business prposal

1. REPORTS & PROPOSALS UNIT II

2. Both reports and proposals are documents that help us in
various projects.
A report is a short, concise, and precise document with a
specific purpose to be presented to an audience.
A proposal is a plan or an idea, especially in written form, to
be suggested for the consideration of others.

3. REPORTS

4. WHAT IS A REPORT?
A report is a concise document that contains facts and evidence to analyze different topics
with a specific purpose. Reports are considered informative texts as they focus on the facts.
Moreover, reports are non-fiction, and they are different from essays and research papers.
There are formats and structures to be used when writing reports. Reports are written under
headings, subheadings, sections, and sub-sections. Key facts and points of a report can be
presented using bullet forms. Simultaneously, statistical information can be presented using
graphs and charts in reports.
Basically, the structure of a report consists of an introduction, methodology, results,
discussion, and summary. This format is the most commonly used format when writing
reports. Nevertheless, the format of the report can be changed according to the purpose and
the institutional requirement.
Reports should be written in a formal and precise language. A standard and direct vocabulary
is used in writing reports. Furthermore, report writing should not include emotive words
because the purpose of a report is to communicate facts to an audience.

5. BASIC FEATURES OF A REPORT
1. It is always written to fulfil a specific objective.
2. Content could be drawn from primary and/or secondary sources as it needs to be data
driven.
3. The format is highly structured. Each part is numbered and captioned with headings and
sub-headings.
4. Data is presented through tables and graphs, pie charts and bar diagrams.
5. Past tense is preferred while writing a report, since it is an objective analysis of concrete
facts and data. However, while writing the conclusion and recommendations, other tenses
are also required.
6. Passive style is used to keep away the subjectivity and the personality of the author.
7. The tone is impersonal and dispassionate.

6. PLANNING A REPORT
Define the
Problem
Understand
the
Audience
Decide the
Research
Design
Collect
Information
Analyse the
Information
Plan the
Structure

7. STRUCTURE OF A REPORT

8. CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD REPORT

9. PROPOSALS

10. WHAT IS A PROPOSAL?
A proposal is a suggestion, plan, or idea, presented in written form to a person, or group
of people for their consideration and acceptance.
A proposal should be influential and easy to read. At the same time, the language used in a
proposal should be easy to understand. The purpose of a proposal can be different from
one another. There are various types of proposals, such as business proposals, funding
proposals, academic proposals, research proposals, marketing proposals etc.
One important thing that one should pay attention to in writing proposals is that the writer
should focus on the reader or the audience of the proposal thoroughly. The writer of the
proposal should understand the wants and needs of the readers.
There is a format to be followed when writing proposals. The format can be different
according to the category of the proposal. The basic format of a proposal includes the
introduction, problem statement, goals and outcomes, methodology, and expected results.
However, this basic format can be different according to the purpose of the proposal.

11. TYPES OF PROPOSALS
Formal Vs. Informal Proposals
Internal Vs. External Proposals
Solicited Vs. Unsolicited Proposals

12. STRUCTURE OF A BUSINESS
PROPOSAL
A Business Proposal should contain
1. The purpose statement
2. Brief description of the company, the field in which it has an expertise, the
objective of the company including the size and the workforce
3. The cost, presented in logical parts, such as personnel, equipment, supplies
and facilities.
4. References or details of well-known clients along with the relevant
projects
5. A conclusion including a paragraph that emphasizes the assurance of
providing the services according to the client’s expectations.

13. BUSINESS PROPOSALS - COMPONENTS
•Title page
•Table of Content
•List of figures
•Executive summary
•Introduction
•Problem Statement/Statement of need
•Project description
•Project management
•Budget
•Organization Information (Qualifications)
•Conclusion
•Appendix

14. BUSINESS PROPOSALS – WINNING
ELEMENTS
Solutions : best amongst many, implementation
Benefits : confidentiality, gain
Credibility: convince, testimonials
Samples : small sample in similar area
Targeted: intended audience, appropriate language

15. TIPS FOR WRITING AN EFFECTIVE PROJECT PROPOSAL
•Know your audience
•Be persuasive
•Keep it simple
•Do your research
•Use project management tools to strengthen your project
proposal

16. 5W1H FRAMEWORK

17. 17
WRITING TIPS
Pre-Writing
Purpose identification
Audience analysis
Project analysis
Scope determination
Analysis of the action desired
Writing
Organizing the data
Outlining
Writing the first draft
Post-Writing
Revision
Editing
Evaluation
Writing the final draft

18. REPORTS VS PROPOSAL
The key difference between report and proposal is that report is a short, concise, and
precise document with a specific purpose to be presented to an audience, whereas
proposal is a plan or an idea, especially in written form, to be suggested for the
consideration of others.
Reports analyze a situation or an issue and recommend solutions, whereas proposals
present a want or a recommendation for a certain action.
The structure or the format that is used in writing reports is completely different from
that of proposals. The basic structure of a report includes an introduction, methodology,
results, discussion, and summary, while the basic structure of a proposal includes an
introduction, problem statement, goals and outcomes, methodology, and expected
results. They may also have varying lengths.
Report writing requires a formal and concise language, whereas proposal writing uses
more persuasive language to persuade the reader.

19. REPORTS VS PROPOSAL