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Lipid Chemistry(Dr[1]. Ibrahim Hassan).ppt
1. Lipid Chemistry
Presented by Dr.
Ibrahim Hassan
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2. Definition
Lipids are organic compounds containing C,
H, O and are insoluble in water but soluble
in fat solvents (non polar solvents) as
alcohol, ether, benzene and chloroform.
The lipids are a heterogeneous group of
compounds, including fats, oils, steroids,
waxes, and related compounds, which are
related more by their physical than by their
chemical properties.
3. BIOMEDICAL IMPORTANCE
They are important dietary constituents due
to high energy value, fat-soluble vitamins
and the essential fatty acids contained in the
fat of natural foods.
Fat is stored in adipose tissue, where it also
serves as a thermal insulator in the
subcutaneous tissues and around certain
organs.
4. BIOMEDICAL IMPORTANCE cont.,
Lipoproteins are important, occurring both
in the cell membrane and in the
mitochondria, and serving also as the means
of transporting lipids in the blood.
Lipid biochemistry is necessary in
understanding many important biomedical
areas, eg, obesity, diabetes mellitus,
atherosclerosis, and the role of various
polyunsaturated fatty acids in nutrition and
health.
6. LIPIDS ARE CLASSIFIED AS SIMPLE
OR COMPLEX
Simple Lipids:
A- Triglycerides (Neutral fat): esters of fatty
acids with glycerol.
B- Waxes: esters of fatty acids with long chain
alcohol (higher than glycerol) higher molecular
weight alcohols.
Glycerol: Trihydric alcohol =
3 carbon atoms + 3 (OH) groups
7. FATTY ACIDS ARE ALIPHATIC
CARBOXYLIC ACIDS
Fatty acids are carboxylic acids with
hydrocarbon straight chains ranging from 4
to 36 carbons long (even number).
They are two types:
Saturated (no double bonds)
Unsaturated (one or more double bonds).
8. Saturated Fatty acids
(no double bonds)
Short chain FA
4-10 carbon atoms
Liquid, volatile
Long chain FA
12-24 carbon atoms
Solid, non volatile
9. Short chain FA
(4-10 carbon atoms) Liquid, volatile
Butyric acid* (4 C) CH3 - (CH2)2 - COOH
Caproic acid* (6 C) CH3 - (CH2)4 - COOH
* In certain fats in small amounts (especially butter). An end
product of carbohydrate fermentation by rumen organisms
Caprylic acid (8 C) CH3 - (CH2)6 - COOH
Capric acid (10 C) CH3 - (CH2)8 - COOH
10. Long chain FA
(12-24 carbon atoms) Solid, non volatile
Palmitic acid* (16 C) CH3 - (CH2)14 – COOH
Stearic acid* (18 C) CH3 - (CH2)16 - COOH
* Common in human and all animal and plant
fats
11. Unsaturated Fatty Acids
(One or More Double Bonds)
CH = CH
Monoethenoid FA
(One double bond)
Polyethenoid FA
(more than one double bond)
12. Unsaturated Fatty Acids
Monoethenoid FA
(One double bond)
Oleic acid (18 C)
Possibly the most common
fatty acid in natural fats.
Polyethenoid FA
(more than one double bond)
Diethenoid FA (2 = bonds)
Linoleic acid
Corn, peanut, cottonseed, soybean, and many plant
oils.
Triethenoid FA (3 = bonds)
Linolenic acid
Some plants, minor fatty acid in
animals.
Tetraethenoid FA (4 =bonds)
Arachidonic acid
Found in animal fats and in peanut oil; important
component of phospholipids in animals.
13. Essintial Fatty Acids
Are fatty acids not synthesized in our bodies
and should be supplied in diet.
Linoleic acid, Linolenic acid and
arachidonic acid are essential FA.
Arachidonic acid is a precursor of important
group of lipids known as prostglandins.
14. Neutral Fats
Triglycerides - Triacylglycerols
Are Fatty Acid Esters of Glycerol
Triacylglycerols are composed of three fatty
acids each in ester linkage with a single
glycerol
Triacylglycerol (TAG)
15. Physical properties
Insoluble in water
Soluble in fat solvents
Colorless, odorless, tasteless
At RT they are:
Liquid oil (rich in unsaturated FA)
Solid fat (rich in saturated FA)
16. Triacylglycerols Provide Stored Energy and Insulation
In vertebrates, specialized cells called
adipocytes, or fat cells, store large amounts
of triacylglycerols.
