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PATENT UPDATE
                           专利更新



  2010 USPTO GUIDELINES FOR
         OBVIOUSNESS
 2010 年美国专利商标局显而易见性指
            南

                    Michael A. Shimokaji
                        麦克尔律師
WWW.SHIMOKAJI.COM
PATENT UPDATE
                       专 利更新



     麦克尔专利律師事务所专精知识产权法律—专利,商标
  , 版权,商业秘密,及不合理竞争。

      本所的客戶从刚起步的公司到世界五百强的企业,及政
  府机构和大学等。 本所代理的客戶有波音公司, 柯罗楼斯
  (CLOROX) 日用品公司,霍尼韦尔( HONEYWELL )公司,
  IBM 公司, 高通 (QUALCOMM )公司, 加州大学, 美国
  海军及富国银行等。

    虽然本所位于美国加利福尼亚州,但是本所的客戶遍布
  美国东西海岸。 本所的业务拓展至亞洲, 包括中国, 香港
  ,台湾和新加坡 .


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PATENT UPDATE
                       专利更新


    历史
         麦克尔律師 在 2004 年 成立此律师事务所 , 坚持 給予
   客戶 以品质与时效性 。
      尽管有许多专业型律师事务所被一般大型律师事务所合
   并,麦克尔律师事务所 了解 许多 客戶还是钟情于专业型律师
   事务所:因为这样的律师事务所不但能够提供与大所一样,
   甚至更高质的服务,而且价格比大所要实惠很多。
      .
   品质控管与专案管理 制度
        本所独一无二 地 采用品质控管系统来确保 本所客戶 在
   任何 律师 或 专利师的 代理 下 , 都会得到 一致 的高品质服务
   来满足他们的特別需求。
         与其他律师事务所不同的是,本所还采用了一个文
   书的专案管理制度来保证本所 完成案件的 时效性 。

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                                       3
PATENT UPDATE
                       专利更新


    费用结构

   特別是在本所的非诉讼服務,本所力求避免传统的小时计费制度。
   相反地 , 在一些特定领域,如专利撰写及申请,本所与客戶一道共
   同建立一个固定费用及 / 或不超过一个设定项目的收费标准, 所以
   本所的客戶不必费心计算每小时多少费用及在本所共花了多少个小
   時。

   然而,即使是在传统上一直是以小时收费的专利诉讼领域,我们往
   往也可以调整收费结构 , 使之不完全以小时计费。甚至,本所的收
   费标准可与本所所代表的客戶实现的诉讼结果作联结。




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                                    4
OVERVIEW 概览

•   PRIOR 2007 KSR GUIDELINES
    旧的 2007 年显而易见性审查指南
•   PURPOSE OF THE 2010 GUIDELINES
    2010 年审查指南的用意
•   CATEGORIES UNDER THE 2010 GUIDELINES
    2010 年审查指南规定的分类
•   USING THE GUIDELINES TO YOUR ADVANTAGE
    善用指南




WWW.SHIMOKAJI.COM
PRIOR 2007 KSR GUIDELINES
    旧的 2007 年显而易见性审查指南

•   Incorporated into MPEP, Section 2141
    被编入美国专利审查程序手册第 2141 节




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PRIOR 2007 KSR GUIDELINES
    旧的 2007 年显而易见性审查指南

•   Confirmed controlling inquiries under Graham v.
    Deere
    肯定在 Graham v. Deere 案中确立的主要审查事项

        Scope and content of prior art
         先前技术的范围和內容
        Differences between claimed invention and prior art
         有专利权利的发明和先前技术的分別




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PRIOR 2007 KSR GUIDELINES
    旧的 2007 年显而易见性审查指南

•   Confirmed controlling inquiries under Graham v.
    Deere
    肯定在 Graham v. Deere 案中确立的主要审查事项
        Level of ordinary skill in the art
         在技术中的普通技巧的等级
        Secondary indicia of non-obviousness
         非显而易见性的次要标记




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PRIOR 2007 KSR GUIDELINES
    旧的 2007 年显而易见性审查指南

•   Teaching-suggestion-motivation (TSM) was one
    possible approach
    教导-启示-动机是一种可能的方式




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PRIOR 2007 KSR GUIDELINES
    旧的 2007 年显而易见性审查指南

•   Six other approaches
    其它 6 种方式

        One – combining prior art elements according to known
         methods to yield predictable results
         1 – 根据已知的方法结合现有技术因素从而产生可以预测
         的结果




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PRIOR 2007 KSR GUIDELINES
    旧的 2007 年显而易见性审查指南

