18. Molecular Genetics cap intron exon 2 intron exon3 intron exon4 tail exon1 This represents a newly made mRNA molecule. It has not yet been edited.
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25. RNA polymerase Transcription A G T C G C A A T C T G A T G C T A T G C C A C T T C A G G C T T A G A C T A C G A T A C G G T G A
26. Transcription A G T C G C A A T C T G A T G C T A T G C C A C T T C A G G C T T A G A C T A C G A T A C G G T G A
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28. Transcription A G T C G C A A T C T G A T G C T A T G C C A C T T C A G G C T T A G A C T A C G A T A C G G T G A U G A C
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30. Transcription A G T C G C A A T C T G A T G C T A T G C C A C T T C A G G C T T A G A C T A C G A T A C G G T G A U G A C G
31. Transcription A G T C G C A A T C T G A T G C T A T G C C A C T T C A G G C T T A G A C T A C G A T A C G G T G A U G A C G C
32. Transcription A G T C G C A A T C T G A T G C T A T G C C A C T T C A G G C T T A G A C T A C G A T A C G G T G A U G A C G C A
33. Transcription A G T C G C A A T C T G A T G C T A T G C C A C T T C A G G C T T A G A C T A C G A T A C G G T G A U G A C G C A U
34. Transcription A G T C G C A A T C T G A T G C T A T G C C A C T T C A G G C T T A G A C T A C G A T A C G G T G A U G A C G C A U A
35. Transcription A G T C G C A A T C T G A T G C T A T G C C A C T T C A G G C T T A G A C T A C G A T A C G G T G A U G A C G C A U A G
36. Transcription A G T C G C A A T C T G A T G C T A T G C C A C T T C A G G C T T A G A C T A C G A T A C G G T G A U G A C G C A U A G C
37. Transcription A G T C G C A A T C T G A T G C T A T G C C A C T T C A G G C T T A G A C T A C G A T A C G G T G A U G A C G C A U A G C A
38. Transcription A G T C G C A A T C T G A T G C T A T G C C A C T T C A G G C T T A G A C T A C G A T A C G G T G A U G A C G C A U A G C A U
39. Transcription A G T C G C A A T C T G A T G C T A T G C C A C T T C A G G C T T A G A C T A C G A T A C G G T G A U G A C G C A U A G C A U C
40. Transcription A G T C G C A A T C T G A T G C T A T G C C A C T T C A G G C T T A G A C T A C G A T A C G G T G A U G A C G C A U A G C A U C A
41. Transcription A G T C G C A A T C T G A T G C T A T G C C A C T T C A G G C T T A G A C T A C G A T A C G G T G A U G A C G C A U A G C A U C A G
42. Transcription A G T C G C A A T C T G A T G C T A T G C C A C T T C A G G C T T A G A C T A C G A T A C G G T G A U G A C G C A U A G C A U C A G U
43. Transcription A G T C G C A A T C T G A T G C T A T G C C A C T T C A G G C T T A G A C T A C G A T A C G G T G A U G A C G C A U A G C A U C A G U C
44. Transcription A G T C G C A A T C T G A T G C T A T G C C A C T T C A G G C T T A G A C T A C G A T A C G G T G A U G A C G C A U A G C A U C A G U C G
45. Transcription A G T C G C A A T C T G A T G C T A T G C C A C T T C A G G C T T A G A C T A C G A T A C G G T G A U G A C G C A U A G C A U C A G U C G A
46. Transcription A G T C G C A A T C T G A T G C T A T G C C A C T T C A G G C T T A G A C T A C G A T A C G G T G A U G A C G C A U A G C A U C A G U C G A C
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48. Transcription A G T C G C A A T C T G A T G C T A T G C C A C T T C A G G C T T A G A C T A C G A T A C G G T G A U G A C G C A U A G C A U C A G U C G A C
49. Transcription A G T C G C A A T C T G A T G C T A T G C C A C T T C A G G C T T A G A C T A C G A T A C G G T G A U G A C G C A U A G C A U C A G U C G A C
50. Transcription A G T C G C A A T C T G A T G C T A T G C C A C T T C A G G C T T A G A C T A C G A T A C G G T G A U G A C G C A U A G C A U C A G U C G A C
51. Transcription A G T C G C A A T C T G A T G C T A T G C C A C T T C A G G C T T A G A C T A C G A T A C G G T G A G C A U A G C A U C A G U C G A C
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53. Molecular Genetics cap intron exon 2 intron exon3 intron exon4 tail exon1 Newly made “immature” mRNA A mature mRNA molecule ready to leave the nucleus and move to the ribosome to produce protein. Editing involves cutting out and discarding introns , then rejoining the exons.
