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‫المادة‬ ‫حاالت‬
‫؟‬ ‫المادة‬ ‫ماهى‬!
‫لو‬ ‫المو‬ ‫بالكتلاو‬ ‫ملادة‬ ‫ملن‬ ‫نولملا‬ ‫ملن‬ ‫ئلم‬ ‫كل‬ ‫يتكون‬‫د‬
‫تتم‬ ‫اللذى‬ ‫والهواء‬ ‫تئربه‬ ‫الذى‬ ‫والماء‬ ‫يديك‬ ‫بين‬‫بلى‬ ‫فسله‬
‫مي‬ ‫ملتلفلة‬ ‫ملواد‬ ‫بهلى‬ ‫ذلك‬ ‫ومع‬ ‫للمادة‬ ‫امثلة‬ ‫سمك‬‫علا‬
‫غاز‬ ‫والهواء‬ ‫سائ‬ ‫والعصير‬ ‫صلو‬ ‫بالكتاو‬.
‫الثا‬ ‫لا‬‫ل‬‫الن‬ ‫لى‬‫ل‬‫ب‬ ‫لد‬‫ل‬ ‫تتوا‬ ‫لد‬‫ل‬‫ا‬ ‫لدة‬‫ل‬‫الوان‬ ‫لادة‬‫ل‬‫الم‬ ‫ان‬ ‫لا‬‫ل‬‫كم‬‫لة‬‫ل‬‫ث‬
‫يو‬ ‫لاء‬‫ل‬‫بالم‬ ‫لة‬‫ل‬‫واللازي‬ ‫لائلة‬‫ل‬‫والس‬ ‫للبة‬‫ل‬‫الص‬ ‫لة‬‫ل‬‫النال‬ ‫لى‬‫ل‬‫وه‬‫لد‬‫ل‬
‫مئر‬ ‫الذى‬ ‫والماء‬ ‫الصلبة‬ ‫النالة‬ ‫بى‬ ‫ة‬ ‫الثا‬ ‫دال‬‫بى‬ ‫به‬
‫يتب‬ ‫لد‬‫ل‬‫وب‬ ‫لار‬‫ل‬‫الم‬ ‫لى‬‫ل‬‫رل‬ ‫لع‬‫ل‬ ‫و‬ ‫اذا‬ ‫لا‬‫ل‬‫ام‬ ‫لائلة‬‫ل‬‫الس‬ ‫لة‬‫ل‬‫النال‬‫لر‬‫ل‬‫ل‬
‫اللازية‬ ‫نالته‬ ‫بى‬ ‫يصبح‬ ‫ماء‬ ‫بلار‬ ‫الى‬ ‫وتنو‬.
‫هى‬ ‫المادة‬ ‫الطالب‬ ‫عزيزى‬ ‫اذن‬
‫الفراغ‬ ‫فى‬ ‫حيزا‬ ‫مايشغل‬ ‫كل‬
‫كتله‬ ‫وله‬
‫ا‬‫ال‬‫او‬:‫الصلب‬ ‫الحالة‬‫ة‬:
‫م‬ ‫لن‬‫ل‬‫م‬ ‫ل‬‫ل‬ ‫تمت‬ ‫لا‬‫ل‬‫زيئاته‬ ‫ان‬ ‫لا‬‫ل‬‫ني‬ ‫ل‬‫ل‬‫ثاب‬ ‫لك‬‫ل‬‫ئ‬ ‫لا‬‫ل‬‫له‬ ‫للبة‬‫ل‬‫الص‬ ‫لواد‬‫ل‬‫الم‬‫لا‬‫ل‬‫كامه‬
‫ل‬‫ل‬‫ب‬ ‫لة‬‫ل‬‫والكثاب‬ ‫لدة‬‫ل‬‫ام‬ ‫ال‬ ‫لة‬‫ل‬‫النال‬ ‫لى‬‫ل‬‫ب‬ ‫لر‬‫ل‬‫كبي‬ ‫لدر‬‫ل‬ ‫ب‬ ‫لة‬‫ل‬‫ارب‬ ‫مت‬ ‫لا‬‫ل‬‫زيئاته‬ ‫و‬‫لواد‬‫ل‬‫الم‬ ‫ى‬
‫زيئا‬ ‫ال‬ ‫بين‬ ‫دا‬ ‫صليرة‬ ‫الفراغا‬ ‫ن‬ ‫رالية‬ ‫الصلبة‬.
