Solid waste is one of the most common challenges faced by many different countries. However, developing countries are suffering more than the developed countries when it comes to managing solid waste management. Jig-jiga City, like other cities in developing countries, faces problems associated with poorly managed solid waste operation. The study concerns about the Assessment of the current solid waste management and practices and challenges. The survey was conducted in 03 from commercial areas and 06 from residential area with total sample size of 298 households. Different sampling methods were employed to select the study units including: stratified sampling, systematic random sampling, and purposive sampling. Though the bulk of the data collected were qualitative in nature, it was also supported by quantitative information collected through survey and secondary sources. The study discovered that there is low performance of SWM in the city mainly due to: lack of properly designed collection system and time schedule, inadequate and malfunctioning operation equipment, open burning of refuse, poor condition of the final dumpsite and less awareness creation among community which encouraged illegal dumping are the technical problem identified. Insufficient budget and funds as well as lack of promotion on waste reduction, recycling, absence of waste recovery, practice of energy option, waste separation and composting are among the management challenges facing the city. Social problems encountered include: lack of public awareness, unwillingness to pay, ill dumping manner (often around residence and any open spaces) and improper outlook for waste workers. Incompetence of organizations in terms of equipment required for operation and man power /staff qualifications, training and human resource developments and unreliable service are the institutional challenge that the city encountered in the sector. Finally, the study forwarded some important recommendations towards improving the waste management practice.

1. Assessment of Existing Solid Waste management Practices and
Challenges: The Case of Jig-Jiga City, Somali region East Ethiopia
Mohammed Mahdi Elmi,1,*
Mowlid Hassan,1,2
Abdirahman AW-muse2*
1*Msc environmental and Climate Change Management, Somali Region Pastoral and Agro-
Pastoral Research Institute Email: Muxamadmahdi@gmail.com
1,2
BSc Range Ecology and Biodiversity, College of Dry land Agriculture, Kebri Dehar
University, East Ethiopia Email: Hassanmowlid@yahoo.com https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3878-
5662
2
MSc disaster risk management and sustainable development, College of Dry land
Agriculture Jigjiga University, Email: prof.awliyo@gmail.com
Did the Article: May,2018 , edited,October,2019
Abstract: Solid waste is one of the most common challenges faced by many different countries.
However, developing countries are suffering more than the developed countries when it comes to
managing solid waste management. Jig-jiga City, like other cities in developing countries, faces
problems associated with poorly managed solid waste operation. The study concerns about the
Assessment of the current solid waste management and practices and challenges. The survey was
conducted in 03 from commercial areas and 06 from residential area w i t h t o t a l s a m p l e s i z e o f
2 9 8 h o u s e h o l d s . Different sampling methods were employed to select the study units
including: stratified sampling, systematic random sampling, and purposive sampling. Though the
bulk of the data collected were qualitative in nature, it was also supported by quantitative
information collected through survey and secondary sources. The study discovered that there is
low performance of SWM in the city mainly due to: lack of properly designed collection
system and time schedule, inadequate and malfunctioning operation equipment, open burning
of refuse, poor condition of the final dumpsite and less awareness creation among community
which encouraged illegal dumping are the technical problem identified. Insufficient budget and
funds as well as lack of promotion on waste reduction, recycling, absence of waste recovery,
practice of energy option, waste separation and composting are among the management
challenges facing the city. Social problems encountered include: lack of public awareness,
unwillingness to pay, ill dumping manner (often around residence and any open spaces) and
improper outlook for waste workers. Incompetence of organizations in terms of equipment
required for operation and man power /staff qualifications, training and human resource
developments and unreliable service are the institutional challenge that the city encountered in
the sector. Finally, the study forwarded some important recommendations towards improving
the waste management practice.
Keywords: sanitation and beautification, solid waste management, Community Based
Organization