•   Six other approaches
    其它 6 种 方式

        Two – simple substitution of one known element for
         another to obtain predictable results
         2 - 简单用一已知因素替代另一个来获得可预测的结果




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PRIOR 2007 KSR GUIDELINES
    旧的 2007 年显而易见性审查指南

•   Six other approaches
    其它 6 种方式

        Three – use of a known technique to improve similar
         devices, methods, or products
         3 - 使用一种已知技术来改进类似设备,方法或者产品




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PRIOR 2007 KSR GUIDELINES
    旧的 2007 年显而易见性审查指南

•   Six other approaches
    其它 6 种方式

        Four – applying a known technique to a known device,
         method, or product to yield predictable results
         4 -把一种已知的技术应用到一个已知的设备,或者应用
         到一个方式中,或者应用到一个产品上,从而得到可预测
         的结果




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PRIOR 2007 KSR GUIDELINES
    旧的 2007 年显而易见性审查指南

•   Six other approaches
    其它 6 种方式

        Five – obvious to try – choosing from a finite number of
         identified, predictable solutions, with a reasonable
         expectation of success
         5 - 显而易见的尝试-怀着合理的成功期望,从一定数目
         的已被确认的,可预测的措施中选择一项措施




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PRIOR 2007 KSR GUIDELINES
    旧的 2007 年显而易见性审查指南

•   Six other approaches
    其它 6 种方式

        Six – known work in one field of endeavor may prompt
         variations of it for use in either the same or different field
         based on design incentives or other market forces if the
         variations are predictable
         6 - 在某一领域的已知成绩可能促使该成绩的多样化,如
         果这种多样化是可预测的,将作用在同样或者不同的领域
         ,这是根据设计动机或其它市场因素而产生。




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PRIOR 2007 KSR GUIDELINES
    旧的 2007 年显而易见性审查指南

•   KSR did not place a limit on the particular approach
    to be taken
    易见性审查沒有对方法进行限制

        No single test for obviousness
         沒有单一的显而易见的标准
        A flexible approach is to be used
         方法可以灵活多样




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PURPOSE OF THE 2010
                GUIDELINES
             2010 年审查指南的用意
•   To be used by USPTO examiners in conjunction with
    MPEP when applying law of obviousness
    根据美国专利审查程序手冊,在应用显而易见性法律
    的時候,为美国商标专利局审查员所应用

        Highlight of case law since 2007 KSR decision by US
         Supreme Court
         自美国最高法院针对 2007 年 KSR 案件做出的決定,判例
         法得到强调




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PURPOSE OF THE 2010
                GUIDELINES
             2010 年审查指南的用意
•   To be used by USPTO examiners in conjunction with
    MPEP when applying law of obviousness
    根据美国专利审查程序手冊,在应用显而易见性法律
    的時候,为美国专利商标局审查员所应用

        Case law provides examples useful to examiners and
         practitioners during examination
         判例法为审查过程中的审查员和律师提供有用的参考例子




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PURPOSE OF THE 2010
                GUIDELINES
             2010 年审查指南的用意
•   Outside of the purpose:
    用意之外:

        Not substantive rule making or effect of law
         并非实体法律或者法律的效力

        Not right of procedure enforceable against USPTO
         并非可以对美国专利商标局表示异议的程序权利




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PURPOSE OF THE 2010
                GUIDELINES
             2010 年审查指南的用意
•   Illustrative cases in the Guidelines:
    审查指南中的案例

        Confirm idea that there may be more than one line of
         reasoning that can be properly applied to particular facts
         确定对特定事实可能存在多种论证
        Show that lines of reasoning may overlap to establish
         obviousness
         表明多种论证可能交叠,而建立显而易见性




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2010 GUIDELINE CATEGORIES
      2010 年审查指南規定的分类

•   Illustrative cases grouped by categories:
    说明性案件种类划分:

        First – combining prior art elements – corresponds to
         2007 Guidelines
         第一: 结合先前技术因素 - 符合 2007 年指南
        Second – substituting one known element for another –
         corresponds to 2007 Guidelines
         第二: 用一已知因素取代另一个 - 符合 2007 年指南




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2010 GUIDELINE CATEGORIES
      2010 年审查指南規定的分类

•   Illustrative cases grouped by categories:
    说明性案件种类划分:

        Third – obvious to try – corresponds to 2007 Guidelines
         第三: 显而易见的尝试 - 符合 2007 年指南
        Fourth – consideration of evidence
         第四: 对证据的考虑




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2010 GUIDELINE CATEGORIES
      2010 年审查指南規定的分类

