Here is a draft lab report for the differential staining and antibiotic production testing lab: Introduction: The purpose of this lab was to identify unknown bacterial cultures using differential staining techniques and to test for antibiotic production. Differential staining allows bacteria to be classified based on characteristics like cell morphology and staining patterns. Testing for antibiotic production determines if bacteria can inhibit the growth of other microbes, which has applications in medicine. Methods: Two unknown bacterial cultures were provided, labeled A and B. Each was Gram stained to determine if they were gram-positive or gram-negative. Culture A was then acid-fast stained to check for mycobacteria. Cultures A and B were also stained with the Endospore stain to detect sp

1. Concerns of Bioterrorism
Issues/ Concerns of Bioterrorism US/Guam
What is Bioterrorism? What are the types of Bioterrorism? What issues or concerns should we be aware of when talking about Bioterrorism? How
is Bioterrorism different from the United States and that of Guam? These are some of the things people would think of and wonder when they hear
the word Bioterrorism. It's important to know the different steps or precautions that a person can look into in order to prevent themselves from
being a victim of Bioterrorism. First things first, Bioterrorism is defined as the intentional release of toxic biological agents to harm and terrorize
civilians, in the name of a political or other cause. The history of Bioterrorism goes way back. According to the Terrorism Issues and Homeland
Security, there have always been efforts to use germs and disease as weapons. The reported risk has led the U.S. government to expend immense
resources for bio–defense in the early part of the 21st century. According to Right Diagnosis from health grades, there was a list of the different types
of Bioterrorism and they are: Anthrax, Salmonella, Glanders, Melioidosis, and Smallpox.
Anthrax is an acute infectious disease caused by the spore–forming bacterium Bacillus anthracis. This disease mostly occurs in wild and domestic
animals such as: antelopes, camels, cattle, goats, sheep, and other herbivores, but can occur in human if they get in contact with the infected animal.
Anthrax spores are a form of bacteria that can
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2. Polymerase Chain Reaction: Gel Therapeutic
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a laboratory technique used in molecular biology in order to amplify a single piece or small sample of
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). It was first developed in 1983 by Kary Mullis, and relies on a method known as thermal cycling, consisting of repeated
heating and cooling, allowing for denaturing and annealing of the DNA strand to take place. A solution that is undergoing PCR needs to contain four
main components; the DNA of interest, DNA primers, DNA polymerase, as well as deoxynucleotides (dNTPs).
The process begins with the 'denaturation step', which involves heating the reaction to approximately 98В°C, causing DNA melting of the
double–stranded DNA by disrupting the hydrogen bonds that exist between complementary ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is useful for pathogens that are difficult to culture, or where such culturing is potentially hazardous. The amplified products of PCR, however, are
not immediately identifiable, and must be put through another process known as gel electrophoresis before data can be analysed. Gel electrophoresis
involves the separation and analysis of DNA (or many other macromolecules) based on size and charge. Nucleic acid molecules are separated by
applying an electric current to move negatively charged strands through a solution of agarose gel. Shorter fragments move faster and migrate further
than longer fragments, meaning the base length of an unknown fragment can be measured against a known fragment in order to identify it. This is
seen through coupling the DNA with a fluorescent tag (marker).
One such bacterium that is easily identified via the combined use of PCR and gel electrophoresis is the gram–negative spiral–shaped, Helicobacter
pylori. H. pylori is an important pathogen that mainly resides in the human stomach, and is associated with gastric inflammation, peptic ulcer disease,
and gastric cancer. At current, more than half of the world's population host the bacteria, with a higher prevalence in developing countries. Despite this,
close to 85% of affected individuals will not show symptoms, possessing only a 10–20% risk of lifetime peptic ulcer development, and 1–2% risk of
stomach
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3. Pink Bacilli Research
Results
Observing under 1000X magnification, the gram stain depicts pink bacilli, as seen in Figure 1. Figure 2 depicts the growth of a brown bacteria on a
MacConkey Agar plate. Figure 3 depicts the growth of a similarly brown bacteria surrounded by a very thin clear area on a blood agar plate. As seen in
Figure 4, the slant of gram–negative isolate appears mainly clear, with a slight green tint. Figure 5 shows the methyl red test, which produced no color
change. Figure 6 shows the Voges–proskauer test, which also produced no color change. Figure 7 depicts the lactose test, which produced no color
change and no gas. The Indole test resulted in a red ring and the Hydrogen Sulfide, H2S, test resulted in a black precipitate, both of which can ... Show
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It is also shown to not ferment lactose. It does not use the mixed acid fermentation or butylene glycol pathways during breakdown of glucose.
