Three key points are discussed in the document:
1. Higher-order thinking skills (HOTS) is an education reform concept based on learning taxonomies that moves from basic to more sophisticated thinking.
2. Pushing students towards higher-order thinking has enormous benefits as information processed at higher levels is remembered longer and more clearly than lower-level rote memorization.
3. Students who are behind need to make academic gains through opportunities for higher-order thinking in order to catch up to peers and have more life opportunities.