DS

1. Epidemioilogy and of community
health nursing
Done by:EsraaIbraheemKhudair
Supervisedby: dr.wisamjabbar
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2. objectives
• Why we are studying epidemiology???
• What is epidemiology???
• What does this epidemiology chapter will give us idea about???
• Relationship between epidemiology and community health nursing
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3. Introduction of epidemiology
• Epidemiology is derived from the Greek word
Meaning
• Epi ……..... among
• Demos …. people
• Logos ……. study
It means epidemiology is the study of diseases/events occur among
people.
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4. Definition of Epidemiology
• Epidemiology is that branch of medical science which deals with
epidemics. ( Parkin)
• Epidemiology is the study of disease , any disease , as a mass
phenomenon. ( Greenwood )
• The study of frequency, distribution and determinants of health-
related states or events in specified populations and the application
of this study to control health problems is known as epidemiology.
(last,1995)
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5. • The term frequency refers to the magnitude of health related states
or events in a defined community.
• The term distribution refers to occurrence of health related states or
events in terms of person, places, & time in a defined community.
• The term determinants refer to risk factors & causes of health-related
states or events in a defined community. Through identification of
determinants, we move from descriptive epidemiology by questions
of “what”, “where”, “when”, and “who” to analytical epidemiology
when we ask “how” and “why”.
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6. Classification of the epidemiological diseases
1. Epidemic : a diseases that suddenly affect large number of
population .
2. Endemic : a diseases that affect groups of population in certain
geographical area .
3. Pandemic : it is an epidemic that affect various and large population
world-wide.
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7. Major areas of epidemiological study
• It include disease causation, transmission, outbreak investigation,
disease surveillance, environmental epidemiology, forensic
epidemiology, occupational epidemiology, screening, biomonitoring,
& comparisons of treatment effects such as in clinical trials.
• epidemiology is a cornerstone of public health, & shapes policy
decisions & evidence-based practice by identifying risk factors for
disease & targets for preventive healthcare.
• Causality : refers to the relationship between a cause and its effect. A
purpose of epidemiologic study has been to discover causal
relationships, so as to understand why conditions develop and offer
effective prevention & protection.
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8. Purpose of epidemiology
• The primary purpose of epidemiology is to provide a basis of data for
developing strategies of diseases control and prevention .
• Uses of epidemiology
1. Identify risk factors and causes for health problems .
2. Identify (investigate) the natural /extent of health-related events
through studying the natural history of health conditions .
3. Designing an intervention for controlling health problems .
4. Evaluate the effectiveness of those interventions.
5. Develop a public health policy .
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9. The epidemiological triangle model
• The epidemiological triad is a guide or a model use to collect data with
respect to its elements: agent, host , & environment. Interaction between
those three elements leads to the occurrence of health problems.
The Host
A host is a susceptible human being who harbors and nourishes a disease
causing agent.
• Susceptibility and response of the agent is influenced by several factors, it
is called host-related factors:
1. Genetic inheritance
2. Physiological function
3. Maturation and aging
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10. The Agent
An agent is a factor whose presence or absence can contribute (cause) to a health
problem.
• Types of agents:
1. Biological agents : including viruses, bacteria, fungi protozoa , and worms
2. Chemical agents : chemical substances in various forms; lipids, solids, gases, dust,
vapors and fumes.
3. Physical agents : mechanical forces that cause injury, and atmospheric abnormalities;
ultraviolet, extreme temperature , and earthquake.
4. Nutritional agents : these are chemicals in nature but they are basic dietary
components, their deficiency or excess cause health problems
5. Psychological agents : any events that produce stress leading to health problem.
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11. The environment
It refers to all external factors surrounding the host that constitute the
context in which he lives and influence the host-agent interaction that may
cause a health problem.
Types of environment :
1. physical environment : physical factors which include; air, water,
building, temperature, and humidity.
2. Biological environment : all living beings.
3. Social environment : social, cultural and economic influences.
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13. Community health nursing
• Commumity : is a group of people who share common interests , who
interact with each other and who function collectively within a defined
social structure to address common concerns.
• Health : is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and
not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.
• Nursing : is a profession within the health care sector focused on the care
of individuals, families, and communities so they may attain, maintain, or
recover optimal health and quality of life.
• CHN : it is concerned with the delivery of comprehensive nursing care to
individual , family , group , & population as a whole to meet their needs &
solve their problems through the application of nursing process to maintain
wellness.
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14. Aims of community health nursing
1. To prevent and control diseases and disabilities
2. To promote health and efficiency
3. To prolong life by providing need based well balanced
comprehensive health care services to community at large through
organized community efforts.
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15. • Epidemiology and community health nursing are two inseparable words
in public health system. This is because they deal with prevention of
disease, promotion of health and efficiency through organized
community efforts.
• Epidemiology deals with frequencies and types of illness and injuries
that affect population while community health nursing deals with the
services that aim at protecting the health of the community
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16. The relationship between epidemiology andcommunity health nursing
1. Primary prevention susceptible stage( exposure
stage) (prepathogenic )
2. Secondary prevention during the onset stage
(pathogenic)
3. Tertiary prevention termination stage
(postpathogenic )
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17. • Epidemiological process : a systematic process to study the state of health
and illness in an effort to control diseases and promote health.
• CHN process : a systematic way of determining a client health status & to
interactions or interventions with client system , whether that system is an
individual ,family , group , & community in order to promoting wellness &
problem resolution .
CHN process epidemiological process
1. assessment 1. defining condition
2. Diagnosis 2. determining natural history
3. Planning 3. identify strategies
4. Implementation 4. implement control strategies
5. Evaluation 5. evaluating control strategies
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18. The relationship between epidemiology and community health nursing
• epidemiology & community health nursing are scientific discplines
through which data collection, analysis , & their interpretation; can be
applied for problems or needs identification of community,
throughout the application of nursing process & epidemiological
model.
• Through epidemiology & CHN , & common sharing can employed for
better quality of nursing care where uses preventive measure rather
than curative measure.
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19. Thank you
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