2. INTRODUCTION
All human activities generate wastes in
different forms, however most individual items
of waste particularly wastes from houses and
offices are not themselves a direct threat to the
public health, but always, it is the manner
wastes are stored, collected, and disposed that
pose risk to the public health (George,1993).
Waste was an early problem of mankind,
and a growing one that is of major concern
to every nation of the world
(Allende, 2009).In early pre-industrial times,
waste generation was not an issue as
populations were smaller. Waste was
disposed of in the ground where it would
turn to compost to improve soil fertility.
Waste management issues are coming to
the forefront of the global environmental
agenda at an increasing frequency, as
population and consumption growth result
in increasing quantities of waste. In the
context of the above mentioned challenge
a New Paradigm for waste management
has emerged, shifting attention to
resources efficiency and minimization
of environmental impacts throughout the
life cycle of waste management, from
waste prevention to safe disposal. The
primary objective of waste management is
to give adequate protection to the general
public and environment from harmful
effects of waste. Municipal SWM is a
problem that is experienced by all counties
in the world. It is an issue mostly
witnessed in urban areas as a result of high
surge in population growth rate and
increase in per capita income thus
posing a danger to environmental
quality and human health (Javaheri
2006). Because of its nature, it has remained
one the major environmental problems man
continues to face. An investigation into
waste management is now becoming
increasingly critical in developing
countries (Kyessi and Mwakalinga, 2009).
(Issam et al. 2007) report that waste
management, which has generally been
understudied, in developing countries is now
receiving increasing attention in the
literature. Municipal SWM problems have
become more pronounced in recent years,
as a result of inadequate collection and
disposal of wastes. In most cities, wastes
are not properly collected and where
proper collection is ensured, only a small
fraction receives proper disposals. Urban
waste management has been a challenge
for municipalities and urban governments
in the developing world, largely due to
poor infrastructure, bureaucratic
Competence and limited institutional
capacity of the municipalities. However,
Municipalities throughout Ethiopia are not
free of these problems as they have been
facing major challenges with solid
waste collection and landfill
management. According to Joint
Environmental Protection Authority (EPA)
and World Bank study conducted in
2004, per capita amount of waste generated
in Ethiopia ranged from 0.17 to 0.48
kg/person/day for urban areas to about
0.11 to 0.35 kg/capita/day for rural areas.
The range depends on several Factors
such as income and season. The total
generation of municipal solid waste in
Ethiopia in 2003 is estimated to be 2.8 to
8.8 million tonnes. This can be split to
approximately 0.6 to 1.8 million tons from
rural Areas and 2.2 to 7 million tonnes from
urban areas (EPA &World Bank, 2004).in
many of the cities in Ethiopia, the
municipality administration is responsible
for waste collection. Though, there is a
wide variation in performance in relation to
waste collection in cities of Ethiopia, it