According to the gram–negative table, this indicates that the unknown gram–negative microbe is Proteus vulgaris (5). Comparing these results to
known biochemical characteristics, all results shown are consistent except for the methyl red test, which is supposed to be positive, indicating that the
bacterium does use the mixed acid pathway during breakdown of glucose. This error could be due to contamination, incorrect amount of methyl red
indicator added, or not being incubated for a long enough
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4. The Methyl Red, Microbiology Laboratory Theory And...
The Methyl Red and Voges–Proskauer broth is a combination medium that contains peptone, glucose, and a phosphate buffer that produce proteins,
fermentable carbohydrates, and a consistent pH level (Leboffe, Microbiology Laboratory Theory and Application). The Methyl Red test uses the
Methyl Red and Voges–Proskauer broth to determine if an organism produces stable or unstable acid by performing a mixed–acid fermentation of
glucose. If an organism produces a stable acid, it is positive for executing the mixed–acid fermentation which then lowers the pH level in the broth to
4.4 and turns it red. Unstable acids convert to neutral products and the broth will stay yellow or turn orange, both indicate a negative mixed–acid
fermentation (Leboffe, Microbiology Laboratory Theory and Application). Two of the fourbacteria used had red broth indicating positive test results for
mixed–acid fermentation with glucose, they were Escherichia coli and Proteus vulgaris, my known bacteria. The other two bacteria, Alcaligenes faecalis
and Enterobacter aerogenes, and unknown bacteria D were negative for mixed–acid fermentation. Based on these test results, my unknown could be
Alcaligenes faecalis or Enterobacter aerogenes. The Voges–Proskauer test used the Methyl Red and Voges–Proskauer broth to determine if an organism
produces acetoin after the degrading of glucose during a 2,3–butanediol fermentation (Leboffe, A Photographic Atlas for the Microbiology Laboratory).
Only one bacteria,
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5. Humans And The Human Life Essay
Although they can't be seen to the naked eye, it is vital that we comprehend the important role microorganisms play in our everyday life. These
organisms' importance goes as far back as causing the start of evolution on the planet Earth, which in turn led to the wide variety of species that we
can find in different parts of the world nowadays and even to the existence of us. Having in depth knowledge of microbiology extends beyond the past,
and into the influence it can have on our future. The ubiquitous characteristic of microorganisms means that they develop relationships with their
environment and can result in synergistic, commensalistic, mutualistic, or parasitic interactions with another organism (1) . To many, the wordbacteria
and virus automatically translate to disease or pathogen. While this is not false, microorganisms play a beneficial role to many animals and humans– in
fact, we need them to live. A medical journal points to some of these benefits stating, " Both animals and plants are closely associated with microbial
communities that make nutrients more available, provide protection from diseases, make essential vitamins, or a combination" (2). As a future nurse, I
will be working daily in the healthcare field where I will have to understand both the threats and strengths that microbial organisms have on human
health. An example of a crucial issue that has become a concern recently, is the antibiotic resistance that certain bacteria are developing. As these
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6. Restriction Site Mapping Of ГЋВ› Phage Dna
FIFE COLLEGE
Restriction Site Mapping in О» Phage DNA
Daniel Richards
0612924
Table of Contents
Introduction3
Aims and Objectives7
Methods8
Results13
Discussion14
Sources of Error15
Conclusion16
References17
Introduction
Lambda phage, also known as enterobacteria phage О», is a bacteriophage that infects Escherichia coli. The lambda phage has the capability to reside
in the genome of its host through lysogeny or to enter a lytic phase, during which it lyses the cell to produce offspring.[1] The phage consists of a
capsid, a tail and tail fibres with the head containing the phage 's double–strand linear DNA genome. The genome contains 48,490 base pairs with
12–base single strand segments at both 5 ' ends. However the cos site circularizes the DNA in the host cytoplasm, therefore in its circular form is
48,502 base pairs in length. The lytic cycle is the life cycle that more commonly occurs after most infections. It begins with the attachment of the
phage to the host cell allowing it to inject its DNA into the cell. Following this nucleic acid from the phage is replicated causing the phage 's genes
to be expressed which allows for the production of phage proteins. These proteins are then assembled into phage particles which are released when

7. the cell undergoes lysis. This lysis is mediated by genes S, R, Rz and Rz, these genes are shown in the diagram below, which work together to break
down the cell wall of the host bacterium. Whilst this mode of
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8. Metabolism Lab Report
This lab primary focus is around biochemical testing and the effects of specific microbiological medias. Explaining the importance for biochemical
testing is better by explaining what it does and what it looks for during procedures. One of the key concepts in biochemical testing is bacterial
metabolism. Peter Jurtshu, author of an article on bacterial metabolism perfectly summarizes the weight and reason behind a bacterial biochemical test.
