2. CONSENT – Meaning
Consent of the parties means that there is perfect identity of
mind of both the parties .
That is , there is no MISUNDERSTANDING between the
parities regarding the subject matter of the contract.
It means the consent which is obtained by the FREE will of
the parties and neither party was FORCED or INDUCED to
give his consent.
3. CONSENT – Definition
According to Sec 13 of the Indian Contract Act Consent is defined as “ Two or more persons are
said to consent when they AGREE upon the SAME THING in the SAME SENSE.
Sec 14 of the Indian Contract Act defines as “Consent is said to be free when it is not caused by :
Coercion
Undue influence
Fraud
Mis- representation
Mistake
4. COERCION – Meaning & Definition
COERCION means forcibly compelling a person to enter into a
contract.
According to Sec 15 of the Indian Contract Act, Coercion is defined
as “Coercion is the committing or threatening to commit any act
forbidden by the Indian Penal Code ( IPC) or the unlawful
detaining or threatening to detain any property to the prejudice of
any person whatever, with the intention of causing any person to
enter into an agreement”
5. Essentials for a valid Coercion
The coercion must be the committing of any act forbidden by the IPC.
It must be the threatening to commit any act forbidden by the IPC.
It must be the unlawful detaining or threatening to detain any property.
It must be done with the intention of causing the other party to enter into
contract.
IPC may or may not be in force where the coercion is committed.
The act of coercion may be initiated by any person.
Coercion may be by way of an attempt to commit suicide.
Coercion may not be by way of threat to file a suit.
6. UNDUE INFLUENCE – Meaning & Definition
It means the UNFAIR use of one’s superior power in order to
obtain the consent of a person who is in a weaker position.
Sec 16(1) of the Indian Contract Act defines undue influence as
follows “A Contract is said to be induced by ‘Undue Influence’
where the relations subsisting between the parties are such that
one of the parties is in a position to dominate the will of the
other and uses that position to obtain an unfair advantage over
the other”
7. Three essential parts of Undue Influence
1. one party must be in a position to dominate the will of
the other.
2. Dominant party must use his superior position to
obtain an undue advantage over the weaker party.
3. The dominant party must have obtained an unfair
advantage over the weaker party.
8. Relationship where undue influence is presumed
Advocate and Client
Doctor and patient
Religious guru and Disciple
Parent and Child
Guardian and Ward
Trustee and Beneficiary
Fiance and fiancée
Master and Servant
Income Tax officers and Assessee
10. FRAUD
Fraud means an intentional , deliberate or wilful
misstatement of facts which are material for the formation of
a contract.
According to Sec 17 of the Indian Contract Act fraud defines as
“ Fraud means and includes any of the following acts
committed by a person to a contract or with his connivance or
by his agent, with intent to deceive another party thereto or
his agent or to induce him to enter into a contract.
11. Acts which constitute fraud
False statements of facts
Active concealment of fact
Promise made without any intention of performing it
Any act fitted to deceive
Such act or omission as the law specially declares to be fraudulent.
12. MERE SILENCE IS NOT FRAUD
Exceptions.
Where there is a duty of the person
keeping silence to speak
Where silence is equivalent to speech
Half truth
13. MISREPRESENTATION
Misrepresentation may be defined as an
innocent misstatement of facts which are
material for the contract.
It’s a false representation which is made
innocently, without any intention to deceive the
other party.
14. Essentials and Legal Rules for Misrepresentation
The misrepresentation must be of material facts.
The misrepresentation must be false but the person making it honestly
believes it be true
The misrepresentation must induce the other party to enter into a contract
The false statement which amounts to misrepresentation must have been
addressed by the person making it to the party who is misled by it
It must be made without any intention to cheat the other party
It need not be made directly to the plaintiff.
17. MISTAKE
Mistake may be defined as incorrect belief about something.
It is infact an incorrect belief which leads one party to misunderstand the other,
Types of mistake
Mistake of FACT
Mistake of law
18. Mistake of facts
The mistake of facts can be classified
into two
Bilateral mistake
Unilateral mistake
19. Bilateral mistake
Bilateral mistake may be defined as a mistake
in which both the parties to an agreement
are confused about the facts which are
essential to the agreement .
It is also called COMMON MISTAKE or
MUTUAL MISTAKE
20. UNILATERAL MISTAKE
The term Unilateral Mistake may be defined as a mistake in which only ONE of the
parties to an agreement is confused about the facts which are essential to the
agreement.
21. Mistake of LAW
It may be classified into two types
Mistake of Indian Law
Mistake of Foreign Law
IGNORANCE OF LAW IS NO EXCUSE