Artificial General Intelligence, Consciousness, and the Future of AI

Dr. Mitt Nowshade Kabir
Dr. Mitt Nowshade Kabir
European
Conference on the
Impact of Artificial
Intelligence and
Robotics
2019
EM-Normandie
Business School,
Oxford, UK
Artificial General Intelligence (AGI),
Consciousness and the Future of AI

CONTEXT
Artificial General Intelligence (AGI), Consciousness and the Future of AI Dr. M. N. Kabir

Somewhere about 20 thousand years ago …
Artificial General Intelligence (AGI), Consciousness and the Future of AI Dr. M.N.Kabir

The Ishango Bone
~18 000 BC

▪ Ability to scan environment
and extract signals
▪ Learning capability
▪ Ability to grasp and interpret
▪ Ability to reason
▪ Problem-solving ability
Key Characteristics of Intelligence:

Rise of the
Artificial Intelligence
and a New Era

Some Key Advanced Technologies
Quantum
Computing
Blockchain
technology
3D printing
technologies
Internet of
Things (IoT)
Genetic
Engineering
Nanotechnology
Cognitive
Computing
Big Data
Analytics
Machine
Learning
Robotics Bioscience Genetics

Why AI is
Considered as a
Foundational
Technology

The
Business
Case of AI
RELX survey of 1000 executives shows AI adoption has
increased to 72 percent in 2019 (RELX Group, 2019)
Globally AI will help producing extra 15.7 trillion dollars
worth of goods and services comprising 14 percent of
the world GDP by 1930 (PriceWaterhouse, 2017)
38% of present jobs will be eliminated by 2030
(Berriman, 2017)
45% of present job functions can be automated using
present deep learning and other AI technologies (Chui et
al., 2015)
Global value of AI enterprises has reached 1.2 trillion
dollars (Gartner, 2018)
AI-based insights driven companies will grow from 27 to
40 percent per year (Forrester, 2017)

Impacts of AI on Society are More Crucial
AI as a foundational technology changing rapidly the way we
live, work, play and communicate
It is redefining economic relationships
It is already having huge impact on societies
It will eliminate within next decade over 30 percent of present
jobs
All areas of our personal life will be impacted
The AGI will completely change the world as we know it

Use of AI in Some Key Sectors
Retail
Communication:
chatbots, VA
Personalization:
recommendation
systems
Optimization:
forecasting, pricing
Marketing: precise
targeting
Finance
Asset
management
Robo trading
Fraud detection
Personalized
financial products
Chatbots
Automation
Personal Assistant
Media
Security
Autonomous
driving
Industry 4.0
Healthcare
Diagnostic from
medical images
Patient care
Early warning
R&D
Document
management

▪ Regression Analysis: Revenue projection, business process optimization, risk
analysis
▪ Naive Bayes: Diagnosis of disease conditions, SPAM filtering
▪ Decision Trees: Chess, credit card application acceptance
▪ Random Forest: Identifying protein interaction in bioscience, identifying genes
associated with genes in genome, computer vision
▪ Genetic Algorithms: Artificial creativity, code breaking, financial modelling
▪ Nearest Neighbor: Recommendation system, hand movement of a robot
▪ Support Vector Machines: Genes classification, cancer diagnosis
▪ K Means: Customer analytics, fraud detection
▪ Markov Decision Process: Water control, fault identification
▪ Deep Learning: Computer vision, image colouring, machine translation, game playing,
gesture recognition, virtual assistant, autonomous driving, facial recognition, search
optimization, personalization, traffic control
Real World Applications of Machine Learning Techniques

Types of Machine Learning Algorithms
Neural networks Evolutionary models Probabilistic and
statistical models
Symbolic learning
and rule induction
Analytical and
fuzzy learning

Defining AI
Artificial narrow intelligence
Artificial general intelligence
(AI equals to humans in all aspects)
Artificial super intelligence
(AI surpasses humans in all aspects)
SINGULARITY EVENT

DIFFICULT QUESTIONS
WITH NOT SO EASY ANSWERS
- So, can we build AGI?
- If yes, when?

AGI Development
Two main schools
2. Development of AI agents:
covers all human cognitive and
somatic skills
1. Brain emulation:
computational
neuroscience

Brain Emulation
Brain emulation
through reverse
engineering and
mapping
Virtual organisms

Human Brain Emulation
Problems in brain emulation
▪ Individual neurons are complex
elements with numerous
connections.
▪ We are still finding new neurons
in the brain such as the rose hip
neuron.
▪ Functional neuronal networks
are difficult to simulate
▪ Neurotransmitters and their
activities are complex
▪ The Glial cells and their
connections with the neurons
STEPS:
• Lists of all brain parts
• 3D scanning of the entire brain
• Networks of neurons emulation, functional brain
emulation
• Generic human brain emulation

Virtual Organisms
• Open worm project:
C elegans nematoid – 302 neurons
and 95 muscle cells.
Goal: to recreate all 959 cells in the
first ever digital life form.
• Fruit fly brain emulation:
Fruit fly brain observatory (Ukani et
al., 2019)
• Mice:
Mapping of the primary visual cortex
of mouse’s brain and cortical neurons

