1. By Miranda Ryan

2. History of photography
Skepticisms of photography
What is craft?
What is art?
Is photography an art or a craft?
Case study-
Arts relationship to craft
Questions
References

3. - 1822 – Nicéphore Niépce
1835 – William Fox Talbot creates his own photography process.
1839 – Louis Daguerre patents the daguerreotype.
1839 – William Fox Talbot invented the positive / negative process
widely used in modern photography. He refers to this as photogenic
drawing.
1851 – Introduction of the collodionprocess by Frederick Scott Archer.
1861 – The first color photograph, an additive projected image of a tartan
ribbon, is shown by James Clerk Maxwlll.
1871 – The gelatin emulsion is invented by Richard Maddox.
1887 – Celluloid film base introduced.
1888 – Kodak n°1 box camera is mass marketed; first easy-to-use camera.
1891 – Thomas Edison patents the "kinetoscopic camera" (motion
pictures).
1895 – Auguste and Louis Lumière – Invented the cinématographe.

4. 1948 – Edwin H. Land introduces the first Polaroid instant
image camera .
1949 - The Contax S camera was introduced, the first 35mm
SLR camera with pentaprism for eye-level viewing.
- 1957- first image scanned into a digital computer
1975 – Bryce Bayer of Kodak develops the Bayer filter mosaic
pattern for CCD color image sensors.
1986 – Kodak scientists invent the world's first megapixel
sensor.
2005 – AgfaPhoto files for bankruptcy. Production of Agfa
brand consumer films ends.
2006 – Dalsa produces 111 megapixel CCD sensor, the highest
resolution at its time.
2008 – Polaroid announces it is discontinuing the production
of all instant film products, citing the rise of digital imaging
technology.

5. •When the camera was first introduced portrait
artist were concerned.
•Landscape artists were threatened.
•”photography is just mechanics”
•”Photography is just realism”
•“Anyone can take a photo”
•“Everyone has a photo album”

7. -From the German word „Kraft‟ meaning
power or ability.
- Usually a human element associated with
craft
-There is a level of technique involved
- Craft work is skilled work: any kind
of craft must involve the application
of a technique. (Dutton, 1990)

8. Definition-
1. The expression or application of human
creative skill and imagination, typically in
a visual form such as painting or
sculpture, producing works to be
appreciated primarily for their beauty or
emotional power.2. Works produced by
such skill and imagination.
- Some say that Art is the application of
emotion whereas craft involves a
technique.

9. -Craftcan be quantified whereas art is not.
-Originally artist were scared and intimidated by
photographers and other craftsmen, however in
today's society it has become increasingly more
common for artists to acknowledge craft as a means to
art.
-However there are still some that do not see this
viewpoint, looking down on photographers because
there is „less artistic skill required‟.
Making something purely technically is a feature of craft and
implies a preconceived end this sort of claim about the
impossibility of foreknowledge for Art is made frequently in art
theory and has something in common with the divine inspiration
view (Bailin 1988)

10. 'Art is anything that adds something new
to the sum total of human aesthetic
experience. Craft is a means to art, craft is
merely the craft of making something. It is
making something that has no more to do
with art than it does with wagons. You
have to be a craftsman to do either
one, but they serve totally different
functions, and to call something a craft, to
make a noun out of a craft I think is
ridiculous; it isn't – it's a verb as far as I'm
concerned.‟
Robert Sperry Interview by Lamar
Harrington Archives of American
Art, Smithsonian Institute

11. The separation of craft from art and design is
one of the phenomena of late-twentieth-
century Western culture. The consequences of
this split have been quite startling. It has led
to the separation of 'having ideas' from
'making objects.' It has also led to the idea
that there exists some sort of mental attribute
known as 'creativity' that precedes or can be
divorced from a knowledge of how to make
things. This has led to art without craft.'
Peter Dormer
The Culture of Craft

12. There are two sides to this story…

13. YES-
solution- „why not say more simply there is a kind of
excellence peculiar to the arts that any form of
activity that can achieve this form of excellence is an
art?”
(Passmore, 1991)
Creativity is a basic human ability that is just as
applicable to art as it is to math and science. Anyone
who can achieve excellence is capable of achieving
art.