He states that, "Metabolism refers to all the biochemical reactions that occur in a cell or organism. The study of bacterial metabolism focuses on the
chemical diversity of substrate oxidations and dissimilation reactions (reactions by which substrate molecules are broken down), which normally
function in... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These media can also help facilitate metabolism or inhibit. These options are in a form of selective media, meaning the goal is to isolate certain bacteria.
While the other type of media, called differential media, helps as a general growth medium, but also helps show the differences in metabolic growth
between chosen organisms. Peter, the microbiologist, is again tying the relationship between metabolism and microbiology media by saying, "These
respective exergonic (energy–yielding) and endergonic (energy–requiring) reactions are catalyzed within the living bacterial cell by integrated enzyme
systems, the result being self–replication of the cell. The capability of microbial cells to live, function, and replicate in an appropriate chemical milieu
(such as a bacterial culture medium) and the chemical changes that result during this transformation constitute the scope of bacterial metabolism"
(Jurtshu, 1996). That is the main functioning behind culture mediums in this specific lab and in general. Having microbiological mediums allows for
bacterial outside a host and can help further study of the organism. Further studying leads to a better understanding on how to treat bacterial infections
or how to prevent it. The history behind this lab and its contents are rich. The foundation of taxonomy with regards to bacterium can be gathered from
this lab alone along with its findings. In 1966 Edwards and Ewing's
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9. Alpha Haemolysis Lab Report
Introduction
There are many reasons for knowing the identity of different microbes when presented with them. The reasons include identifying the causative agent
behind the disease in a patient, understanding how it can be treated, as well as knowing the microbe that should be used for making the right
antibiotics. With this being said, their correct identification is not only significant in a microbiology lab but also in the medical, manufacturing, and
pharmaceutical fields. The first test used in the identification of unknown bacteria numbers 3 and 4 was the Gram stain, which was used to differentiate
between gram–positive and gram–negative bacteria based on their different cell wall elements. The Gram stain procedure distinguishes between ...
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Such bacteria require an enriched environment as compared to bacteria that grow more easily. It is also used to differentiate hemolytic bacteria,
particularly Streptococcus species, also making it a differential media in distinguishing the destruction of red blood cells caused by cytolytic toxins
secreted by select bacteria. If the bacteria were to have Beta hemolysis, there would be a large area of clearing around the bacteria colony on the BAP.