61. Translation The mRNA moves to the ribosome. It threads its way along, codon by codon … ACU CCG AUG UUU CGC UGG AAC CAG UAC UAG CCA UAC AAA P A
62. Translation until the A site lines up with the first AUG on the mRNA. ACU CCG AUG UUU CGC UGG AAC CAG UAC UAG CCA UAC AAA P A
63. Translation ACU CCG AUG UUU CGC UGG AAC CAG UAC UAG CCA UAC AAA P A With the first AUG codon at the A site, a tRNA comes into the ribosome with the anticodon that complements the codon (in this case, UAC). The tRNA carries the first amino acid, Methionine and the process of translation begins. UAC met
64. Translation ACU CCG AUG UUU CGC UGG AAC CAG UAC UAG CCA UAC AAA P A Once the tRNA has hooked onto the codon, the mRNA shifts so that the codon with the tRNA moves to the P site . UAC met
65. Translation A new tRNA will now move to the codon at site A . In this example, its anticodon will have to be AAA and it will carry the amino acid, phenylalanine. ACU CCG AUG UUU CGC UGG AAC CAG UAC UAG CCA UAC AAA P A UAC met
66. Translation Now the amino acids are in close proximity and an enzyme in the ribosome links the two amino acids together. ACU CCG AUG UUU CGC UGG AAC CAG UAC UAG CCA UAC AAA P A UAC met AAA phe
67. Translation The tRNA at site P releases its hold on both its amino acid and the codon and leaves the ribosome. ACU CCG AUG UUU CGC UGG AAC CAG UAC UAG CCA UAC AAA P A UAC met AAA phe
68. Translation Again the mRNA shifts on the ribosome and a new tRNA will come into site A. met ACU CCG AUG UUU CGC UGG AAC CAG UAC UAG CCA UAC AAA P A UAC AAA phe
69. Translation The amino acids at site P will attach to the new amino acid at site A and the tRNA at site P will detach and leave the ribosome. met ACU CCG AUG UUU CGC UGG AAC CAG UAC UAG CCA UAC AAA P A AAA phe GCG arg
70. Translation The mRNA shifts again and another tRNA comes to the ribosome. met phe ACU CCG AUG UUU CGC UGG AAC CAG UAC UAG CCA UAC AAA P A AAA GCG arg
71. Translation met phe The amino acids at site P will attach to the new amino acid at site A and the tRNA at site P will detach and leave the ribosome. ACU CCG AUG UUU CGC UGG AAC CAG UAC UAG CCA UAC AAA P A GUG arg ACC trp
72. Translation met phe arg The mRNA shifts again and another tRNA comes to the ribosome. ACU CCG AUG UUU CGC UGG AAC CAG UAC UAG CCA UAC AAA P A GUG ACC trp
73. Translation met phe arg The amino acids at site P will attach to the new amino acid at site A and the tRNA at site P will detach and leave the ribosome. ACU CCG AUG UUU CGC UGG AAC CAG UAC UAG CCA UAC AAA P A ACC trp UUG asn
74. Translation The mRNA shifts again and another tRNA comes to the ribosome. met phe arg trp ACU CCG AUG UUU CGC UGG AAC CAG UAC UAG CCA UAC AAA P A ACC UUG asn
75. Translation met phe arg trp The amino acids at site P will attach to the new amino acid at site A and the tRNA at site P will detach and leave the ribosome. ACU CCG AUG UUU CGC UGG AAC CAG UAC UAG CCA UAC AAA P A UUG asn GUC gln