Development of AI
Agents that
Covers all Human
Cognitive and
Somatic Skills

Towards AGI: Hurdles to Solve
• Common sense,
reasoning,
abstraction and
generalization
• Learning how to
learn
• Communication
with Natural
language
• Long-term planning
• Integration issues
Main differences between
machine and human
intelligence
1. Sense data:
Human - analog
Machine - digital
2. Environmental scanning:
Human - excruciatingly slow
Machine - instantaneous
3. Memory
Human - abstract, often fuzzy, not always reliable
Machine - large, detailed and exact replica
4. Creativity
Human brain - creative, spontaneously resourceful, heavily
heuristic
Machine - computation dependents. Showing signs of creativity
5. Emotions
Human - emotional even at cognitive level
Machine - still at rudimentary level

OpenAI Five
Dota 2 game
OPEN AI Five
Dota 2 is world’s most
popular strategic game
which requires
extensive teamwork,
collaboration and long
term planning

The Use of
OpenAI Five
Technology
Many of the
algorithms
developed for
OpenAI Five are
already getting used
in real world
situations such as
movement
dexterity.

Adaptive
AI Agents
The agent uses recent
experience to fine-tune the prior
model into an adapted one, which
the planner then uses to perform
its action selection (Nagabandi and
Clavera, 2019).
Dynamic legged millirobot, with model-based meta-reinforcement
learning algorithm to enable online adaptation to disturbances
and new settings such as traversing a slippery slope,
accommodating payloads, accounting for pose miscalibration
errors, and adjusting to a missing leg.

Curiosity-
based Learning
Learning requires presence of
following elements in an agent:
• Curiosity
• Motivation
• Absorptive capacity
• Prior knowledge
• Access to new knowledge
(Burda et al., 2018)

Boston Dynamics Robots
Two types:
• Atlas
• Spot
Both show
amazing agility

• OpenAI’s GPT-2 language model
achieved near human level content
generation capability.
• Machine can now not only
translate what you are saying in
real time but also do it using your
voice.
• 75 percent success rate in
reconstructing speech from human
brain’s neural activities
Improvement in Natural Language Processing

Towards AGI: hardware problems and solutions
Problems:
• Computational power
• Data delivery
• Data storage
Solutions:
• Quantum computing
• 5G technologies ,
quantum network
• DNA-based storage

Data transmission
Quantum entanglement
5G technology

DNA-Based Storage
One cubic centimeter holds 10 trillion DNA molecules:
• 10 terabytes of data
• 10 trillion simultaneous computations

Quantum
Computer
Google’s quantum
computer reached
a milestone called
“Quantum
Supremacy”

WHAT ABOUT
CONSCIOUSNESS?
- Are we going to have sentient
machines any time soon?
Artificial General Intelligence (AGI), Consciousness and the Future of AI
Dr. M.N.Kabir

Neuroscience
considers that
various parts of
the brain working
together creates
consciousness
Some Theories of Consciousness
• Mind body problem (Descartes)
• The easy and hard problem (Chalmers, 1995)
• Consciousness is an illusion (Dennett, 1991)
• Consciousness is controlled hallucination
(Seth, 2010)

Integrated Information Theory of Consciousness
Consciousness according to this theory appears from the integration of the
information when the sum of parts of information becomes something more
than the sum of its parts (Tononi, 2004)
.

Global Workplace
Consciousness
Theory
Information that has more attention triggers the ignition and
dominate the larger span of brain network and reach the global
workplace creating the consciousness about the particular
information (Baars, 2002).

Neural Correlates of Consciousness
There exists a
minimal set of
neural activities
that correspond
to a conscious
precept (Koch,
2004).

Consciousness –
Neurobiological Approach
• Consciousness appears from neuronal activities
• Biological entities require consciousness to reduce the
use of computational and biological resources
• In the process of receiving, integrating and processing
information the brain requires the ability to abstract and
predict continuously
• Consciousness is related to intelligence - the more
intelligent an animal is the more conscious it is

Gene Mutation and Intelligence
Two networks of gene networks, M1 and M3, appear to influence cognitive
function – which includes memory, attention, processing speed and
reasoning. They lie behind the human gift for lateral thinking, mental
arithmetic, pub quizzes, strategic planning.

When the AI Outsmarted its Creators

When will a
machine with
human-level
general
intelligence
emerge?

Why we are Conscious and not Just
Computational zombies

Technological
Determinism
• Acceleration of technological
growth
• Simultaneous advancement of
technologies
• The unexpected emergence of
new technologies

Technological
Determinism
• Technology penetration can be quite pervasive.
Think The Internet or AI.
• It creates new adjacent areas of
technology development. Examples: Cloud
computing, Recommender systems.
• Technologies constantly converge. Example:
Virtual assistants like Siri
• One of the adjacent field creates a paradigm
shift and new technology emerges. Such as IoT.
• Innovation is the key factor in the
technology shift.

Shall We Worry About AGI
AGI is still far from becoming a reality
• Transhumanism
• Safely mechanism
• Metalevel module with human
values and ethical codes
• Imminent problems from AI:
• Bias in AI
• Job loss from AI
• Military use of AI

Towards
a new future

Thank you!
Artificial General Intelligence (AGI), Consciousness and the Future of AI
Dr. M.N.Kabir

Artificial General Intelligence, Consciousness, and the Future of AI

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