When Alpha hemolysis occurs, there is a blue–green tint on the bottom of the plate, as if it were bruised. With gamma hemolysis, there is actually no
hemolysis, therefore no change in the agar would occur. A Hektoen Enteric Agar was used next which is both a selective and differential medium
intended to separate and distinguish members of the Salmonella and Shigella species from other Enterobacteria. Bile salts and bromthymol blue and
acid fuchsin dyes hinder the growth of most Gram–positive organisms. Lactose, sucrose, and salicin are fermentable carbohydrates in the HE agar that
encourage this variation in growth and color. Ferric ammonium citrate that is in the agar allows the observer to see hydrogen sulfide creation by
reacting with hydrogen sulfide gas to make a
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10. Antibiotic Resistance : Where We Are
Antibiotic Resistance: Where we are and what we need to do
Oluwatosin Fofah
Antibiotics are inarguably one of the greatest advances in medical science of the past century. Although the first natural antibiotic Penicillin was not
discovered until 1928 by Scottish biologist Alexander Flemming, evidence exists that certain plant and mold growths were used to treat infections in
ancient Egypt, ancient India, and classical Greece (Forrest, 1982). In our modern world with the advent of synthetic chemistry synthetic antibiotics like
Erithromycin and its derivative Azithromycin have been developed. Antibiotics have many uses including the treatment of bacterial and protozoan
infection, in surgical operations and prophylactically to prevent the development of an infection. Through these applications, antibiotics have saved
countless lives across the world and radically altered the field of medicine. Though a wonderful and potentially lifesaving tool, antibiotic use is not
without its disadvantages. Mankind has perhaps been too lax in regulation and too liberal in application of antibiotics and growing antibiotic resistance
is the price we must now pay. A recent study showed that perhaps 70% of bacterial infections acquired during hospital visits in the United States are
resistant to at least one class of antibiotic (Leeb, 2004). Bacteria are not helpless and their genetic capabilities have allowed them to take advantage of
society's overuse of antibiotics, allowing them to develop
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11. Organisms Of Two Unknown Bacterial Cultures Essay
Introduction The objective of this experiment is to identify the organisms of two unknown bacterial cultures. Students must identify the species of the
unknown bacteria by utilizing the techniques and information learned in previous laboratory exercises. These techniques include streaking for
isolation, Gram staining, and specific biochemical tests. Students are given a map known as a dichotomous key, a guide in determining the identity of
their unknown sample.
Identifying microbes using a series of biochemical tests, like those performed by students, is used in a clinical settings for several important reasons
other than taxonomy. It is used to determine susceptibility to antimicrobial drugs, gain information for future treatments, identify pathogens in terms of
their potential danger, aid epidemiologists in tracing sources of infections, and to accumulate data of interest to those studying infectious diseases
(Tortora, G. J., Funke, B. R., & Case, C. L., 2016).
Results
The first steps to identifying the two unknown microorganisms in tube 33 & 34 is to perform a Gram Stain, prepare a MacConkey Agar plate, and
subculture each unknown on to a Blood Heart Infusion Agar slant.
Table 1.1: Gram Staining result for unknown 33
PURPOSEREAGENTOBSERVATIONRESULT
Identify and classify bacteria as gram negative or gram positive. Crystal violet, Iodine, alcohol, & SafraninPink rod rod–shaped bacteriumGram
Negative Bacilli
Table 1.2: Gram Staining result for unknown 34
PURPOSE
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12. Differential Staining Lab Report
Differential Staining and Testing for Antibiotic Production
Currently, antibiotic resistance is a major concern when it comes to public health and food security. The purpose of this research is to isolate bacteria
from the soil capable of antibiotic production. A local soil sample was collected and diluted through a series of serial dilutions to limit bacterial growth
between 30–300 colonies, so single colonies were isolated. Single colonies were isolated onto a master plates based on variations in colony shape,
edge, color, and elevation. Those that were most favorable produced a zone of inhibition in which an antibiotic was produced inhibiting the growth of
neighboring bacterial colonies. Master plate colonies were then plated using ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Antibiotics resistance occurs when bacteria change their structure as a mechanism for survivor. Once bacteria become resistant to antibiotics the illness
they cause become more severe and thus treatment becomes hard then those caused by non–resistant bacteria. The second biggest threat to public
health is the diminishing of effective antibiotics resulting from microbial antibiotic resistance.
Soil with its abundance of microbes has become the focus for new antibiotic resistance. This is particularly relevant because a large number of
antibiotics is from soil bacteria or fungi. By isolating bacterial colonies from the soil the ability to produce antibiotics is tested ESKAPE pathogens.