76. Translation met phe arg trp asn The mRNA shifts again and another tRNA comes to the ribosome. ACU CCG AUG UUU CGC UGG AAC CAG UAC UAG CCA UAC AAA P A UUG GUC gln
77. Translation met phe arg trp asn GUC gln The amino acids at site P will attach to the new amino acid at site A and the tRNA at site P will detach and leave the ribosome. ACU CCG AUG UUU CGC UGG AAC CAG UAC UAG CCA UAC AAA P A AUG tyr
78. Translation met phe arg trp asn gln The mRNA shifts again. ACU CCG AUG UUU CGC UGG AAC CAG UAC UAG CCA UAC AAA P A GUC AUG tyr
79. Translation met phe arg trp asn gln We have now reached a STOP codon . It codes for no amino acid, so there is no amino acid for the chain to attach to. Thus, when the tRNA at P is released, the polypeptide is also released. ACU CCG AUG UUU CGC UGG AAC CAG UAC UAG CCA UAC AAA P A AUG tyr
80. Translation ACU CCG AUG UUU CGC UGG AAC CAG UAC UAG CCA UAC AAA P A AUG met phe arg trp asn gln tyr
81. Translation The mRNA will finish its journey through the ribosome and may then be used again to make another copy or it may be broken down by the cell. ACU CCG AUG UUU CGC UGG AAC CAG UAC UAG CCA UAC AAA P A met phe arg trp asn gln tyr
82. Translation The mRNA will finish its journey through the ribosome and may then be used again to make another copy or it may be broken down by the cell. ACU CCG AUG UUU CGC UGG AAC CAG UAC UAG CCA UAC AAA P A met phe arg trp asn gln tyr
83. Translation The mRNA will finish its journey through the ribosome and may then be used again to make another copy or it may be broken down by the cell. ACU CCG AUG UUU CGC UGG AAC CAG UAC UAG CCA UAC AAA P A met phe arg trp asn gln tyr
84. Translation The mRNA will finish its journey through the ribosome and may then be used again to make another copy or it may be broken down by the cell. ACU CCG AUG UUU CGC UGG AAC CAG UAC UAG CCA UAC AAA P A met phe arg trp asn gln tyr
85. Translation The mRNA will finish its journey through the ribosome and may then be used again to make another copy or it may be broken down by the cell. ACU CCG AUG UUU CGC UGG AAC CAG UAC UAG CCA UAC AAA P A met phe arg trp asn gln tyr
86. Translation The mRNA will finish its journey through the ribosome and may then be used again to make another copy or it may be broken down by the cell. ACU CCG AUG UUU CGC UGG AAC CAG UAC UAG CCA UAC AAA
87. Complementary Base Pairing Given the DNA template strand, you can determine the complementary strand , the mRNA , the anticodons on the tRNA and with a chart, the amino acid sequence . Template DNA strand TGA GGC TAC AAA GCG ACC TTG GTC ATG ATC GGT ATG TTT Complementary DNA strand ACT CCG ATG TTT CGC TGG AAC CAG TAC TAG CCA TAC AAA
88. Complementary Base Pairing Given the DNA template strand, you can determine the complementary strand…. Complementary DNA strand ACT TGG CCG ATG TTT CGC AAC TAC CAG TAC TAG CCA AAA DNA to DNA ADENINE - THYMINE THYMINE - ADENINE GUANINE - CYTOSINE CYTOSINE - GUANINE Template DNA strand TGA GGC TAC AAA GCG ACC TTG GTC ATG ATC GGT ATG TTT
