Application domain in governance sector

1. APPLICATION DOMAIN
GOVERNANCE SECTOR

2. GROUP MEMBERS :
• WAN NORTASHA ATIRAH BT WAN MOHD
RODZI – 044181
• NAJMI FARHA BT WAHAB – 043130
• NUR ATIQAH BT MUHAMMAD KHAIRUL -
043229
• NURHANANI BT SHAHARUDIN - 043352
• KHAIRUL KHAIRINA BT MUSTAFA - 044143

3. INTRODUCTION
 E-government is the use of information and communication technologies (ICT) to
improve the activities of public sector organisations.
 The common theme is that e-government involve the automation or
computerization of paper based procedure to a
i. new style of leadership
ii. new ways of deciding strategies
iii. Transacting business
iv. new ways of listening to citizens and communities.
 The aim of e-government is to enhance access and delivery of government service
to benefit citizens.
 It also help to strengthen government’s drive toward effective governance and
increased transparency to manage a country’s social and economic resources for
development.

4. USES OF E-GOVERNMENT
 To deliver government services like
i. Exchanging information
ii. Communication transaction
iii. Integration of various stand-alone
iv. Services between government-to-customer(G2C), government-to-
business(G2B), government-to-government(G2G).

5. ADVANTAGES OF GOVERNANCE
SECTOR
1. Democratization
-Through the Internet's Web 2.0 interactive features, people from all over the country can
provide input to politicians or public servants and make their voices heard such as blogging
and chat rooms.
-These technologies can create a more transparent government, allowing voters to
immediately see how and why their representatives in the capital are voting the way they are.
-This will helps voters decide whom to vote for in the future or how to help the public
servants become more productive.
2. Environmental bonuses
-It would lessen the need for hard copy paper forms.
-Besides that, if citizens can apply for government services or permits online, they may not
need to drive into a government office, which could lead to less air pollution from gas and
diesel-fuelled vehicles.

6. ADVANTAGES OF GOVERNANCE
SECTOR
3. Speed, efficiency, and convenience
-E-government allows citizens to interact with computers to achieve objectives at any time
and any location, and eliminates the necessity for physical travel to government agents sitting
behind desks and windows.
-Improved accounting and record keeping can be noted through computerization, and
information and forms can be easily accessed by citizens with computers and Internet access,
which may enable quicker processing time for applications and finding information.
4. Public approval
-E-government have been met with acceptance and eagerness from the public.
-Citizens participate in online discussions of political issues with increasing frequency, and
young people are drawn to electronic voting procedures.

7. DISADVANTAGES OF GOVERNANCE SECTOR
 Security
Sending detailed personal information can present a security risk for the applicant.
 Inaccessibility
An e-government site that provides web access and support often does not offer the potential
to reach many users.
 Technology issues
If the process involves filling out an application , sometimes the applicants might do some
mistakes that will affect their application.
 Hyper – surveillance
Increased between government and its applicants both ways. The applicants will be forced to
interact electronically with the government in a larger scale. This could potentially lead to a lack
of privacy for applicants as their government obtains more and more information.

8. IMPACTS FROM THE REAL CASE
STUDY
 In governance sector, there are many system that might used. One of the system are UPU
system.
 UPU system originally known as (“Unit Pusat Universiti”) in early 1970 to 10 October 1995.
Starting October 10, 1995 until December 31, 2004 UPU upgraded and known as “Bahagian
Pengurusan Kemasukan Pelajar IPT (BPK IPT), Department of Higher Education. Starting
January 1, 2005 up to now known as Bahagian Pengurusan Kemasukan Pelajar (BPKP).
 This change is consistent with the organizational restructuring of the Ministry of Higher
Education on January 1, 2005.