•   First category – combining prior art elements
    第一类 - 结合现有技术因素

        Even when components are known, the combining step is
         technically feasible, and the result is predictable, it may be
         nonobvious when the combining step involves such additional
         effort that no one of ordinary skill would have undertaken it
         即使当成份已经为人所知,结合的步骤严格来说还是可行的,并
         且结果也是可预测的。当结合步骤涉及这样的额外工作而沒有其
         它一般的技术可以做到时,非显而易见性可能成立




WWW.SHIMOKAJI.COM
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2010 GUIDELINE CATEGORIES
      2010 年审查指南規定的分类

•   First category – combining prior art elements
    第一类 - 结合先前技术因素

        A claimed combination of prior art elements may be nonobvious
         where the prior art teaches away from the combination and the
         combination yields more than predictable results
         有专利权利的先前技术要素的组合也許是非显而易见的,如果先
         前技术和这种组合是反向教示,并且该组合产生比可预见结果更
         多的內容。




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2010 GUIDELINE CATEGORIES
      2010 年审查指南規定的分类

•   First category – combining prior art elements
    第一类 - 结合先前技术因素

        An inference that a claimed combination would not have been
         obvious is especially strong where the prior art’s teachings
         undermine the very reason being proferred as to why a person of
         ordinary skill would have combined the known elements
         有一个推论认为有专利权利的组合不会是显而易见的,这在先前
         技术的教示低估了为什么一个有普通技巧的人可以结合已知的要
         素的情況下尤其明显。




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2010 GUIDELINE CATEGORIES
      2010 年审查指南規定的分类

•   Third category – obvious to try
    第三类 - 显而易见的尝试

        A claimed compound would not have been obvious where there
         was no reason to modify the closest prior art compound to obtain
         the claimed compound and the prior art taught that modifying the
         compound would destroy its advantageous property
         一个权利组成成份在沒有理由改变最接近的先前技术的成份从而
         或得专利权利的成份的情況下不会是显而易见的,并且先前技术
         有一旦改变成份就会破坏其优势的特点。




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2010 GUIDELINE CATEGORIES
      2010 年审查指南規定的分类

•   Third category – obvious to try
    第三类 - 显而易见的尝试

        According to the Federal Circuit, not obvious if one must vary all
         parameters or try each of numerous possible choices until one
         possibly arrived at a successful result, where the prior art gave
         either no indication of which parameters were critical or no
         direction as to which of many possible choices is likely to be
         successful
         根据联邦巡迴法院的意见,如果一项发明所有的参数都必须不同
         或者必须尝试每个发明的众多可能选择直到其中一个可能达到成
         果的结果,并且在这结果中,先前技术沒給出关于众多选择中哪
         个可能成功的必不可缺的参数或方向,那就不具有显而易见性。




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2010 GUIDELINE CATEGORIES
      2010 年审查指南規定的分类

•   Third category – obvious to try
    第三类 - 显而易见的尝试

        According to the Federal Circuit, not obvious if one must explore
         a new technology or general approach that seemed to be a
         promising field of experimentation, where the prior art gave only
         general guidance as to the particular form of the claimed
         invention or how to achieve it
         根据联邦巡迴法院的意见,如果一个发明必须探寻一项新技术或
         者一般方法看上去是重要的实验领域而先前技术仅对特定形态的
         有专利权利的发明提供概括的指导或者如何达到有专利权利发明
         的,则认为是非显而易见性。




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2010 GUIDELINE CATEGORIES
      2010 年审查指南規定的分类

•   Third category – obvious to try
    第三类 - 显而易见的尝试

        Not obvious to try to obtain a claimed compound where the prior
         art did not present a finite and easily traversed number of
         potential starting compounds, and there was no apparent reason
         for selecting a particular starting compound from among a
         number of unpredictable alternatives
         在先前技术沒有表明一个确定且容易来回研究的潜在开始成份,
         并且沒有明显原因在许多不可预测的选项中选择一个特定的开始
         成份的情況下,尝试去获得一个有专利权利的成份是非显而易见
         的。




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2010 GUIDELINE CATEGORIES
      [2010 年审查指南規定的分类 ]

•   Third category – obvious to try
    第三类 - 显而易见的尝试

        Mere existence of a large number of options does not in
         and of itself lead to a conclusion of nonobviousness
         仅有众多选择的存在本身不会导致其非显而易见性的结论




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2010 GUIDELINE CATEGORIES
      2010 年审查指南規定的分类