‫الصلب‬ ‫للحالة‬ ‫البلورى‬ ‫التركيب‬‫ة‬:
‫بل‬ ‫يتهلا‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ملن‬ ‫اللتمكن‬ ‫تلم‬ ‫بلوريلة‬ ‫ائلكا‬ ‫بلى‬ ‫زيئلا‬ ‫ال‬ ‫تترتو‬‫لرن‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ى‬
‫اكس‬ ‫ائعة‬ ‫باستلدام‬ ‫العئرين‬.
‫مورين‬ ‫الى‬ ‫البلورى‬ ‫التركيو‬ ‫سم‬ ‫ويم‬:
‫مث‬ ‫بسيط‬ ‫بلورى‬ ‫تركيو‬:‫الطعام‬ ‫ملح‬.
‫مث‬ ‫د‬ ‫مع‬ ‫بلورى‬ ‫تركيو‬:‫صدير‬ ‫ال‬.
‫ا‬‫ا‬‫ثاني‬:‫السائ‬ ‫الحالة‬‫لة‬:
‫لر‬‫ل‬‫ل‬ ‫لان‬‫ل‬‫مك‬ ‫لن‬‫ل‬‫م‬ ‫ليابية‬‫ل‬‫مس‬ ‫با‬ ‫لائلة‬‫ل‬‫الس‬ ‫لة‬‫ل‬‫النال‬ ‫لاز‬‫ل‬‫تمت‬(‫ل‬‫لية‬‫ل‬‫اص‬
‫السريان‬)‫ل‬ ‫تبعلا‬ ‫وذللك‬ ‫متليلر‬ ‫وئلك‬ ‫ثابل‬ ‫لم‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ولهلا‬‫املاء‬
‫تت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫للدر‬ ‫النرارة‬ ‫ة‬ ‫در‬ ‫املفاض‬ ‫ورمد‬ ‫تنتوية‬ ‫الذى‬‫نلو‬
‫للدة‬‫ل‬‫ام‬ ‫ال‬ ‫للة‬‫ل‬‫للنال‬(‫للد‬‫ل‬‫م‬ ‫الت‬)‫للن‬‫ل‬‫م‬ ‫للة‬‫ل‬‫اريب‬ ‫للائ‬‫ل‬‫الس‬ ‫للا‬‫ل‬‫زيئ‬ ‫و‬
‫ثاب‬ ‫مكان‬ ‫بى‬ ‫ى‬ ‫تب‬ ‫و‬ ‫متنركة‬ ‫لكمها‬ ‫ها‬ ‫بع‬(‫ال‬‫ريلان‬)‫و‬
‫ت‬ ‫الزيل‬ ‫بفلى‬ ‫الملادة‬ ‫ملوا‬ ‫رللى‬ ‫تعتمد‬ ‫مسياو‬ ‫ا‬ ‫سررة‬‫مسلاو‬
‫للتراب‬ ‫زيئا‬ ‫ال‬ ‫مي‬ ‫بسبو‬ ‫اا‬ ‫بسررة‬ ‫زيئا‬ ‫ال‬‫معا‬ ‫ط‬.
