education

1. How to Write anAcademic Essay?
By Dr.NuamanDanawar
generalandlaparoscopicsurgeon
Syrianandarabboard
memberoftheroyalcollegeofsurgeons
fellowshipanddiplomainlaparoscopicsurgery
diplomainmedicalreserch
MemberoftheeditorialboardofOceanJournalofPsychiatryandMental
HealthResearch
peerreviewerintheCUREUSthejournalofmedicalscienceinCalifornia.

2. Ingeneral,
anyacademicspeechshouldcontainthreeparts:introduction,body,and
conclusion.
Typesofformalspeech:
essay,casereport,researcharticle,book,…

3. Whatisanessay?
Essay:isashortpieceofwritingdealingwithspecifictopic.
Essay:formal(academic,scientific)orinformal.
Essayhasstructureandgrammar.
Noneedforreferences
needcitation.

4. Structure:
Theessayconsistsoffourmainparts:
title,introduction,body,andconclusion.
Writteninformofparagraphs.
Paragraphisthebuilding-blockofanyacademicpaper.

6. Title
Specificandnotbroad.
Interesting.
Who,how,where,when,why,andwhat?
Howtotreattheintussusceptioninadult?

7. Introduction
Generalstatement.
Thesisstatement.
Transitionalsentence.

8. Introduction
Generalstatement:
Hook:capturingthereader’sattentionorinteresting.
Significant:ofyouessay.
ThesisstatementTS (meanidea)andcontrollingideas(subideas).
StrongTS:
Specificnotgeneral
Notannouncement
Transitionalsentence:adherence.

9. Generalstatement:
Hook:capturingthereader’sattentionorinteresting.
Hook:Recently,theintussusceptioninadulthasreceivedamuchdebateinliterature.
Significant:ofyouessay.
Significant:Despiteitsrarity,itischallengingwhenpresent.Theintussusceptionaccountingfor
5%ofallcasesofintussusceptionsandalmost1%-5%ofbowelobstruction.Intussusceptionofthe
bowelisdefinedasthetelescopingofaproximalsegmentofthegastrointestinaltractwithinthelumen
oftheadjacentsegment.

10. Thesisstatement:(meanidea)andcontrollingideas(subideas).
Treatmentoftheintussusceptioninadultgreatlydependonitstype.There
are twotypes of intussusceptioninadultprimaryandsecondary.

11. Strongthesisstatement:
Specificnotgeneral.
Notannouncement.
Notascientificfact.

12. Transitionalsentence.
Knowingthesetypesiscrucialforoptimalmanagementofthischallenging
diagnosis.

13. Body
Writteninparagraphs(blocks)
Eachparagraphhasthreeparts:
Introductionbody,andconclusion.

14. Bodyparagraph1
Introduction:topicsentence.
Body:supportingsentences,usually2-3sentences.
Statistics,facts,studies,news…..
Conclusion:concludingsentence(-/+)
Signalingsentence:tojoinparagraphswitheachothers.

15. Bodyparagraph1
Introduction:topicsentence.
Thefirsttypeoftheintussusceptioninadultisthesecondaryintussusception
Body:supportingsentences,usually2-3sentences.Statistics,facts,studies,news…..
80-92%ofcasesaresecondarytoanunderlyingpathologywhichformtheleadpointlesionsuchasprimaryor
metastaticneoplasms,lymphadenopathy,inflammatoryboweldisease,postoperativeadhesions,Meckel's
diverticulum,oreveniatrogenically,duetothepresenceofintestinaltubes,jejunostomyfeedingtubes.Computed
tomographyisthemostsensitivediagnosticmodalityandcandistinguishbetweenintussusceptionswithandwithout
aleadpoint.Surgeryisthedefinitivetreatmentofadultintussusceptions.
Conclusion:concludingsentence(-/+):Thus,thesecondaryintussusceptioninadultsisthecommonest
typeandthediagnosisistypicallymadebyCTandthesurgeryisthepreferredtreatment.
Signalingsentence:tojoinparagraphswitheachothers.

16. Bodyparagraph2
Introduction:topicsentence.
Body:supportingsentences,usually2-3sentences.
Statistics,facts,studies,news…..
Conclusion:concludingsentence(-/+)
Signalingsentence:tojoinparagraphswitheachothers.

17. Bodyparagraph3
Introduction:topicsentence.
Body:supportingsentences,usually2-3sentences.
Statistics,facts,studies,news…..
Conclusion:concludingsentence(-/+)
Signalingsentence:tojoinparagraphswitheachothers.

18. Conclusion:
signalingphrase:finally,inbrief,tosumup…..
summarizethemainpoints
Learnedlesson
Rephrasethethesisstatement
Advise
Solution
suggestion
Nonewideas

19. Inbrief,intussusceptioninadultisnotcommon,butitisdifficultifpresent,
especiallytheprimarytypewhenthereisnodetectablepathology.Mostof
surgeonsadvocatethesurgicalresectionoftheaffectedsegment,because
thesecondarytypeisthemostcommon.(rephraseandsummarize)

20. Typesofessay
logicdivisionessay
process/chronological.
causeandeffects.
compare&contrast.
argumentative

21. Typesofintroduction
funnelintroduction:
wideatthetopandnarrowatthebottom
historical
story
fact
surprising

22. Howtotreattheintussusceptioninadult?
Recently,theintussusceptioninadulthasreceivedamuchdebateinliterature.Despiteitsrarity,itischallengingwhen
present.Theintussusceptionaccountingfor5%ofallcasesofintussusceptionsandalmost1%-5%ofbowel
obstruction.Intussusceptionofthebowelisdefinedasthetelescopingofaproximalsegmentofthegastrointestinal
tractwithinthelumenoftheadjacentsegment.Thetreatementofintussusceptioninadultisgreatlydependonits
type.Therearetwotypes:ofintussusceptioninadultsprimaryandsecondary.Knowingthesetypesiscrucialfor
optimalmanagementofthischallengingdiagnosis.
Thefirsttypeoftheintussusceptioninadultisthesecondaryintussusception.80-92%ofcasesaresecondarytoan
underlyingpathologywhichformtheleadpointlesionsuchasprimaryormetastaticneoplasms,lymphadenopathy,
inflammatoryboweldisease,postoperativeadhesions,Meckel'sdiverticulum,oreveniatrogenically,duetothe
presenceofintestinaltubes,jejunostomyfeedingtubes.Computedtomographyisthemostsensitivediagnostic
modalityandcandistinguishbetweenintussusceptionswithandwithoutaleadpoint.Surgeryisthedefinitive
treatmentofadultintussusceptions.Thus,thesecondaryintussusceptioninadultsisthecommonesttypeandthe
diagnosisistypicallymadebyCTandthesurgeryisthepreferredtreatment.
Thesecondtypeoftheintussusceptioninadultistheprimaryintussusceptionandaccounts8-20%ofcases.Inprimary
intussusceptionthereisnounderlyingpathologyworkingasleadingpoint,thusthistypecalledidiopathic.Because
thereisnopathology,somesurgeonstreatthistypebysimplereduction,andothersurgeonsadvocatetheresection
andanastomosis,astheleadingpointmaybeinvisible.Theabsenceofobviousunderlyingpathologymakesthe
decisionisdifficult.
Inbrief,intussusceptioninadultisnotcommon,butitisdifficultifpresent,especiallytheprimarytypewhenthereisno
detectablepathology.Mostofsurgeonsadvocatethesurgicalresectionoftheaffectedsegment,becausethe
secondarytypeisthemostcommon.
title
Body paragraph1
Body paragraph2
conclusion
introduction

23. Thank you