ESKAPE pathogens are used are being used in testing protocol as these organisms often become antibiotic resistant and cause a large number of
hospital–acquired infections. The use of ESPAKE organisms allows for demonstration of antibiotic production against such pathogens which are
clinically relevant organisms.
Methods
The soil samples used were gathered from Beaver Creek Road/450th LN North of Hay Springs, exact location (42.801858, –102.728178). Sample was
taken from inside bank at Kadlecek Reservoir at a depth of 66.802 cm. At the collection site, water was still with a low flow creek running into
reservoir with vast amounts of aquatic vegetation. Soil color was dark black, very saturated and contained no odor. A sterile collection tube was used
to gather soil sample.
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13. Childhood Obesity : An Epidemic
Introduction Childhood obesity is rising worldwide in an alarming rate. New Zealand Health Survey results in 2012/2013 showed that one out of nine
children (2–14 years) was obese and it was 11 per cent of the total children population1. Obese children are more prone to have cardiovascular disease,
psychological morbidity, asthma, Type 1 diabetes, and early mortality2 sooner or later in their life. Adverse effects of childhood obesity not only affect
the current or later health status of children but also the country's productivity and economy. Therefore it is very important to break the obesity viscous
cycle in order to have a healthy nation. Various factors involve in the development of this multifaceted condition– "Obesity" such as individual's
genetics, environment and behaviour2. The major causes for childhood obesity in New Zealand include less physical activity, inadequate sleep3,
unhealthy dietary patterns such as skipping breakfast4 and consumption of unhealthy snack food5. There are various preventive strategies for
childhood obesity. The conventional treatments include promoting healthy dietary and behaviour practises and physical activities; however, these seem
to be not having positive impacts in some situations. Moreover, some studies also have shown that different diet and physical activity intervention
studies had failed to have a positive effect on BMI and obesity of children2. Likewise, some existing evidence reflects that traditional obesity prevention
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14. level of knowledge on the importance of basic personal...
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study
Personal hygiene has always been a part of a person's daily activities but what is really the depth of an individual's understanding of why personal
hygiene should be practiced every day? One's behavior towards practicing personal hygiene greatly aids in the prevention of diseases; thus, an optimal
component to the well–being of people. More studies have also depicted the health benefits of improved hygiene (Fewtrell et al. 2005) Boot and
Cairncross (1993) mentions hand washing and nail cleaning; washing of the face; bathing; hygiene post defecation; and washing of towels, beddings,
clothes, etc. before use as part of personal hygiene. At an early age, children are educated about ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
After the grouping, the researchers will take the tally result of each item per group of variable using table showing the tally of each item per variable
subdivision. They will then compare the results basing on the three (3) variables stated to know the difference of level of understanding on basic
hygiene practices of the respondents and see the significance among the said variables using formulated table to see clear comparison result. If the
result is not coinciding with the stated hypothesis of the study, the researchers will re–distribute the questionnaires to the respondents; will be answered
by the respondents, and will be gathered by the researchers for re–tallying and re–comparing. If the result is or is not coinciding with the stated
hypothesis, the researchers will then make a summary, conclusion and recommendations basing on the gathered results.
Conceptual Framework
This study will base on the following conceptual framework. This will be the guideline of the researchers through this study. The flow of the study
depends on this framework.