They are also stored as oils in the seeds of
many types of plants.
17. Two advantages of using triacylglycerols as
stored fuels, rather than polysaccharides.
First, the carbon atoms of fatty acids are
more reduced than those of sugars,
oxidation of triacylglycerols yields more
than twice as much energy, gram for gram,
as the oxidation of carbohydrates.
18. Two advantages of using triacylglycerols as
stored fuels, rather than polysaccharides cont.,
Second, because triacylglycerols are
hydrophobic and therefore unhydrated, the
organism that carries fat as fuel does not
have to carry the extra weight of water of
hydration that is associated with stored
polysaccharides gram (2 g per of
polysaccharide).
19. Humans have fat tissue (composed
primarily of adipocytes) under the skin, in
the abdominal cavity, and in the mammary
glands.
In some animals, triacylglycerols stored
under the skin serve not only as energy
stores but as insulation against low
temperatures.
20. Chemical Reactions
Hydrolysis: by acid or pancreatic lipase yield
glycerol and fatty acids.
Triglycerides → Acid (HCL)→ 3FAs + glycerol
Saponification: Hydrolysis of fat by alkali to
produce glycerol and soap (salts of FAs)
Triglycerides → Alkali (KOH)→ 3 K soap + glycerol
21. Chemical Reactions
Hydrogenation (Hardening):
Its addition reaction.
Artifical fat (margrine) formation.
Addition of hydrogen to oils (liquid) at high
temperature in the presence of Nikel as
catalyst results in hydrogenation of
unsaturated FAs with formation of fat (solid).
-CH=CH- →H2 + Nikel + heat → -CH2 – CH2-
Unsat. FA Sat. FA
Oil Solid
22. Chemical Reactions
Halogenation:
Halogen (I2) can be added at the double
bonds of unsaturated FAs in triglycerides
leading to formation of halogenated saturated
derivatives.
-CH=CH- →I2 → -CH – CH2-
I I
Unsat. FA Sat. FA
Oil Solid
23. Waxes
They are esters of long-chain
(C14 to C36) saturated and
unsaturated fatty acids with
long-chain (C16 to C30)
alcohols.
Their melting points (60 to
100 °C) are generally higher
than those of triacylglycerols.
They are more solid and not
easily hydrolyzed.
24. Compound Lipids
It is more complicated than simple
lipids as it contains:
FAs
alcohol
Prothetic group
27. Phospholipids are the main lipid
constituents of membranes
Phospholipids may be regarded as derivatives of
phosphatidic acid in which the phosphate is
esterified with the -OH of a suitable alcohol.
Phosphatidic acid is the precursor of all phospholipids
containing glycerol.
Hydrolysis = glycerol + Sat. FA
+ Unsat. FA + phosphoric acid
28. Lecithins
(Phosphatidylcholines Occur in Cell Membranes)
Is present in large amounts in liver and brain.
Represents a large proportion of the body’s store
of choline. Choline is important in nervous
transmission, as acetylcholine.
Hydrolysis =
glycerol + Sat. FA
+ Unsat. FA + phosphoric acid
+ choline base
29. Cobra venom is rich in lecithinase enzyme.
Lecithinaze removes unsaturated FA from
lecithin converting it into lysolecithin
which causes lyses of RBCs then death
30. Cephalins
Are mixture of phophatidyl serine, phosphatidyle
ethanolamine and phosphatidyl inositol.
Present in liver and brain.
Phosphatidylinositol Is a Precursor of Second Messengers
Phosphatidylinositol is an important constituent of cell
membrane phospholipids; upon stimulation by a
suitable hormone, it is cleaved into diacylglycerol and
inositol trisphosphate, both of which act as internal
signals or second messengers.
31. Cardiolipin
Cardiolipin Is a Major Lipid of
Mitochondrial Membranes
Present in cardiac tissue.
Composed of 2 molecules of phosphatidic
acid connected by a molecule of glycerol.
Hydrolysis = 3 glycerol + 2 sat. FAs
+ 2 unsat. FAs + 2 Phosphoric acid
32. Sphingomyelins
Sphingomyelins Are Found in the Nervous
System.
In the myelin sheath of nerve fibers.