14. NO-
Instead of hard-earned craft and artistic masterworks, we have junk that shows
us that "Art is...everything to do with love.
Students are encouraged and rewarded for personal and "creative” writings
which seem to be judged by the same.
prizes for writing brief diary entries which involve as much craft as making
breakfast with cereal from a box.
long apprenticeship in a craft, such as sculpture or painting.
"There are no shortcuts” in academic expository writing or in art.
Artists and writers who try to take a shortcut and skip learning their craft turn
out junk. Perhaps we should consider expecting our students, if not our
modern artists, to try for a little higher level of achievement than craft-free
junk?
(Fitzhugh, 2008)

15. WHAT IS ART???????
Who has the ability to define what art is and what is deemed
artistic?
Photography in particular had become the chief catalyst in
rendering out of date many mythical and notions about art. It is
in the process of changing right now. (Lovejioy 1990)
Some photographers have been considered art, some are
considered commercial.
Rethinking the notion of art

16. Is art as is assumed by common sense more creative
and thus more valuable than craft?
Harold Osborne points out in Aesthetics and art theory
that „the making of aesthetic objects has been almost
universal through human history.
There have been comparatively few peoples at any
time that did not produce artifacts that were
beautifully made.
The idea of creativity in the modern romantic sense in
connection with the arts was absent from Greek
philosophy equally foreign to their mentality was the
idea of art as an expression of the artists personality
(Osborne 1968 pp 13-14)

18. “Annie Leibovitz has been making
powerful images documenting American
popular culture since the early
1970s, when her photographs began
appearing in Rolling Stone Magazine. Ten
years later she began working for Vanity
Fair, and then Vogue US, creating a
diverse body of work. Following a record-
breaking tour in the US and Europe, this
hugely popular exhibition showcases
commercial, documentary and personal
works selected by the artist.”
-MCA

20. "I took part in a photo shoot that was
supposed to be 'artistic' and now, seeing
the photographs and reading the story, I
feel so embarrassed. I never intended for
any of this to happen and I apologize to
my fans who I care so deeply about,”
she said at the time. Disney claimed the
young singer and actress had been
"deliberately manipulated" but Leibovitz
defended the portraits, calling them "very
beautiful" and claiming they had been
misinterpreted.

24. NO_____________________ YES____________________
•Anyone can take a photo •If the photographer has an artistic
•It is simply just recording an event vision and has planned a concept it is
not taking into account the time it has art
taken •Editing techniques allow the original
•‘Artist and their publics think that no photo to be altered, subverting the
two objects produced by an artist original and letting the photographer
should be alike. But for good create.
craftsmen, that is not a •Anyone can take a photo but not
consideration, on the contrary the anyone can learn the craft and take it
artists craftsmen control shows in his that further to create art.
ability to make things as much alike as
he does… nobody wants to buy a copy
from an artist, only from a craftsmen
(Becker)

25. The arts have always been with us and so have
the ideas of beauty, sublimity, and transcendence
along with the virilities of the human condition:
love, death, memory, suffering, power, fear, loss,
desire and hope‟
Ellen Disseankye

26. What do you think?
Are there any photographers that you
think are artists?
Should the arts include photography?

27. Becker, Howard S (1982), Art Worlds. Berkley: University of California Press
Collingwood, R, (2005). "Man Goes Mad" in The Philosophy of Enchantment. Oxford University
Press, 318.
Csikszetnmhalyi, M. (2004) Extract from: „Creativity Across the Life-Span: A Systems
View‟, online, pp1-2.
Dissenkye, E, (1980) "Art as a human behavior: Toward an ethological view of art", Journal of
Aesthetics and Art Criticism 38/4, 397-404.
Harvey D. (1990) „The Work of Art in an age of Electronic Reproduction and Image Banks‟ in The
Condition of PostModernity: An Enquiry Into the Origins of Cultural
Change, Blackwell, Oxford, 1990, pp347-349.
Liebovitz, A, Annie Leibovitz: A Photographer's Life, 1990–2005
Museum of Contemporary Art,(2008), Annie Liebovitz exhibition website
Passmore, J, Serious art : a study of the concept in all the major art, 1991
Price, D and Wells, L. (2003) „Aesthetics and Technology‟ in Liz Wells (ed) Photography: A Critical
Introduction 2nd ed., Routledge, London, 2003, pp12-24.
Singh, A, (2008) Hannah Montana star Miley Cyrus: Vanity Fair photo scandal made fans relate to
me, The Telegraph