‫ا‬‫ا‬‫ثالث‬:‫الغاز‬ ‫الحالة‬‫ية‬:
‫مايسمى‬ ‫او‬ ‫السريان‬ ‫لاصية‬ ‫لها‬ ‫اللازية‬ ‫المواد‬
(‫مسياو‬ ‫ا‬)‫ثاب‬ ‫غير‬ ‫وئك‬ ‫م‬ ‫ن‬ ‫لها‬ ‫اللازية‬ ‫والمواد‬
‫وتتنر‬ ‫متباردة‬ ‫زيئاتها‬ ‫و‬ ‫لها‬ ‫الناوى‬ ‫ماء‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ئك‬ ‫تألذ‬ ‫بهى‬‫رمد‬ ‫ك‬
‫ها‬ ‫بع‬ ‫مع‬ ‫تتصادم‬ ‫او‬ ‫لها‬ ‫الناوى‬ ‫ماء‬ ‫ا‬ ‫دار‬ ‫ب‬ ‫تصادمها‬
‫نركتها‬ ‫نيا‬ ‫من‬ ‫لط‬ ‫وبال‬ ‫النرارة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫بدر‬ ‫تتاثر‬ ‫واللازا‬
‫تسم‬ ‫رامة‬ ‫اوامين‬ ‫اللازا‬ ‫سلوك‬ ‫وينكم‬ ‫تئللها‬ ‫الذى‬ ‫م‬ ‫والن‬‫ى‬
‫لها‬ ‫اورة‬ ‫الم‬ ‫زيئا‬ ‫بال‬ ‫تتأثر‬ ‫واللازا‬ ‫اللازا‬ ‫اوامين‬.
•‫الصلبة‬ ‫الحالة‬ ‫خواص‬:
1-‫تتحرك‬‫موضعية‬ ‫حركة‬ ‫دقائقها‬‫اهتزاز‬‫ية‬.
2-‫لها‬‫ثابت‬ ‫شكل‬.
3-‫لها‬‫ثابت‬ ‫حجم‬.
4-‫غير‬‫لالنضغاط‬ ‫قابلة‬.
5-‫طاقتها‬‫منخفضة‬ ‫الحركية‬.
•‫السائلة‬ ‫الحالة‬ ‫خواص‬:
1-‫ورئوائية‬ ‫ودائمة‬ ‫الية‬ ‫امت‬ ‫نركة‬ ‫دااائها‬ ‫تتنرك‬.
2-‫بيه‬ ‫ع‬ ‫تو‬ ‫الذى‬ ‫الوراء‬ ‫ئك‬ ‫تألذ‬.
3-‫ثاب‬ ‫م‬ ‫ن‬ ‫لها‬.
4-‫لاط‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫صعبة‬.
5-‫ريان‬ ‫لل‬ ‫اابلة‬.
6-‫رالية‬ ‫النركية‬ ‫طااتها‬.
1-‫للوط‬‫ل‬‫لط‬ ‫للى‬‫ل‬‫وب‬ ‫للريعة‬‫ل‬‫وس‬ ‫للوائية‬‫ل‬‫ورئ‬ ‫للة‬‫ل‬‫ودائم‬ ‫للة‬‫ل‬‫الي‬ ‫امت‬ ‫للة‬‫ل‬‫نرك‬ ‫للا‬‫ل‬‫ه‬ ‫داائ‬ ‫للرك‬‫ل‬‫تتن‬
‫اها‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫كابة‬ ‫وبى‬ ‫يمة‬ ‫مست‬.
2-‫بيه‬ ‫ع‬ ‫تو‬ ‫الذى‬ ‫الوراء‬ ‫ئك‬ ‫تألذ‬.
3-‫بيه‬ ‫ع‬ ‫تو‬ ‫الذى‬ ‫الوراء‬ ‫م‬ ‫ن‬ ‫رلى‬ ‫ويعتمد‬ ‫ثاب‬ ‫غير‬ ‫مها‬ ‫ن‬.
4-‫بسهولة‬ ‫لاط‬ ‫لإلم‬ ‫اابلة‬.
5-‫متئار‬ ‫ا‬ ‫بلاصية‬ ‫تمتاز‬.
6-ً‫ا‬‫د‬ ‫رالية‬ ‫النركية‬ ‫طااتها‬.