•   Third category – obvious to try
    第三类 - 显而易见的尝试

        Even when only a small number of possible choices exist, the
         obvious to try approach is not appropriate when, upon
         consideration of all of the evidence, the outcome would not have
         been reasonably predictable and the inventor would not have a
         reasonable expectation of success
         即使只有小部份可能的选择存在,考虑到所有证据的情況下,结
         果不能被合理的预测,以及发明者不会有合理的成功的期望,显
         而易见的尝试的方法还是不合适。




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USING THE GUIDELINES TO YOUR
            ADVANTAGE
               善用指南
•    Arguments to the Examiner
     对审查员的辩驳




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                                 32
USING THE GUIDELINES TO YOUR
            ADVANTAGE
               善用指南
•    Graham v. Deere
     Graham 對 Deere

        Argument – rejection omits required factual findings
         论点 - 驳回忽略了必须的事实根据




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USING THE GUIDELINES TO YOUR
            ADVANTAGE
               善用指南
•    Examiner line of reasoning
     审查员方面的说理

        Argument – any one line of reasoning is not a per se rule
         – must be flexible approach
         论点 - 任何一方面的说理都不是本质规则 – 必须为灵活的
         方式




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USING THE GUIDELINES TO YOUR
            ADVANTAGE
               善用指南
•    Examiner line of reasoning
     审查员方面的说理

        Argument – prior art teaches away from the claimed
         invention
         论点 - 先前技术有別于有专利权利发明的反向教示




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USING THE GUIDELINES TO YOUR
            ADVANTAGE
               善用指南
•    Examiner line of reasoning
     审查员方面的说理

        Argument – prior art lacks a reasonable expectation of
         success
         论点 -先前技术缺少一个对成功的合理期望




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USING THE GUIDELINES TO YOUR
            ADVANTAGE
               善用指南
•    Examiner line of reasoning
     审查员方面的说理

        Argument – claimed invention provides unexpected
         results
         论点 - 有专利权利的发明提供出人意料的结果




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USING THE GUIDELINES TO YOUR
            ADVANTAGE
               善用指南
•    Combination of elements
     元素的结合

        Argument – combining step involves additional effort that
         one of ordinary skill would not have undertaken
         论点 - 结合涉及一般技巧不能取代的额外努力的步骤




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USING THE GUIDELINES TO YOUR
            ADVANTAGE
               善用指南
•    Combination of elements
     元素的结合

        Argument – merely pointing to the presence of all claim
         elements in the prior art is not a complete statement of
         rejection
         论点 - 仅仅指出先前技术所有专利权利要素的存在,并不
         是一个完整的反驳论点




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USING THE GUIDELINES TO YOUR
            ADVANTAGE
               善用指南
•    Combination of elements
     元素的结合

        Argument – conclusory statements are insufficient
         论点 - 总结性的言论是不充分的




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                                                             40
USING THE GUIDELINES TO YOUR
            ADVANTAGE
               善用指南
•    Combination of elements
     元素的结合

        Argument – there must be some reason for starting with a
         component other than the mere fact that the component
         exists
         论点 - 必须有关于某种成份的理由,而不仅仅是关于这个
         组合成份存在的事实




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USING THE GUIDELINES TO YOUR
            ADVANTAGE
               善用指南
•    Obvious to try
     显而易见的尝试

        Argument – there was no finite number of identified,
         predictable solutions to the recognized need, and no
         reasonable expectation of success
         论点 - 沒有确定数目的被承认的、可预测的解決措施来确
         认需要,也沒有合理的对成功的期望




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                                                            42
USING THE GUIDELINES TO YOUR
            ADVANTAGE
              [ 善用指南 ]
•    Obvious to try
     显而易见的尝试

        Argument – finite number of identified, predictable
         solutions means small or easily traversed in the context of
         the art in question
         论点 - 确定数目的可确认的,可预测的方法意味着轻易的
         在正被怀疑的技术中来回的研究。




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QUESTIONS
         如有问题,敬请指教!