89. Complementary Base Pairing the mRNA codons… ACU UGG CCG AUG UUU CGC AAC UAC CAG UAC UAG CCA AAA mRNA DNA to RNA ADENINE - URACIL THYMINE - ADENINE GUANINE - CYTOSINE CYTOSINE - GUANINE Template DNA strand TGA GGC TAC AAA GCG ACC TTG GTC ATG ATC GGT ATG TTT Complementary DNA strand ACT CCG ATG TTT CGC TGG AAC CAG TAC TAG CCA TAC AAA
90. Complementary Base Pairing The tRNA anticodons… RNA to RNA ADENINE - URACIL URACIL - ADENINE GUANINE - CYTOSINE CYTOSINE - GUANINE ACU CCG AUG UUU CGC UGG AAC CAG UAC UAG CCA UAC AAA Template DNA strand TGA GGC TAC AAA GCG ACC TTG GTC ATG ATC GGT ATG TTT Complementary DNA strand ACT CCG ATG TTT CGC TGG AAC CAG TAC TAG CCA TAC AAA UAC GCG ACC UUG GUC AUG AAA
91. Complementary Base Pairing and, with the codon chart, the amino acid sequence. ACU CCG AUG UUU CGC UGG AAC CAG UAC UAG CCA UAC AAA Template DNA strand TGA GGC TAC AAA GCG ACC TTG GTC ATG ATC GGT ATG TTT Complementary DNA strand ACT CCG ATG TTT CGC TGG AAC CAG TAC TAG CCA TAC AAA met phe arg trp asn tyr gln UAC GCG ACC UUG GUC AUG AAA
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96. Point mutations 1.Substitution a. silent Mutated mRNA Original A.A. sequence Mutated A.A. sequence ACU CCG AUG UUU CGC UGG AA U CAG UAC UAG CCA UAC AAA Mutated Template DNA strand TGA GGC TAC AAA GCG ACC TT A GTC ATG ATC GGT ATG TTT met phe arg trp asn tyr gln Original Template DNA strand TGA GGC TAC AAA GCG ACC TT G GTC ATG ATC GGT ATG TTT met phe arg trp asn tyr gln
97. Point mutations 1.Substitution b. missense Mutated mRNA Original A.A. sequence Mutated A.A. sequence ACU CCG AUG UUU CGC UGG AA A CAG UAC UAG CCA UAC AAA Mutated Template DNA strand TGA GGC TAC AAA GCG ACC TT T GTC ATG ATC GGT ATG TTT met phe arg trp asn tyr gln Original Template DNA strand TGA GGC TAC AAA GCG ACC TT G GTC ATG ATC GGT ATG TTT met phe arg trp lys tyr gln
98. Point mutations 1.Substitution c. nonsense Mutated mRNA Original A.A. sequence Mutated A.A. sequence stop ACU CCG AUG UUU CGC U A G AAG CAG UAC UAG CCA UAC AAA Mutated Template DNA strand TGA GGC TAC AAA GCG A T C TTG GTC ATG ATC GGT ATG TTT met phe arg trp asn tyr gln Original Template DNA strand TGA GGC TAC AAA GCG A C C TTG GTC ATG ATC GGT ATG TTT met phe arg
99.
100. Point mutations 2. Frame shift a. addition Mutated mRNA Original A.A. sequence leu ala Mutated A.A. sequence ACU CCG AUG UUU CGC UGG AAC U CA GUA CUA GCC AUA CAA A Mutated Template DNA strand TGA GGC TAC AAA GCG ACC TTG A GT CAT GAT CGG TAT GTT T met phe arg trp asn tyr gln Original Template DNA strand TGA GGC TAC AAA GCG ACC TTG GTC ATG ATC GGT ATG TTT met phe arg trp asn gly ser ile gln
101. Point mutations 2. Frame shift b. deletion Mutated mRNA Original A.A. sequence ser his Mutated A.A. sequence ACU CCG AUG UUU CGC UGG AAC A GU ACU AGC CAU ACA AA Mutated Template DNA strand TGA GGC TAC AAA GCG ACC TTG TC A TGA TCG GTA TGT TT met phe arg trp asn tyr gln Original Template DNA strand TGA GGC TAC AAA GCG ACC TTG GTC ATG ATC GGT ATG TTT met phe arg trp asn thr ser thr
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