3. has become a common practice to have
household waste to be pre- collected by
individuals who are organized through formal
or informal association. The pre-collected
waste is then transferred to containers
which are then collected by municipality,
nevertheless, in many cities there are not
enough containers to cover the population
and vehicles are typically under
maintenance or out of service for long
periods of time. As there is very limited
effort to recycle, reuse or recover the waste
that is being generated; waste disposal has
been the major mode of waste
management practice. When considering
SWM in general, it should be noted that it
is rather small fraction of waste that ever
reaches dump sites or landfills in Ethiopia.
Some studies have shown that only 43% of
waste is collected in the country are
properly collected and disposed in open
landfills. The remaining waste is
indiscriminately disposed in drainage lines,
open spaces, street sides or is informally
burned. The total generation of municipal
solid waste in Ethiopia in 2003 is estimated
to be 2.8 to 8.8 million tonnes. This can be
split to approximately 0.6 to 1.8 million
tons from urban areas and 2.2 to 7 million
tons from rural areas (EPA/World Bank
2004)Jig-jiga City, being the largest city in
the Somali Regional State and one of the
quickly urbanizing centers in the country,
has been grappled with an increasingly
growing urban waste management
problem. Taking per capita amount of waste
generation in the nation and total
population of the city as to CSA (2007)
into account, the total generation of
municipal solid waste in city in 2007 is
estimated to be 21.4 to 60.4 tones. Currently
only around 40% of the solid waste
produced per day is collected and disposed
by the; Private enterprises (
HOPE&Dhammays) in dumpsite at
6km away from the city center and the
remaining 60% of the solid wastes are
uncollected and dumped in unauthorized
areas such as open fields, ditches, sewers,
streets and many other available spaces
in the city. Uncollected garbage is a
serious environmental hazard for all,
especially in areas where the roads are not
accessible for collection by the collectors.
These cause bad smells and attract various
diseases and pests resulting in deteriorated
aesthetic quality of the city. The social
(HH) waste collection service is
unsatisfactory, and scenes of scattered waste
are common in most part of the city. As a
result, the population has the opinion that
the solid waste collection service is not
functioning properly. As a result of this,
the willingness of the population to
cooperate with waste collection operation
and to pay for the service is low. Solid
waste collected from hospitals, residential
and business areas is dumped at the
dumpsite on the outskirt of the city. In
terms of social waste processing and
recycling, little is done at all level of its
management i.e. There is small number
Households practice recycling of materials such
as bags for storage of wastes as fertilizer and
some metals for selling. Source other options
like energy recovery and composting are
not practiced as alternatives for waste
recovery. The disposal of waste has proved
to be a major public health issue and a
vital factor affecting the quality of the
environment. This, especially in Ethiopian
cities has become one of the most
intractable environmental problems today.
One of the main problems facing the
city is open and indiscriminate dumping
of refuse (observation). Piles of decaying
garbage are found in strategic locations in
the heart of the city. Wastes in such places

4. are obviously a source of air and water
pollution, land contamination and
environmental degradation. In the developing
countries like Ethiopia the urban population
has been growing at a rate greater than the rate
of sanitary provision. The increasing
populations in urban areas need better and
adequate municipal services. However,
municipalities are unable to meet the demand
because of inadequate revenue and the weak
institutional technical capacity. In Ethiopia,
like in many other developing countries,
municipalities do not receive adequate regular
budget from the regional or federal
governments for solid waste management
activities. According to the Jig-Jiga city
administration report (2012), the town
municipality collected only about 43% and
the remaining 57% was thrown in open areas
and inside the residencies that is causing threat
to the health and environment. There are
several factors behind the growing waste
management failure by local authorities. But
the major ones are; absence of well-established
private sector and strong civil society to
supplement the municipal waste management
framework and incapacity of most city
dwellers to pay cost recovery service charge,
The problem is also connected to a lack of
comprehensive waste management policy,
lack of sound institutional organization, in
adequate budget allocation and poor
utilization of human resources. in recent there
have been some encouraged trends of growing
involvement of informal sectors, and MSEs in
SWM. However the Jig-Jiga city
administrations still face many different
challenges in solid waste management. These
problems are increasing from day to day.
Therefore, it is the concern of this paper to
assess the existing solid waste practices and
challenges in Jig-Jiga city. Specifically to
determine the types and volumes of solid waste
in Jig-Jiga town, to analyze the method of
collection of solid waste and their safe disposal,
to determine the impact of solid waste
management practices on the environment and
the health of the people, to identify bottlenecks
in the management of solid waste towards best
practices.
Research Methodology
This research employed descriptive method,
because it assisted in gaining broader
understanding of the solid waste management
system and challenges. The sampling technique
was used to represent the total population of the
town. To conduct data the probability sampling
techniques of simple random sampling
methods was used for households, commercial
center, institutions found in selected sample
areas and the non- probability sampling
techniques of purposive sampling for relevant
institutions of the towns.
Methods of Data Collection
Both primary and secondary data was used to
collect comprehensive understanding data
regarding solid waste management system and
challenges faced by jig-jiga town. The primary
data was collected from officials of the
municipality, town administration, city
beautification and sanitation department,
households, private sectors, and regional health
office. The secondary data was collected from
archive, abstracts, published and unpublished
materials and internet sources, in addition
world book dictionary, articles etc was used to
support reviews related to literature.
Sampling Technique
For this study, purposive sampling and
stratified random sampling in two Kebeles
(the smallest administrative unit), 03 kebele
from the commercial center and 06 kebele
from residential areas of the city were
selected. Stratified sampling technique was
used due to the variability of the municipal
solid waste generation sources
Heterogeneous units were divided into