•‫الغازية‬ ‫الحالة‬ ‫خواص‬:

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حالات المادة

  • 1. ‫المادة‬ ‫حاالت‬ ‫؟‬ ‫المادة‬ ‫ماهى‬! ‫لو‬ ‫المو‬ ‫بالكتلاو‬ ‫ملادة‬ ‫ملن‬ ‫نولملا‬ ‫ملن‬ ‫ئلم‬ ‫كل‬ ‫يتكون‬‫د‬ ‫تتم‬ ‫اللذى‬ ‫والهواء‬ ‫تئربه‬ ‫الذى‬ ‫والماء‬ ‫يديك‬ ‫بين‬‫بلى‬ ‫فسله‬ ‫مي‬ ‫ملتلفلة‬ ‫ملواد‬ ‫بهلى‬ ‫ذلك‬ ‫ومع‬ ‫للمادة‬ ‫امثلة‬ ‫سمك‬‫علا‬ ‫غاز‬ ‫والهواء‬ ‫سائ‬ ‫والعصير‬ ‫صلو‬ ‫بالكتاو‬. ‫الثا‬ ‫لا‬‫ل‬‫الن‬ ‫لى‬‫ل‬‫ب‬ ‫لد‬‫ل‬ ‫تتوا‬ ‫لد‬‫ل‬‫ا‬ ‫لدة‬‫ل‬‫الوان‬ ‫لادة‬‫ل‬‫الم‬ ‫ان‬ ‫لا‬‫ل‬‫كم‬‫لة‬‫ل‬‫ث‬ ‫يو‬ ‫لاء‬‫ل‬‫بالم‬ ‫لة‬‫ل‬‫واللازي‬ ‫لائلة‬‫ل‬‫والس‬ ‫للبة‬‫ل‬‫الص‬ ‫لة‬‫ل‬‫النال‬ ‫لى‬‫ل‬‫وه‬‫لد‬‫ل‬ ‫مئر‬ ‫الذى‬ ‫والماء‬ ‫الصلبة‬ ‫النالة‬ ‫بى‬ ‫ة‬ ‫الثا‬ ‫دال‬‫بى‬ ‫به‬ ‫يتب‬ ‫لد‬‫ل‬‫وب‬ ‫لار‬‫ل‬‫الم‬ ‫لى‬‫ل‬‫رل‬ ‫لع‬‫ل‬ ‫و‬ ‫اذا‬ ‫لا‬‫ل‬‫ام‬ ‫لائلة‬‫ل‬‫الس‬ ‫لة‬‫ل‬‫النال‬‫لر‬‫ل‬‫ل‬ ‫اللازية‬ ‫نالته‬ ‫بى‬ ‫يصبح‬ ‫ماء‬ ‫بلار‬ ‫الى‬ ‫وتنو‬.
  • 2. ‫هى‬ ‫المادة‬ ‫الطالب‬ ‫عزيزى‬ ‫اذن‬ ‫الفراغ‬ ‫فى‬ ‫حيزا‬ ‫مايشغل‬ ‫كل‬ ‫كتله‬ ‫وله‬
  • 3. ‫ا‬‫ال‬‫او‬:‫الصلب‬ ‫الحالة‬‫ة‬: ‫م‬ ‫لن‬‫ل‬‫م‬ ‫ل‬‫ل‬ ‫تمت‬ ‫لا‬‫ل‬‫زيئاته‬ ‫ان‬ ‫لا‬‫ل‬‫ني‬ ‫ل‬‫ل‬‫ثاب‬ ‫لك‬‫ل‬‫ئ‬ ‫لا‬‫ل‬‫له‬ ‫للبة‬‫ل‬‫الص‬ ‫لواد‬‫ل‬‫الم‬‫لا‬‫ل‬‫كامه‬ ‫ل‬‫ل‬‫ب‬ ‫لة‬‫ل‬‫والكثاب‬ ‫لدة‬‫ل‬‫ام‬ ‫ال‬ ‫لة‬‫ل‬‫النال‬ ‫لى‬‫ل‬‫ب‬ ‫لر‬‫ل‬‫كبي‬ ‫لدر‬‫ل‬ ‫ب‬ ‫لة‬‫ل‬‫ارب‬ ‫مت‬ ‫لا‬‫ل‬‫زيئاته‬ ‫و‬‫لواد‬‫ل‬‫الم‬ ‫ى‬ ‫زيئا‬ ‫ال‬ ‫بين‬ ‫دا‬ ‫صليرة‬ ‫الفراغا‬ ‫ن‬ ‫رالية‬ ‫الصلبة‬. ‫الصلب‬ ‫للحالة‬ ‫البلورى‬ ‫التركيب‬‫ة‬: ‫بل‬ ‫يتهلا‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ملن‬ ‫اللتمكن‬ ‫تلم‬ ‫بلوريلة‬ ‫ائلكا‬ ‫بلى‬ ‫زيئلا‬ ‫ال‬ ‫تترتو‬‫لرن‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ى‬ ‫اكس‬ ‫ائعة‬ ‫باستلدام‬ ‫العئرين‬. ‫مورين‬ ‫الى‬ ‫البلورى‬ ‫التركيو‬ ‫سم‬ ‫ويم‬: ‫مث‬ ‫بسيط‬ ‫بلورى‬ ‫تركيو‬:‫الطعام‬ ‫ملح‬. ‫مث‬ ‫د‬ ‫مع‬ ‫بلورى‬ ‫تركيو‬:‫صدير‬ ‫ال‬.
  • 4. ‫ا‬‫ا‬‫ثاني‬:‫السائ‬ ‫الحالة‬‫لة‬: ‫لر‬‫ل‬‫ل‬ ‫لان‬‫ل‬‫مك‬ ‫لن‬‫ل‬‫م‬ ‫ليابية‬‫ل‬‫مس‬ ‫با‬ ‫لائلة‬‫ل‬‫الس‬ ‫لة‬‫ل‬‫النال‬ ‫لاز‬‫ل‬‫تمت‬(‫ل‬‫لية‬‫ل‬‫اص‬ ‫السريان‬)‫ل‬ ‫تبعلا‬ ‫وذللك‬ ‫متليلر‬ ‫وئلك‬ ‫ثابل‬ ‫لم‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ولهلا‬‫املاء‬ ‫تت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫للدر‬ ‫النرارة‬ ‫ة‬ ‫در‬ ‫املفاض‬ ‫ورمد‬ ‫تنتوية‬ ‫الذى‬‫نلو‬ ‫للدة‬‫ل‬‫ام‬ ‫ال‬ ‫للة‬‫ل‬‫للنال‬(‫للد‬‫ل‬‫م‬ ‫الت‬)‫للن‬‫ل‬‫م‬ ‫للة‬‫ل‬‫اريب‬ ‫للائ‬‫ل‬‫الس‬ ‫للا‬‫ل‬‫زيئ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ثاب‬ ‫مكان‬ ‫بى‬ ‫ى‬ ‫تب‬ ‫و‬ ‫متنركة‬ ‫لكمها‬ ‫ها‬ ‫بع‬(‫ال‬‫ريلان‬)‫و‬ ‫ت‬ ‫الزيل‬ ‫بفلى‬ ‫الملادة‬ ‫ملوا‬ ‫رللى‬ ‫تعتمد‬ ‫مسياو‬ ‫ا‬ ‫سررة‬‫مسلاو‬ ‫للتراب‬ ‫زيئا‬ ‫ال‬ ‫مي‬ ‫بسبو‬ ‫اا‬ ‫بسررة‬ ‫زيئا‬ ‫ال‬‫معا‬ ‫ط‬.