NO glycerol
Contains long amino alcohol (sphingosine
alcohol) 18 carbon atoms
Hydrolysis = sphingosine alcohol + FA
+ phophoric acid + choline base
33. GLYCOLIPIDS
(GLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS)
Glycolipids are widely distributed in every tissue
of the body, particularly in nervous tissue such as
brain. They occur particularly in the outer leaflet
of the plasma membrane, where they contribute to
cell surface carbohydrates.
Glycolipids are cpd. Lipids with carbohydrate
radical as prosthetic group.
Contain Sphingosine alcohol + FA
+ carb. group.
34. GLYCOLIPIDS contain:
Cerebrosides:
Found mainly in brain
Contain FAs with 24 C atoms
Four types:
Nervon:
Shpingosine alc. + galactose
+ nervonic acid
Oxynervon:
Shpingosine alc. + galactose
+ oxynervonic acid
36. Sulfolipids (Sulfatides)
Are glycolipids present in liver, muscles and
testis.
Similar to cerebrosides in structure, but they
have more sulfuric acid.
37. Gangliosides
Present in nerve ganglia.
Contain:
carbohydrate radical
FA usually Stearic or Oleic acid
38. Proteolipids
Present in nervous tissue.
Contain lipids + Protein
Lipid surrounds the protein
Insoluble in water
Soulble in fat solvents.
39. Derived Lipids
Produced by hydrolysis of simple or conjugated
lipids.
Associated with lipids in nature.
They include:
Fatty acids Alcohols Squalene
Steroids Fat soluble vitamins
40. Alcohols
The most important are:
Glycerol in TAG and phosphoglycerides.
Sphingosine (sphingol) in sphingolipids.
Long chain monohydroxy alcohols in waxes,
e.g. mericyl alcohol.
Sterols.
Vitamin A and D.
41. Squalene
It is polyunsaturated hydrocarbon containing 30
carbons, formed during synthesis of different
steroids in the body.
Activated acetic acid → Squalene →
→ Cholesterol → other steroids
Fat soluble vitamins
Vitamin A, D, E and K.
Vitamin A and D are alcohols
42. Steroids
They contain C17 steroid nucleus or
Cyclo-Pentano-Perhydrophenanthrene ring
(CPPP)
47. Importance of Cholesterol
Formed from activated acetic acid (active
acetate).
It is the precursor of all steroids in animal
body.
Widely distributed in all tissues.
Higher conc. present in nervous tissues,
liver, adrenals, gonads, skin and adipose
tissues.
48. Importance of Cholesterol (cont.,)
Plasma conc. (100-200mg/dL)
(30% as free cholesterol and 70% as cholesteryl
esters).
Hypercholesterolemia → atherosclerosis
Excretion: About 1 g of cholesterol is eliminated from the body per day.
Bile in the form of bile salts: Cholesterol,
cholesteryl esters and dihydrocholesterol.
Large intestine: is reduced by bacteria to give
coprostanol.
49. Importance of Cholesterol (cont.,)
Cholesterol converted in the liver to
7-Dehydrocholesterol which converted to
vitamin D3 under skin by the action of UV
rays.
50. Bile acids
Hydroxy derivatives of C24
steroid (Cholic acid).
Bile acids are polar
derivatives of cholesterol
that act as detergents in the
intestine, emulsifying
dietary fats to make them
more readily accessible to
digestive lipases.
Aid in lipid digestion.
Cholic acid
51. Types of Bile Acids
Bile Acids
Primary Bile acids
(Synthesized in the liver)
Secondary Bile acids
(formed in the large
intestine by Bacteria)
Cholic acid
Chenodeoxy cholic
acid
Deoxycholic acid Lithocholic acid
52. Bile Salts
Synthesized by conjugation of bile acids
with Glycine (80%) or Taurine (20%).
Excreted by liver in bile as sodium salts,
Sodium-glycocholate
Sodium-taurocholate
Pass to the intestine, reabsorbed and return
to the liver to be excreted again in bile
(enterohepatic circulation of bile salts)
53. Importance of Bile Salts
Conversion to bile salts is an important
mechanism for cholesterol removal from
blood.
Emulsification of fat in the intestine is
essential for their digestion and absorption.
Prevent precipitation of cholesterol in bile
and prevent formation of cholesterol stones.
They stimulate liver cells to secrete more
bile (choleretic effect).