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                       44

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2010 USPTO Guidelines for Obviousness - by Michael Shimokaji

  • 1. PATENT UPDATE 专利更新 2010 USPTO GUIDELINES FOR OBVIOUSNESS 2010 年美国专利商标局显而易见性指 南 Michael A. Shimokaji 麦克尔律師 WWW.SHIMOKAJI.COM
  • 2. PATENT UPDATE 专 利更新 麦克尔专利律師事务所专精知识产权法律—专利,商标 , 版权,商业秘密,及不合理竞争。 本所的客戶从刚起步的公司到世界五百强的企业,及政 府机构和大学等。 本所代理的客戶有波音公司, 柯罗楼斯 (CLOROX) 日用品公司,霍尼韦尔( HONEYWELL )公司, IBM 公司, 高通 (QUALCOMM )公司, 加州大学, 美国 海军及富国银行等。 虽然本所位于美国加利福尼亚州,但是本所的客戶遍布 美国东西海岸。 本所的业务拓展至亞洲, 包括中国, 香港 ,台湾和新加坡 . WWW.SHIMOKAJI.COM
  • 3. PATENT UPDATE 专利更新 历史 麦克尔律師 在 2004 年 成立此律师事务所 , 坚持 給予 客戶 以品质与时效性 。 尽管有许多专业型律师事务所被一般大型律师事务所合 并,麦克尔律师事务所 了解 许多 客戶还是钟情于专业型律师 事务所:因为这样的律师事务所不但能够提供与大所一样, 甚至更高质的服务,而且价格比大所要实惠很多。 . 品质控管与专案管理 制度 本所独一无二 地 采用品质控管系统来确保 本所客戶 在 任何 律师 或 专利师的 代理 下 , 都会得到 一致 的高品质服务 来满足他们的特別需求。 与其他律师事务所不同的是,本所还采用了一个文 书的专案管理制度来保证本所 完成案件的 时效性 。 WWW.SHIMOKAJI.COM 3
  • 4. PATENT UPDATE 专利更新 费用结构 特別是在本所的非诉讼服務,本所力求避免传统的小时计费制度。 相反地 , 在一些特定领域,如专利撰写及申请,本所与客戶一道共 同建立一个固定费用及 / 或不超过一个设定项目的收费标准, 所以 本所的客戶不必费心计算每小时多少费用及在本所共花了多少个小 時。 然而,即使是在传统上一直是以小时收费的专利诉讼领域,我们往 往也可以调整收费结构 , 使之不完全以小时计费。甚至,本所的收 费标准可与本所所代表的客戶实现的诉讼结果作联结。 WWW.SHIMOKAJI.COM 4
  • 5. OVERVIEW 概览 • PRIOR 2007 KSR GUIDELINES 旧的 2007 年显而易见性审查指南 • PURPOSE OF THE 2010 GUIDELINES 2010 年审查指南的用意 • CATEGORIES UNDER THE 2010 GUIDELINES 2010 年审查指南规定的分类 • USING THE GUIDELINES TO YOUR ADVANTAGE 善用指南 WWW.SHIMOKAJI.COM
  • 6. PRIOR 2007 KSR GUIDELINES 旧的 2007 年显而易见性审查指南 • Incorporated into MPEP, Section 2141 被编入美国专利审查程序手册第 2141 节 WWW.SHIMOKAJI.COM 6
  • 7. PRIOR 2007 KSR GUIDELINES 旧的 2007 年显而易见性审查指南 • Confirmed controlling inquiries under Graham v. Deere 肯定在 Graham v. Deere 案中确立的主要审查事项  Scope and content of prior art 先前技术的范围和內容  Differences between claimed invention and prior art 有专利权利的发明和先前技术的分別 WWW.SHIMOKAJI.COM 7
  • 8. PRIOR 2007 KSR GUIDELINES 旧的 2007 年显而易见性审查指南 • Confirmed controlling inquiries under Graham v. Deere 肯定在 Graham v. Deere 案中确立的主要审查事项  Level of ordinary skill in the art 在技术中的普通技巧的等级  Secondary indicia of non-obviousness 非显而易见性的次要标记 WWW.SHIMOKAJI.COM 8
  • 9. PRIOR 2007 KSR GUIDELINES 旧的 2007 年显而易见性审查指南 • Teaching-suggestion-motivation (TSM) was one possible approach 教导-启示-动机是一种可能的方式 WWW.SHIMOKAJI.COM 9
  • 10. PRIOR 2007 KSR GUIDELINES 旧的 2007 年显而易见性审查指南 • Six other approaches 其它 6 种方式  One – combining prior art elements according to known methods to yield predictable results 1 – 根据已知的方法结合现有技术因素从而产生可以预测 的结果 WWW.SHIMOKAJI.COM 10
  • 11. PRIOR 2007 KSR GUIDELINES 旧的 2007 年显而易见性审查指南 • Six other approaches 其它 6 种 方式  Two – simple substitution of one known element for another to obtain predictable results 2 - 简单用一已知因素替代另一个来获得可预测的结果 WWW.SHIMOKAJI.COM 11
  • 12. PRIOR 2007 KSR GUIDELINES 旧的 2007 年显而易见性审查指南 • Six other approaches 其它 6 种方式  Three – use of a known technique to improve similar devices, methods, or products 3 - 使用一种已知技术来改进类似设备,方法或者产品 WWW.SHIMOKAJI.COM 12
  • 13. PRIOR 2007 KSR GUIDELINES 旧的 2007 年显而易见性审查指南 • Six other approaches 其它 6 种方式  Four – applying a known technique to a known device, method, or product to yield predictable results 4 -把一种已知的技术应用到一个已知的设备,或者应用 到一个方式中,或者应用到一个产品上,从而得到可预测 的结果 WWW.SHIMOKAJI.COM 13