9. IMPACTS FROM THE REAL CASE
STUDY
Impacts from UPU systems:
1. Enable users to apply online
Before the existence of this system, users submit the form to the university that they wish to
enter. It would trouble the universities to select students because there are a lot of papers to
be reviewed.
2. Facilitate both sides (users and universities)
Users will know they managed to book a place at university through this system. They just
entered the ID number and password and they will know immediately about the status. If
they did not manage to entered the university, they can make an appeal in that time.
3. Help students or SPM leavers to choose which university they want to continue their studies.
-There were plenty of universities inside the state, they might not know some of the
universities actually exist especially new university.
-There are 20 open universities in Malaysia and other programs such as community college,
ILKA and polytechnic.

10. CHALLENGES OF E-GOVERNMET
IMPLEMENTATION
 1.0 Technical barriers
The implementation of e-government faces some technological difficulties such as lack of
shared standards and compatible infrastructure among departments and agencies. Also, privacy
and security are critical barriers in implementation of e - government in citizen concern. The
guarantee by the government will not suffice unless accompanied by technical solutions,
transparency of procedures and possibly independent auditing
1.1 Lack or weakness of ICT infrastructure is one of the major challenges for e-
government implementation. Many developing countries suffer from the digital divide, and
they are not able to deploy the appropriate ICT infrastructure for e-government
deployment. Next, the higher the level of human development, the more likely citizens will
be inclined to accept and use e-government services. Therefore, governments should work
closely with the private sector to establish a modern infrastructure that will provide access
opportunities to disconnected groups and individuals.

11. CHALLENGES OF E-GOVERNMET
IMPLEMENTATION
1.2 A critical obstacle in implementing e-government is the citizens’ concern on privacy of
their life and confidentiality of the personal data they are providing as part of obtaining
government services. The guarantee by government will not suffice unless accompanied by
technical solutions, transparency of procedures and possibly independent auditing. Privacy
and confidentiality has to be highly valued in establishing and maintaining web sites.
1.3 Security means protection of all information and systems against any disclosure to
unauthorized access, or unauthorized modifications or devastation. A basic to fulfil is
payment (of fines , taxes, etc.). Transaction security is an obvious requirement.

12. CHALLENGES OF E-GOVERNMET
IMPLEMENTATION
 2.0 Social Barriers
Social issues are mainly concerned with the usability by a large variety of people. This implies
that the interface must be usable by all kinds of people within the government. Social obstacles
include many factors such as digital divide, culture, education and income. In this area the first
two factors will be illustrated.
2.1 The digital divide refers to the gap in opportunity between those who have access to
the internet and those who do not. Those who do not have access to the internet will be
unable to benefit from e- government services. Not all people have the suitable access to
computers and Internet, whether due to a lack of income, necessary skills, or internet
access.
2.2 Cultural implications of new technologies are the main barriers to the implementation
of e-government. Culture was defined as a set of important assumptions, beliefs and values
that all members of a society share in common. Cultural differences and individual
behaviour patterns play a role in the acceptance and use of new technology. However,
cultural issue is not easily tangible, it must be given more planning so that technical change
is implemented successfully.

13. CHALLENGES OF E-GOVERNMET
IMPLEMENTATION
 3.0 Financial Barriers
The lack of financial support is considered as significant obstacle to the implementation of e-
government in many countries. The most serious and significant barrier to the implementation
of e-government is a lack of money; e-government implementation is expensive. Because of the
high cost of implementation and maintenance the computer systems, many countries become
in dilemma of funding e-government programs, even when a government entity has a plan for
effective and accessible e-government.

14. REFERENCES
 (n.d.). Retrieved April 2017, from https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/E-government/Definition
 (n.d.). Retrieved 2017, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-governance
 (n.d.). Retrieved April 2017, from https://research-
repository.griffith.edu.au/bitstream/handle/10072/40620/72631_1.pdf%3bsequence=1
 (n.d.). Retrieved April 2017,from Portal Rasmi Bahagian Pengurusan Kemasukan
Pelajar: http://upu.mohe.gov.my/web/