Introduction to national income, methods of measurement of national income, GDP(Gross domestic production), GNP(Gross national Product), NNP(Net National Product), PI(Personal Income), DI(diposable income), PCI(Per Capita Income), Importance of national income

2. CONTENTS'....
• INTRODUCTION
• METHODS OF MEASUREMENT OF NATIONAL INCOME
GDP (GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT)
GNP (GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT)
NNP (NET NATIONAL PRODUCT)
PI (PERSONAL INCOME)
DI (DISPOSABLE INCOME)
PCI (PER CAPITA INCOME)
• IMPORTANCE OF NATIONAL INCOME

3. INTRODUCTION
• National income is the total value a country’s final output of all new goods and services produced in
one year.
• National income is an uncertain term which is used interchangeably with national dividend, national
output and national expenditure. On this basis, national income has been defined in a number of ways.
In common parlance, national income means the total value of goods and services produced annually in
a country.

4. METHODS OF MEASUREMENT OF NATIONAL INCOME
• Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
The most important concept of national income is Gross Domestic Product. Gross domestic product is
the money value of all final goods and services produced within the domestic territory of a country
during a year.
GDP=(P*Q)
where,
GDP=Gross Domestic Product
P=Price of goods and service
Q=Quantity of goods and service

5. TYPES OF SEZ
Special
economic
zones
Free trade
zones
Export
processing
zone
Enterprise
zone
Single
factory
Free ports
Specialized
zone

6. BENEFITS TO COUNTRY
• It attracts foreign direct investments along with domestic investments.
• It generates foreign exchange by boosting exports.
• It is a platform where the indigenous companies could collaborate with foreign companies to import
technology to the country.
• Unlike the industrial corridors, SEZs have sound infrastructure with only thirty percent of the area
involved in production activities. Thus, social environment, human resource development and
environment is taken care of.

7. CURRENT SENICRO (INDIA & CHINA)
• India and China have conducted second joint military exercise “Sino India Cooperation 2016” in Ladakh
region along the Line of Actual Control (LAC) in Jammu and Kashmir. The exercise compliments Hand in
Hand series of India-China joint military exercises that aims to enhance cooperation and maintain peace
and tranquility along border areas of both countries.
• Chinese SEZ initiative is government driven; Indian SEZs are driven by private sector. Dr. J J Irani, former
CMD of Tata Steel and currently one of the powerful Directors on Tata Son's is of the opinion, "India
should also go slowly like China has done". Mohandas Pai, Executive Director, Infosys Technologies said,
“We should look at entire districts, with a port and a hinterland for SEZ.

8. INDIA VS CHINA COMPARISION
• Indian policymakers' ongoing fascination with special economic zones was inspired by China's roaring
success with this enclaves of galvanisedproduction. New Delhi has sanctioned close to 200 SEZs. Guess,
how many SEZs China has since kicking off the policy in 1979? Exactly six: Shenzhen, Zhuhai, Shantou,
Xiamen, Hainan and Pudong.
• Is India getting something wrong in its SEZ policy, or should we merely conclude that India will soon be
33 times as successful as China?

9. PROBLEMS IN INDIA
• SEZs will displace and uprootlakhs of farmers and send land prices skyrocketing.
•
• The SEZs make the government forgo revenue it can ill-afford to lose, they also offer firms an incentive to shift
existing production to the new zones at substantial cost to society.
•
• In the name of free trade and inviting global investors, we are going to experience the meagre benefits rather
than mega profits to our nation, as SEZs are meant to create incentives for exports through huge tax-breaks
•
• SEZs are duty-free enclaves and considered "foreign territories" for the purpose of trade operations and tariffs
•
• Units located in SEZs can import goods without licence or duties

10. CONCLUSION
• For more than 50 years, SEZs have continuously been used as a development tool because of the power
they possess. Shielded from local politics, they have offered the perception of freedom and flexibility to
nations looking to experiment with radical policy. The lack of local governance that facilitates freedom
also facilitates unfettered exploitation of our environment and society. However, “environmental issues
are ALL social,” said Ravi Agerwal in a lecture I attended in Delhi (Agerwal, 2/14/11). Economic issues
are all social as well. So, if the QOL of the majority has not improved, then development has not
occurred.