  • 14. PRIOR 2007 KSR GUIDELINES 旧的 2007 年显而易见性审查指南 • Six other approaches 其它 6 种方式  Five – obvious to try – choosing from a finite number of identified, predictable solutions, with a reasonable expectation of success 5 - 显而易见的尝试-怀着合理的成功期望,从一定数目 的已被确认的,可预测的措施中选择一项措施 WWW.SHIMOKAJI.COM 14
  • 15. PRIOR 2007 KSR GUIDELINES 旧的 2007 年显而易见性审查指南 • Six other approaches 其它 6 种方式  Six – known work in one field of endeavor may prompt variations of it for use in either the same or different field based on design incentives or other market forces if the variations are predictable 6 - 在某一领域的已知成绩可能促使该成绩的多样化,如 果这种多样化是可预测的,将作用在同样或者不同的领域 ,这是根据设计动机或其它市场因素而产生。 WWW.SHIMOKAJI.COM 15
  • 16. PRIOR 2007 KSR GUIDELINES 旧的 2007 年显而易见性审查指南 • KSR did not place a limit on the particular approach to be taken 易见性审查沒有对方法进行限制  No single test for obviousness 沒有单一的显而易见的标准  A flexible approach is to be used 方法可以灵活多样 WWW.SHIMOKAJI.COM 16
  • 17. PURPOSE OF THE 2010 GUIDELINES 2010 年审查指南的用意 • To be used by USPTO examiners in conjunction with MPEP when applying law of obviousness 根据美国专利审查程序手冊,在应用显而易见性法律 的時候,为美国商标专利局审查员所应用  Highlight of case law since 2007 KSR decision by US Supreme Court 自美国最高法院针对 2007 年 KSR 案件做出的決定,判例 法得到强调 WWW.SHIMOKAJI.COM 17
  • 18. PURPOSE OF THE 2010 GUIDELINES 2010 年审查指南的用意 • To be used by USPTO examiners in conjunction with MPEP when applying law of obviousness 根据美国专利审查程序手冊,在应用显而易见性法律 的時候,为美国专利商标局审查员所应用  Case law provides examples useful to examiners and practitioners during examination 判例法为审查过程中的审查员和律师提供有用的参考例子 WWW.SHIMOKAJI.COM 18
  • 19. PURPOSE OF THE 2010 GUIDELINES 2010 年审查指南的用意 • Outside of the purpose: 用意之外:  Not substantive rule making or effect of law 并非实体法律或者法律的效力  Not right of procedure enforceable against USPTO 并非可以对美国专利商标局表示异议的程序权利 WWW.SHIMOKAJI.COM 19
  • 20. PURPOSE OF THE 2010 GUIDELINES 2010 年审查指南的用意 • Illustrative cases in the Guidelines: 审查指南中的案例  Confirm idea that there may be more than one line of reasoning that can be properly applied to particular facts 确定对特定事实可能存在多种论证  Show that lines of reasoning may overlap to establish obviousness 表明多种论证可能交叠,而建立显而易见性 WWW.SHIMOKAJI.COM 20
  • 21. 2010 GUIDELINE CATEGORIES 2010 年审查指南規定的分类 • Illustrative cases grouped by categories: 说明性案件种类划分:  First – combining prior art elements – corresponds to 2007 Guidelines 第一: 结合先前技术因素 - 符合 2007 年指南  Second – substituting one known element for another – corresponds to 2007 Guidelines 第二: 用一已知因素取代另一个 - 符合 2007 年指南 WWW.SHIMOKAJI.COM 21
  • 22. 2010 GUIDELINE CATEGORIES 2010 年审查指南規定的分类 • Illustrative cases grouped by categories: 说明性案件种类划分:  Third – obvious to try – corresponds to 2007 Guidelines 第三: 显而易见的尝试 - 符合 2007 年指南  Fourth – consideration of evidence 第四: 对证据的考虑 WWW.SHIMOKAJI.COM 22
  • 23. 2010 GUIDELINE CATEGORIES 2010 年审查指南規定的分类 • First category – combining prior art elements 第一类 - 结合现有技术因素  Even when components are known, the combining step is technically feasible, and the result is predictable, it may be nonobvious when the combining step involves such additional effort that no one of ordinary skill would have undertaken it 即使当成份已经为人所知,结合的步骤严格来说还是可行的,并 且结果也是可预测的。当结合步骤涉及这样的额外工作而沒有其 它一般的技术可以做到时,非显而易见性可能成立 WWW.SHIMOKAJI.COM 23