  • 5. ‫ا‬‫ا‬‫ثالث‬:‫الغاز‬ ‫الحالة‬‫ية‬: ‫مايسمى‬ ‫او‬ ‫السريان‬ ‫لاصية‬ ‫لها‬ ‫اللازية‬ ‫المواد‬ (‫مسياو‬ ‫ا‬)‫ثاب‬ ‫غير‬ ‫وئك‬ ‫م‬ ‫ن‬ ‫لها‬ ‫اللازية‬ ‫والمواد‬ ‫وتتنر‬ ‫متباردة‬ ‫زيئاتها‬ ‫و‬ ‫لها‬ ‫الناوى‬ ‫ماء‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ئك‬ ‫تألذ‬ ‫بهى‬‫رمد‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ها‬ ‫بع‬ ‫مع‬ ‫تتصادم‬ ‫او‬ ‫لها‬ ‫الناوى‬ ‫ماء‬ ‫ا‬ ‫دار‬ ‫ب‬ ‫تصادمها‬ ‫نركتها‬ ‫نيا‬ ‫من‬ ‫لط‬ ‫وبال‬ ‫النرارة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫بدر‬ ‫تتاثر‬ ‫واللازا‬ ‫تسم‬ ‫رامة‬ ‫اوامين‬ ‫اللازا‬ ‫سلوك‬ ‫وينكم‬ ‫تئللها‬ ‫الذى‬ ‫م‬ ‫والن‬‫ى‬ ‫لها‬ ‫اورة‬ ‫الم‬ ‫زيئا‬ ‫بال‬ ‫تتأثر‬ ‫واللازا‬ ‫اللازا‬ ‫اوامين‬.
  • 6. •‫الصلبة‬ ‫الحالة‬ ‫خواص‬: 1-‫تتحرك‬‫موضعية‬ ‫حركة‬ ‫دقائقها‬‫اهتزاز‬‫ية‬. 2-‫لها‬‫ثابت‬ ‫شكل‬. 3-‫لها‬‫ثابت‬ ‫حجم‬. 4-‫غير‬‫لالنضغاط‬ ‫قابلة‬. 5-‫طاقتها‬‫منخفضة‬ ‫الحركية‬. •‫السائلة‬ ‫الحالة‬ ‫خواص‬: 1-‫ورئوائية‬ ‫ودائمة‬ ‫الية‬ ‫امت‬ ‫نركة‬ ‫دااائها‬ ‫تتنرك‬. 2-‫بيه‬ ‫ع‬ ‫تو‬ ‫الذى‬ ‫الوراء‬ ‫ئك‬ ‫تألذ‬. 3-‫ثاب‬ ‫م‬ ‫ن‬ ‫لها‬. 4-‫لاط‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫صعبة‬. 5-‫ريان‬ ‫لل‬ ‫اابلة‬. 6-‫رالية‬ ‫النركية‬ ‫طااتها‬.
  • 7. 1-‫للوط‬‫ل‬‫لط‬ ‫للى‬‫ل‬‫وب‬ ‫للريعة‬‫ل‬‫وس‬ ‫للوائية‬‫ل‬‫ورئ‬ ‫للة‬‫ل‬‫ودائم‬ ‫للة‬‫ل‬‫الي‬ ‫امت‬ ‫للة‬‫ل‬‫نرك‬ ‫للا‬‫ل‬‫ه‬ ‫داائ‬ ‫للرك‬‫ل‬‫تتن‬ ‫اها‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫كابة‬ ‫وبى‬ ‫يمة‬ ‫مست‬. 2-‫بيه‬ ‫ع‬ ‫تو‬ ‫الذى‬ ‫الوراء‬ ‫ئك‬ ‫تألذ‬. 3-‫بيه‬ ‫ع‬ ‫تو‬ ‫الذى‬ ‫الوراء‬ ‫م‬ ‫ن‬ ‫رلى‬ ‫ويعتمد‬ ‫ثاب‬ ‫غير‬ ‫مها‬ ‫ن‬. 4-‫بسهولة‬ ‫لاط‬ ‫لإلم‬ ‫اابلة‬. 5-‫متئار‬ ‫ا‬ ‫بلاصية‬ ‫تمتاز‬. 6-ً‫ا‬‫د‬ ‫رالية‬ ‫النركية‬ ‫طااتها‬. •‫الغازية‬ ‫الحالة‬ ‫خواص‬: