance and its importance
 Explain how tumour developed and its mechanisms
 Understand the immunotherapy of cancer and its
type

3. INTRODUCTIONS
• Malignant cell arise by mutation of somatic cell
frequently.
• Postulated that immune system keep a constant vigilance
of this mutation and keep them on spot.
• Primary function of cell mediated immunity is
to ‘seek and destroy’ malignant cell that arise
by somatic mutation.

4. • Elimination—Immune cells
mount the initial antitumor
response1,2
• Equilibrium—Insufficient
elimination enables developing
tumor to acquire tumor evasive
mechanisms2
• Escape—Tumor cell evasion
results in cancer progression2

5. IMMUNOSURVEILLANCE
• Increased incidence of cancer due to inefficiency of
immunosurveillance that result due to
Ageing
Congenital immunodeficiency
Acquired immunodeficiency
• The development of tumour represent the escape from this
surveillance.
• Mechanism of such escape not clear but various possibilities
been suggested.

6. MECHANISM OF ESCAPE
• Certain tumor cells may shed or stop
expressing the surface antigen thus making
the tumour cell immunologically invisible
Modulation Of
Surface Antigen
• Some cancer produce a mucoprotein
called sialomucin. It bind to the surface of
the tumour cell. Since sialomucin is a
normal component, the tumour cell are
not recognised by immune system
Masking Tumour
Antigens

9. MECHANISM OF ESCAPE
• Certain tumour cell evokes immune system to
produce blocking antibodies, which can not fix
and activate complement, resulting in prevention
of tumor cell lysis.
Production Of
Blocking
Antibody
• Due to the fast rate of proliferation of malignant
cells tumor may be able to sneak through before the
development of an effective immune response and
once they reach a certain mass, the tumour may be
too great for the host immune system to control
Fast Rate Of
Proliferate Of
Malignant Cell

12. MECHANISM OF ESCAPE
• Some tumour may form cytokine
like Tranforming Growth Factor β
(TGF-β) which suppressed CMI
Suppression Of
Cell Mediated
Immunity (CMI)

14. • Biologic therapy
• It is a type of cancer treatment designed to boost the body's
natural defenses to fight the cancer.
• It uses substances either made by the body or in a laboratory to
improve or restore immune system function.
IMMUNOTHERAPY OF CANCER

15. IMMUNOTHERAPY OF CANCER
• Immunotherapy may work in the following ways:
• Stopping or slowing the growth of cancer cells
• Stopping cancer from spreading to other parts of the body
• Helping the immune system work better at destroying cancer cells
• There are several types of immunotherapy, including:
• Monoclonal antibodies
• Non-specific immunotherapies
• Oncolytic virus therapy
• T-cell therapy
• Cancer vaccines

16. IMMUNOTHERAPY OF CANCER
• Non Specific Active Immunotherapy
Activate immune system in generalized manner that destroyed tumor cell.
BCG vaccine-injected directly to tumor cell may lead to tumour regeression
Believed due to activation of macrophage and NK (natural killers) cells.
BCG being reported to be useful in malignant melanoma, bladder cancer, lung
cancer and certain leukaemia
In lung cancer and breast cancer, Corynebacterium parvum has been reported
beneficial

17. IMMUNOTHERAPY OF CANCER
Dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) tried in squamous and basal cell carcinoma of
skin
Levamisole (anti-helminith) has been tried for stimulating cell mediated
immunity and macrophage functions
Others non specific immune modulators include thymic hormone to restore
T-cell function , interferon to stimulate NK cell function and IL-2 to stimulate
killing of cancers by Tc cells ,NK cell and macrophage

18. IMMUNOTHERAPY OF CANCER
• Specific Immunotherapy
Attempted by vaccination with tumors antigen, treatments with ‘immune RNA’ and
transfer factor.
Monoclonal antibody to tumors antigen may be administered either alone, or tagged
with a cytotoxic drug, will bind to and specifically destroyed only cancer cell.
Lymphokines activated killer (LAK) cell obtained by treatment of natural killer (NK)
cell with interleukin-2 (IL-2) have been tried in the treatment of certain malignancies
(renal carcinoma)

19. SUMMARY
Understand immunosurveillance and its importance
 Explain how tumor developed and its mechanism
 Understand the immunotherapy of cancer and its type

20. REFERENCES
• Textbook of Microbiology, Prof. C P Baveja, Fourth Edition
• Textbook of Microbiology, Ananthanarayan and Paniker’s, 8th Edition
• http://www.nature.com/ni/index.html
• Ochsenbein AF. Cancer Gene Ther. 2002;9:1043-1055.
• Swann JB, et al. J Clin Invest. 2007;117:1137-1146. Image adapted from
Dunn GP, et al. Immunity. 2004;21:137-148.
• http://www.cancer.net/navigating-cancer-care/how-cancer-
treated/immunotherapy-and-vaccines/understanding-immunotherapy

21. ANY QUESTION ?