Scopes and Limitation of the Study
This study is about the level of knowledge on the importance of basic personal hygiene among the Grade 5 pupils of WNU, Academic Year
2013–2014. It includes all aspects and statements regarding personal hygiene practices and the

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16. Rna Essay : Rna Self Splicing
Project I: RNA Self–Splicing
Kit Fung (Klaus) Chan
TA: Christopher Kampmeyer, Henry Sillin
Lab Section: 1B T/R 4pm–7:50pm
Group Member: Phuong (Nhu) Huynh
Group Number: 13
Date Submitted: 4/23/2015
This is my own original work. If any portion of found not to be my own original work, I will accept zero points for this report in addition to whatever
the Dean dictates. Abstract mRNA bears the role of accurately conveying genetic information fromDNA into protein (Nature), but there is an extra
crucial molecule between DNA and mRNA, which is the pre–mRNA. Pre–mRNA is the immature single strand of complete transcript of the DNA
which contains the exon and intron. In order to become a mature mRNA, splicing has to occur to excise out the non–coding sequence (intron) and
connect the coding sequences (exons) to render the correct targeted product. There are two groups in splicing reaction, in this project, the self–splicing
reaction that is catalyzed by group I intron from the plasmid of Twort bacteriophage, along with the role of arginine in the self–splicing reaction will be
closely examined using gel electrophoresis. The plasmid was linearized by restrictive enzyme and was loaded into a 0.8% agarose gel to confirm the
presence of digested DNA. Upon confirmation, sample solution with different arginine concentration were mixed along with the digested DNA and
loaded into the 2% agarose gel to confirm if self–splicing has occurred. The image from the 2% agarose gel confirmed
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17. Potato Dextrose Agar Lab Report
each to be plated on 0.4 g potato dextrose agar (PDA). The PDA (10.26% potato extract, 51.28% glucose, 38.46% agar, 35.5366 Nm cycloheximide)
uses potatoes as a source of nitrogen, potassium, and glucose as the carbon source, while cycloheximide is used to inhibit fungal growth. Of each
dilution 0.1 ml was plated on PDA and spread with the hockey stick method. Each plate was then labelled with the dilution factor and placed in the
incubator at 37В°C for 24–48 hours dependent upon growth. A seventh plate was created with soil from wet sample, plated in the same manner on
PDA. Four master plates were then created from the serial dilution plates. Potato dextrose agar was selected and master plates were divided into a grid
for isolation of
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18. Microbiology Unknown Paper.
Lahela Correa
12/08/2009
Microbiology 140
Matthew Tuthill
Unknown Lab Report
Introduction
There are many reasons for knowing the identity of microorganisms. The reasons range from knowing the causative agent of a disease in a patient, so
as to know how it can be treated, to knowing the correct microorganism to be used for making certain foods or antibiotics. This study was done by
applying all of the methods that I have been learned so far in the microbiology laboratory class for the identification of an unknown bacterium.
The purpose of this lab was to identify two unknown bacteria cultures using various differential tests. The identification of these unknown cultures was
accomplished by separating and differentiating possible ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Nitrate reduction was tested for by inoculating a nitrate broth with the unknown gram (–) culture, and allowing growth to take place. Adding 2 drops of
both sulfanilic acid and О±–napththylamine to the medium if the first test to see if nitrite is present. If nitrite is present, the medium turns red,
indicating a positive test. However, if the medium does not change, a second test is performed to see if nitrite was further reduced. In this second test,
zinc powder is added to the broth to catalyze the reduction of any nitrate present to nitrite. If nitrate is present when the zinc is added the reduction of
this compound will cause the medium to turn red, from the previously added reagents. Red medium on the second addition indicates nitrate was not
reduced and a negative test result. However, if the medium does not change after the addition of the zinc, the unknown is positive for nitrate reduction,
as the nitrite has just been further reduced, preventing its detection. The result that yielded was positive on the first step.