5. non-overlapping groups resulting in
representative sampling. The numbers of
samples within each stratum were
determined based on respective
proportional percentages of each stratum. In
this study, to identify the participating
households, they were stratified into two
groups; residential and non- residential
(commercial) categorized as 74% and 26%
of total number of housing units,
respectively, CSA (2007). Sample size (n)
of households that participate was
determined by using a sample technique
(Cochran, 1977) formula, given by:
Where;
P=Housing unit variable (Residential houses
which is 74%
Of N)
Q=1-P (Non residential houses which is 26%
of N)
N=Total number of housing units ((23,263;
CSA, 2007)
Z=Standardized normal variable and
valued that
Corresponds to 95% confidence interval
equal to1.96
d=Allowable error (0.05)
Therefore, the result, n=293 was the
minimum reliable sample size of housing
units while five housing units were added to
augment the confidence. This was done in
the two selected Kebeles and the total
sample size was 298 Households. After
this, simple random sampling was
employed based on the proportional
percentage of samples within each stratum to
decide the number of samples that was taken
from each strum.
Result and discussion
Source and characteristics of solid waste
The result of the survey in the study area
showed that solid waste is an aggregate of all
substances ready for disposal. The
composition of the solid organic waste was
almost homogenous in nature across the
study households. As it was observed in this
study, majority of the waste was of plastic
origin while the animal and the industrial
origin was almost none in most of the
households of the plastic source, residues of
festal (known as mika locally) and liquid
containers take the greatest portion.
Figure 3 the sources and characteristics of
solid waste in residential and commercial
areas.
The above Figure shows the percentage of
solid waste generations by source and type in
jig-jiga city, it has been revealed that the
20%
4%
6%
30%
40%
proportion of solid
waste generated …paper
cardboard
21%
34%10%
30%
5%
proportion of solid
waste generated from
commercial area
paper
cardboard

6. largest constituent of residential solid waste
was food waste 40% and followed by plastic
bottle and bags 30% papers 20%, remaining
6% and 4% are metals and cardboards
respectively. And in the commercial areas
cardboard is 34% the largest constituents next
is plastic bottle and festal since commercial
stores use these two substances too often and
is followed by papers 21%. Remaining is 10%
metals and 5%food wastes respectively.
Weight and amount of solid waste in the town
A. Residential Waste: comprises wastes that
are generated from household activities, mainly
organic waste. Food waste, paper, cardboards,
plastic, textiles, leather, yard wastes, glass, tins,
cans, aluminum, ashes, street leaves, batteries,
oil and tires, and hazardous family wastes.
(UNCH, 2006). The survey result showed 74.8
percent of the composition of wastes
generation in the town is covered by household
solid waste; such amount of solid waste
generation makes the household wastes to
become complex and heterogeneous. The total
quantity of waste generated by households
will be calculated by using the Following
formula.
Using P2018=169,736.persons
Generation rate= 0.04kg/capita/day (according
to jig-jiga city municipality)
=169,736x0.04kg Kg
= 6,789.4Kg /day /total in habitants
B. commercial wastes; according to business
dictionary, 2018 commercial waste is solid, non-
hazardous waste generated by commercial
establishments such as hotels and restaurants,
markets, offices, stores, theatres, fuels stations
etc.. There are 1,839 shops, 268 Hotel & café,
82 butcheries, 16 bakers, 57 Pharmacies, 8
Clinic, 55 Garage (SRS survey, 2013). The
survey result showed that about 3.5% of the
total generated wastes come from commercial
centers and, 22.2% also covered by mixed
use (from commercial and residential). The
total quantity of waste generated by commercial
activities is;
Total amount of generated waste 6,789.4 kg/
adopted from residential waste/ =6,789.4 Kg x
0.035(3.5%) 237.6kg/ day
The total quantity of waste generated by
mixed use is estimated
Total quantity of waste generated 6,789.4 kg/
day
6,789.4 x 0.2033(22.2%) = 1,507.2 kg/ day

7. Solid waste handling practices.
Solid Waste Storage
The survey result showed that, some commercial area
and institution, such as town health center, clinics, and
beauty salons, and schools had standardized primary
dust bins with special covers and greater than 50 cm
height. However, the majority of the household had
non-standardized primary storage (i.e. in capacity,
material type and waterproof) such as “fertilizer”
sack, plastic bag, dustbin, Container, plastic can and
private pit
Plate 2: Primary Storage (Fertilizer Sack) at
households’ level
The below Figure 5 shows about 73.1 percent
of households use “fertilizers” sack as a
primary storage facility, 12.2 percent of the
household use plastic can and rest 6.5, 4.1,
and 4.1percent of the served households use
plastic bag, dustbin, and private pit within
their plot respectively. Sometimes this type of
primary storage is threatening the health of the
households as it is might because diseases when
the fertilizer sack is overly full.
Figure 4: Types of Primary storage facilities
used by household in the town. Source: field
survey, 2018
Solid waste collection
The services for the collection of household
waste in the major cites of developing
countries are generally inadequate and
inefficient. It is estimated that 30-50 percent of
the solid waste generated in urban centers
remains uncollected (Contreau, 1982).
There are community bins (the skips) and push
carts provided by the private city sanitation and
beauty agency and private agencies (HOPE and
Dhammays) and in some areas there is no
community bin, instead the compressor truck
provided or the dump truck comes and the
community drops the waste on it. The
Frequency of waste collection varies from area
to area.
73.1
12.2
8.5 2.1 4.1 fertilizer sack
plastic can
plastic bag
'BAC'
private pit

8. Table11: Frequency of solid waste collection.
Source: field survey, 2018
From Table 3 it can be realized that
majority of wastes from residential
households are collected the push cart and by
the waste is collected by the dump truck in
which the community drops on it daily (service
weekly (87.5 %) while the rest 9.5 % and
3% are done so monthly and daily,
respectively. Commercial households receive
the containers and sometimes door to door
collection system more frequently as
compared with residential households the
former being served 73 % daily and 27 %
weekly
Plate 3: Solid waste collection push cart
provided for Hope by the city S&B Agency
Source: field survey, 2018
Solid Waste Transportation
According to the city’s
sanitation and beautification
agency, there are different
types of vehicles used.
The street cleaners use
wheeled burrow to collect the waste and put it in
to the bins (skips), then the bin is picked by skip
loader. In addition there are 2 dump trucks, 1
waste compressor truck and 1 skip loader in the
municipality. Hope enterprise has 8 push carts
of 2m3 volume, 1 compressor truck and 1 dump
truck, while dhammays enterprise has 1 dump
truck.
Solid Waste Separation, Recycling and
Reusing practices of Solid Waste at
Household level
Separating waste materials at the
household level occurs to some extent
almost universally, and prevents the most
valuable and reusable materials from being
discarded. Separation of the solid waste is
primary work for recycling and reusing
opportunity. According to jig-jiga town
municipality report, out of total solid waste
generated about 5% is traditionally recycled,
that is done mostly by the primary solid waste
producer. However the survey result showed
that 33 percent households separate their solid
waste before taking it away. The remaining 67
percent do not separate their solid waste.
Household respondent
Frequency
Percentage%
No Duration residential Commercial Residential % Commercial %
1 Daily 8 42 3.13% 72.70%
2 Weekly 210 16 87.50% 27.27%
3 Monthly 22 0 9.37% 0%

9. The types of solid Waste separated at
household level usually indicate:
Ø Dried grass, leaves, and khats: use for
feeding to domestic animals as well as
for human consumption.
Ø Plastic bag: for solid waste storage and
used as a bag.
Ø Plastic bottles: for storing oil, gases, and
other liquid types.
In addition, community widely separates papers,
glass, containers of different types Scarps,
wood, old clothes and shoes etc, for revising.
Selling to informal collectors or exchanging for
new households’ utensils and for reusing
purposes. The metal part is already collected by
informal recyclers (qoryalews) and some also
picked on the compressor vehicles while waste
is being collected from neighbourhoods by the
private agencies and municipal sanitation
workers. The collectors hang three different
plastic woven sacks on the truck and when
waste is dropped on the deck of the truck, they
collect metal part in to their hung-up sacks and
sale it later. Some packed water bottles are also
picked, but the recycling process for the bottles
is to its minimal since it is having observed bulk
volume of plastic bottles in the dumpsite as well
as illegal waste dropping sites. According to the
municipality the percentage of metal in waste
characterization is very low which indicates that
it has been collected efficiently either at
households by informal collectors (qoryalews)
or by collectors themselves.
Solid Waste Disposal
Solid waste disposal method is one of the
four principal stages of any solid waste
management system. There are four common
disposal techniques i.e. sanitary landfills,
incineration, reuse and recycling, and
composting. However, in order to minimize
capital and operational cost of waste disposal
the sanitary landfills has become a global
trend, which covers about 60 percent of all other
disposal.
A. Solid Waste Disposal Practice at
Household Level
The disposal of solid waste of household level
is very common in the study area. It is
important to note that the disposal options
at household are informal and largely
inappropriate. Almost half of the Households
that do not have access to (and / or do not make
use of) waste collection services, dispose of their
solid waste by dumping or burning it within
their compound of by dumping it at illegal
dumping site, in storm drains, open public areas
or on the side of roads.

10. Table: 12 Purpose of separating solid waste in households before disposal.
Source: field survey, 2018.
The above table shows 31.6 percent of residential areas and 83.3 percent of commercial areas separate solid waste for the
purpose of selling and 75.9 percent of commercial areas and 41.6 percent of the respondents separate because of reusing
purpose and 37.1 percent of residential and 63.8 commercial area respondents reveal they practice separating solid
waste for the purpose of obtaining fertilizer sack to store wastes. When asked for the reason of not separating solid
waste at house hold level the household respondents’ answers were said reason is lack of awareness, lack of
willingness and lack of dustbin respectively. See the graph below.
Table 13: Reason for Not Separating Solid Waste at HH Level
NO
Number of respondents HH
frequency
Lack of
awareness
commercial residential Commercial
%
Residential %
10 99 27.7 37.7
Lack of
dustbin
5 60 13.8 22.9
Both lack
of dustbin
and
awareness
15 159 41.6 60.6
Unwilling
to
separate
the waste
5 30 13.8 11.4
NO Number of respondents HH
frequency
Percentage %
For
selling
commercial residential Commercial
%
Residential %
1 30 150 83.3 31.6
2 For reuse 23 97 63.8 37.1
3 For
exchange
15 199 41.6 75.9
4 For
fertilizer
6 144 16.6 55

11. The table above shows 60.6 percent of residential area HHs and
41.6 of commercial household’s lack both awareness and
dustbin while 37.7 percent of residential area and 27.7 percent
of commercial areas have no awareness towards SWM. The
remaining 13.8 commercial area and 11.4 residential areas
reveal they are not willing to separate wastes.
Table: 14 Solid waste disposal methods of
households
The above table shows that in residential areas 68.7 percent of
the respondents dispose the waste in open areas and illegal
dumpsites and drainages compared to commercial 41.6
percent. And 19 percent use municipal and 77 percent of the
commercial area households. However, 45 percent of
residential and 13 percent of commercial households practice
burning of solid wastes inside the neighbourhood or inside
their plot yard.
Plate: 5 solid wastes dumped in open
space Source: field observation
jnjj
Number of respondents
Solid waste
disposal
method of
households
Commercial residential Commercial
Percentage
%
Residential
percentage%
Open public
area and
illegal
dumpsite,
drainages
15 180 41.6 68.7
Municipal
and private
agency Bins
(skip)
28 50 77.1 19.1
Burning 5 45 13.8 17.1