  • 24. 2010 GUIDELINE CATEGORIES 2010 年审查指南規定的分类 • First category – combining prior art elements 第一类 - 结合先前技术因素  A claimed combination of prior art elements may be nonobvious where the prior art teaches away from the combination and the combination yields more than predictable results 有专利权利的先前技术要素的组合也許是非显而易见的,如果先 前技术和这种组合是反向教示,并且该组合产生比可预见结果更 多的內容。 WWW.SHIMOKAJI.COM 24
  • 25. 2010 GUIDELINE CATEGORIES 2010 年审查指南規定的分类 • First category – combining prior art elements 第一类 - 结合先前技术因素  An inference that a claimed combination would not have been obvious is especially strong where the prior art’s teachings undermine the very reason being proferred as to why a person of ordinary skill would have combined the known elements 有一个推论认为有专利权利的组合不会是显而易见的,这在先前 技术的教示低估了为什么一个有普通技巧的人可以结合已知的要 素的情況下尤其明显。 WWW.SHIMOKAJI.COM 25
  • 26. 2010 GUIDELINE CATEGORIES 2010 年审查指南規定的分类 • Third category – obvious to try 第三类 - 显而易见的尝试  A claimed compound would not have been obvious where there was no reason to modify the closest prior art compound to obtain the claimed compound and the prior art taught that modifying the compound would destroy its advantageous property 一个权利组成成份在沒有理由改变最接近的先前技术的成份从而 或得专利权利的成份的情況下不会是显而易见的,并且先前技术 有一旦改变成份就会破坏其优势的特点。 WWW.SHIMOKAJI.COM 26
  • 27. 2010 GUIDELINE CATEGORIES 2010 年审查指南規定的分类 • Third category – obvious to try 第三类 - 显而易见的尝试  According to the Federal Circuit, not obvious if one must vary all parameters or try each of numerous possible choices until one possibly arrived at a successful result, where the prior art gave either no indication of which parameters were critical or no direction as to which of many possible choices is likely to be successful 根据联邦巡迴法院的意见,如果一项发明所有的参数都必须不同 或者必须尝试每个发明的众多可能选择直到其中一个可能达到成 果的结果,并且在这结果中,先前技术沒給出关于众多选择中哪 个可能成功的必不可缺的参数或方向,那就不具有显而易见性。 WWW.SHIMOKAJI.COM 27
  • 28. 2010 GUIDELINE CATEGORIES 2010 年审查指南規定的分类 • Third category – obvious to try 第三类 - 显而易见的尝试  According to the Federal Circuit, not obvious if one must explore a new technology or general approach that seemed to be a promising field of experimentation, where the prior art gave only general guidance as to the particular form of the claimed invention or how to achieve it 根据联邦巡迴法院的意见,如果一个发明必须探寻一项新技术或 者一般方法看上去是重要的实验领域而先前技术仅对特定形态的 有专利权利的发明提供概括的指导或者如何达到有专利权利发明 的,则认为是非显而易见性。 WWW.SHIMOKAJI.COM 28
  • 29. 2010 GUIDELINE CATEGORIES 2010 年审查指南規定的分类 • Third category – obvious to try 第三类 - 显而易见的尝试  Not obvious to try to obtain a claimed compound where the prior art did not present a finite and easily traversed number of potential starting compounds, and there was no apparent reason for selecting a particular starting compound from among a number of unpredictable alternatives 在先前技术沒有表明一个确定且容易来回研究的潜在开始成份, 并且沒有明显原因在许多不可预测的选项中选择一个特定的开始 成份的情況下,尝试去获得一个有专利权利的成份是非显而易见 的。 WWW.SHIMOKAJI.COM 29
  • 30. 2010 GUIDELINE CATEGORIES [2010 年审查指南規定的分类 ] • Third category – obvious to try 第三类 - 显而易见的尝试  Mere existence of a large number of options does not in and of itself lead to a conclusion of nonobviousness 仅有众多选择的存在本身不会导致其非显而易见性的结论 WWW.SHIMOKAJI.COM 30
