simple introduction to pathophysiology of tumors. etiology, development, classification, complications, in addition to cancer screen tests.

1. Pathophysiology of Diseases
Neoplasms
Dr. Nermeen Bastawy
Faculty of Medicine
Cairo University

2. NEOPLASMS
• Abnormal growth due to
uncontrolled cell division.
• Tumor is a growth of a mass.
• Benign tumor
• Malignant tumor (Cancer)

3. Tumor is
monoclonal

4. Compression
Hge Compression
Hge , mets, death

6. Benign or malignant?

7. Incidence of Tumors

8. Classification of Malignancy
Germ cell tumors

14. Carcinogens

19. Metastasis
• The ability to produce 2ry tumors at a new
location away from the primary origin.
• Malignant cells spreads through blood &
lymphatics

20. Pathogenesis of Metastasis

21. LLBB mets
Bone

23. How Tumor Escape Immune Defenses?
• Low immunogenicity:
Antigen: Absence / Masked / Induce
immunologic tolerance.
• Antigen Modulation
• Production of immunosuppressive
factors
• Immuno suppressor drugs

25. Cachexia

26. Cachexia
 A complex syndrome characterized by
Anorexia
Weight loss
Lean body wasting
 Cannot be reversed nutritionally
 End stage cancer death

27. Pathogenesis of cachexia

28. Complications of Malignancy
• Anemia
• Fever
• Venous obstruction
• Backache
• Depression

29. Complication of Radiotherapy
Acute nausea, vomiting,
erosion of GIT mucosa,
dermatitis, bone marrow
suppression
Chronic Sterility

30. Complication of Chemotherapy
Acute Organ toxicity due to uptake of the drug
Inhibition of cell division of lymphoid tissue,
bone marrow, GIT mucosa, skin & gonads,
Chronic Occurs months or years after chemotherapy:
anemia, thrombocytopenia, neutropenia

31. Cancer Screening and Diagnosis
Test Cancer Sex Age Frequency
Breast self-examination Breast Female 20+ Monthly
Mammogram Breast Female 40-49
50+
Every 1-2 year
yearly
Pelvic examination Uterus/ Ovaries/
Cervix
Female 18-39
40+
Every1-3 years
Yearly
Testicle self-examination Testicle Male 18+ Monthly
Sigmoidoscopy Colon Both 50+ Every 3-5 years
Fecal occult blood test Colon Both 50+ Yearly
Digital rectal examination Prostate/ Colorectal Both 40+ Yearly
General checkup Both 20-39
40+
Every 3 years
Yearly

32. Breast Self Examination