12. Plate: 6 solid wastes dumped in drainages.
Out of the total households who dispose their waste in
open space, in the river and drainage channel, 58.8 percent
of household suggest failure of municipality to provide
enough containers as a major reason. The remaining 28.9 and
12.3 percent of household said the reason is failure by the
solid waste management system to provide a frequent and
consistent mechanism. They are left with no option when their
container fills up to throwaway. In addition to above the
result obtain from the survey showed that 73.2 percent of
household dispose their house waste in side of the plot yard,
where as 18.7 percent of household dispose outside of the
plot yard. The remaining 8.1 percent of household are
disposing their house clean waste both inside of the plot
yard and outside of the plot-yard (see figure below) plot yard.
Figure5: Disposal Method of House Clean Waste
In the above figure describes the disposal
method practiced by Households in disposing
their household wastes, and the survey reveal
that, 73 percent from residential areas and 60
percent from commercial areas dump household
waste both inside and outside their yard
respectively. And 25 percent from commercial
residents dump their HH wastes inside their plot
yard while 18.7 percent practice the same
method. And the remaining 8% and 15 % from
residential and commercial dispose HH waste
outside their plot yard i.e. open spaces
Figure: 6. Reason for Disposing House Clean
Waste in the Plot
Source: field survey, 2018
As the above figure shows the majority of
residential households 45% dump HH
waste because of the availability of the
plot, and 40 % percent of the households
from the commercial areas dump the
waste in improper areas illegally and the
reason is because of lack of disposal
system outside their yard, while 30 % of
the respondents from the commercial
areas practice inside yard waste dumping,
the reason was availability of plot they are
not willing to dispose their waste.
25
15
60
8.1
18.7
73.2
0
20
40
60
80
Commer
cial %
30
40
25
5
45
33
20
2
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
availability of
plot to dispose
waste
lack of disposal
system outside
of the plotyard
lack of
awareness
about the
proper disposal
point
not willing to
dispose waste
proper place

13. However 20% respondents from
residential areas and 25% respondents in
commercial areas, dump waste inside yard
because of lack of awareness about the
proper disposal point and household waste
handling. The remaining 5% in
commercial areas and 2 % of respondents
from residential areas are not willing to
dump house waste in proper places.
B. Final municipal solid waste disposal.
A big open dumpsite is found east south of the
city. This is managed and controlled by the
city’s Sanitation and Beautification Agency.
The agency is responsible for maintaining the
access road and levelling the incoming waste.
However, road maintenance and waste levelling
is limited because of budget constraints. The
open dumpsite has been in use for a long time.
The dumpsite occupies more than 3 ha of
suburban flat land and is located approximately
7-8 kilometres from the municipal centre (jijiga
municipality, S&B agency) Due to the fact that
there is no construction or excavation to
accommodate the waste disposal, the area is not
safe from flooding. It is a typical open,
uncontrolled dumpsite with little attention given
to adverse environmental impacts.
Conclusion
In the study area, only small amount is
collected. The remaining solid wastes are
disposed in streets and drainage channels, road
side, and open space. Consequently, result in
serious environmental and over flow effluents
in study area and more particularly in the
congested low-income neighbourhood. This is
exposed the community to disease such as skin
disease, influenza, parasitic infections and
typhoid.Solid waste management in urban area
is complex activity that involves the
collection, transfer, treatment, recycling,
resource recovery and disposal of solid waste
generated in a town. It needs high level of
organization, technical, financial and
management capacities. In the study area, the
absence of this capacity makes it difficult to
handle by local governments single handled.
Absence of drawn budget and comprehensive
planning for solid waste management is the
causes for current unsatisfactory solid waste
management in the town. Absence of
comprehensive solid waste management policy
at city level is one cause for deterioration of
the environment of the town. The
environment policies of Ethiopia indicate the
necessary provision and priority for solid waste
collection and safe disposal. In line with this
the Region Government of SRS (Somali
Regional State) issued sanitary and solid waste
regulation.
Acknowledgement
The authors are grateful to institute of pastoral
and agropostral research Somali region
providing the data and funds for this research
work.

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