  • 31. 2010 GUIDELINE CATEGORIES 2010 年审查指南規定的分类 • Third category – obvious to try 第三类 - 显而易见的尝试  Even when only a small number of possible choices exist, the obvious to try approach is not appropriate when, upon consideration of all of the evidence, the outcome would not have been reasonably predictable and the inventor would not have a reasonable expectation of success 即使只有小部份可能的选择存在,考虑到所有证据的情況下,结 果不能被合理的预测,以及发明者不会有合理的成功的期望,显 而易见的尝试的方法还是不合适。 WWW.SHIMOKAJI.COM
  • 32. USING THE GUIDELINES TO YOUR ADVANTAGE 善用指南 • Arguments to the Examiner 对审查员的辩驳 WWW.SHIMOKAJI.COM 32
  • 33. USING THE GUIDELINES TO YOUR ADVANTAGE 善用指南 • Graham v. Deere Graham 對 Deere  Argument – rejection omits required factual findings 论点 - 驳回忽略了必须的事实根据 WWW.SHIMOKAJI.COM 33
  • 34. USING THE GUIDELINES TO YOUR ADVANTAGE 善用指南 • Examiner line of reasoning 审查员方面的说理  Argument – any one line of reasoning is not a per se rule – must be flexible approach 论点 - 任何一方面的说理都不是本质规则 – 必须为灵活的 方式 WWW.SHIMOKAJI.COM 34
  • 35. USING THE GUIDELINES TO YOUR ADVANTAGE 善用指南 • Examiner line of reasoning 审查员方面的说理  Argument – prior art teaches away from the claimed invention 论点 - 先前技术有別于有专利权利发明的反向教示 WWW.SHIMOKAJI.COM 35
  • 36. USING THE GUIDELINES TO YOUR ADVANTAGE 善用指南 • Examiner line of reasoning 审查员方面的说理  Argument – prior art lacks a reasonable expectation of success 论点 -先前技术缺少一个对成功的合理期望 WWW.SHIMOKAJI.COM 36
  • 37. USING THE GUIDELINES TO YOUR ADVANTAGE 善用指南 • Examiner line of reasoning 审查员方面的说理  Argument – claimed invention provides unexpected results 论点 - 有专利权利的发明提供出人意料的结果 WWW.SHIMOKAJI.COM 37
  • 38. USING THE GUIDELINES TO YOUR ADVANTAGE 善用指南 • Combination of elements 元素的结合  Argument – combining step involves additional effort that one of ordinary skill would not have undertaken 论点 - 结合涉及一般技巧不能取代的额外努力的步骤 WWW.SHIMOKAJI.COM 38
  • 39. USING THE GUIDELINES TO YOUR ADVANTAGE 善用指南 • Combination of elements 元素的结合  Argument – merely pointing to the presence of all claim elements in the prior art is not a complete statement of rejection 论点 - 仅仅指出先前技术所有专利权利要素的存在,并不 是一个完整的反驳论点 WWW.SHIMOKAJI.COM 39
  • 40. USING THE GUIDELINES TO YOUR ADVANTAGE 善用指南 • Combination of elements 元素的结合  Argument – conclusory statements are insufficient 论点 - 总结性的言论是不充分的 WWW.SHIMOKAJI.COM 40
  • 41. USING THE GUIDELINES TO YOUR ADVANTAGE 善用指南 • Combination of elements 元素的结合  Argument – there must be some reason for starting with a component other than the mere fact that the component exists 论点 - 必须有关于某种成份的理由,而不仅仅是关于这个 组合成份存在的事实 WWW.SHIMOKAJI.COM 41
  • 42. USING THE GUIDELINES TO YOUR ADVANTAGE 善用指南 • Obvious to try 显而易见的尝试  Argument – there was no finite number of identified, predictable solutions to the recognized need, and no reasonable expectation of success 论点 - 沒有确定数目的被承认的、可预测的解決措施来确 认需要,也沒有合理的对成功的期望 WWW.SHIMOKAJI.COM 42
  • 43. USING THE GUIDELINES TO YOUR ADVANTAGE [ 善用指南 ] • Obvious to try 显而易见的尝试  Argument – finite number of identified, predictable solutions means small or easily traversed in the context of the art in question 论点 - 确定数目的可确认的,可预测的方法意味着轻易的 在正被怀疑的技术中来回的研究。 WWW.SHIMOKAJI.COM 43
  • 44. QUESTIONS 如有问题,敬请指教! WWW.SHIMOKAJI.COM 44