Triple Sugar Iron agar slant (TSI) was used to test for the fermentation of glucose and lactose, as well as the production of H2S. Gas production was
also monitored, looking for fissures produced by production of gas during fermentation. The conversion of the originally red slant and butt of the agar
to yellow indicates that
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19. Enterobacter Cloacae Lab Report
Enterobacter cloacae is a common Gram–negative bacterium. It belongs to the family Enterobacteriaceae. Enterobacter cloacae is an opportunistic
bacteria and has emerged as a nosocomial pathogen within the last decade.1 E. cloacae is more prominant within intensive care units, especially those
patients who are on mechanical ventilation.1 Antibiotic–resistance is one of the well–known features of this microorganism.1 A trail was conducted to
determine how exactly Enterobacter cloacae works in regards to its pathogenicity, but unfortunately only a few mechanisms are understood. The few
processes that are known include its ability to produce biofilms as well as secrete numerous cytotoxins.1
According to a trial trying to determine bacterial resistance within the Enterobacteriaceae family "E. cloacae has been proven resistance to ampicillin,
amoxicillin–clavulanic acid, first–generation cephalosporins, cephalothin, cefoxitin, broad–spectrum cephalosporins, as well as third generation
cephalosporins."1 The trial also stated that "this vast resistance is due to the bacteria's ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Cloacoa associated bacteremia with Piperacillin–tazobactam is "3.375 gm IV every 6 hours for 10 – 14 days."3 Renal adjustment is advised for
patients with a CrCl <40mL/min.3 The suggested dose and duration of therapy for renal impaired patients is 2.25gm IV every 6 to 8 hours for 10 – 14
days.3 Some of the most reported adverse reactions according to the Sanford guide are, "diarrhea, C. difficile colitis, increased LFTs, increased BUN
/Creatinine, and headache."3 With the recent emergence of carbapenemase–producing enterobacteria it seems imperative to look for alternative
antibacterial options other than carbapenems in treating infections with this
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20. Vibrio Research Paper
Vibrio
Vibrio is a rod shaped bacteria that are also gram negative. They naturally appear in marine or estuarine environments. Also to note there are around
about 12 species vibrio that have been known to cause diseases in humans which cause around about an estimated 80,000 illnesses, 500
hospitalizations and 100 deaths ever year in the US. The main reason that people get infected by vibrio is from coming into contact with seawater or
through consuming raw or undercooked seafood. Vibriosis usually causes primary septicaemia (blood poisoning), diarrhoea, wound infections, or other
extra intestinal infections. Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a strain of vibrio that has a rod shaped is usually found in saltwater and if ingested can causes
gastrointestinal ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Lister's first started to realise where the cause of infection came from was when he was comparing different patient's compound fractures and normal
fractures. Most simple fractures did not have a wound which penetrated the skin so it not has contact with the outside air. Patients which had these
kind of fractures bones where set and placed in a cast and they had a very high recovery rate. A compound fracture is when the bone penetrates through
the skin when a fracture occurs and so comes into contact with the air. Usually over 50% of these patients died in the recovery stage. Lister then went
on to work out that somehow the infections that are causing people to die must be entering wounds from the
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21. Describe The Function Of A Virus
Viruses are microscopic organisms that are able to reproduce themselves using a host call. Viruses play the role of a parasite or an uninvited guest in
an organism. Epidemics occurs when a disease spreads through many people; ex: THe Great Influence Epidemics of 1918.Pandemics its is a global
outbreak of a disease; ex: HIV/AIDS. Viruses are similar to cells they have genetic material and reproduce just like cells.Viruses are different from cells
because they are not made of cells and cannot metabolize nutrients. Viruses can have eitherDNA or RNA and it can be Double Stranded and single
stranded for viruses. The function of a virus is to replicate itself or reproduce ; Ex; Hepatitis A has RNA and Hepatitis B has DNA as genetic material.
Viral Capsids are protein shell made out of protein shell made out of proteins.
Some shapes of viral capsids are helical or icosahedral: ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Virus surface markers are protein expressed and have different receptors. Function of a virus surface marker is to recognize other matching surface
receptors and bind; For Ex: Influenza surface markers are hemagglutinin and Neuraminidase. Viral Envelope are composed of lipid bilayer and its
derived for host cell's membranes. Function of a viral capsid is that it envelopes the viral capsid and some examples of viral envelopes are CMV
viruses and HIV virus. In Lytic Cycle Viruses reproduce quickly and burst cell for example flu and rabies however some virus go through Lysogenic
which means the virus does not replicate quick but stay dormant for very long time and them become active and go through the lytic cycle . Lytic and
Lysogenic cycle are similar because for both cycle the attach and insert genetic material by after that while lytic cycle
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22. New Delhi Metallo-Beta-Lactamase Essays
New Delhi Metallo–Beta–Lactamase
Illnesses caused by disease and other infections have troubled inhabitants of this world for centuries. However, modern science and epidemiology
allow us to break down the organisms that cause the illness in order to treat and prevent it. We can now understand the classification and type of
organism as well as its life cycle. We can discover its mode of transmission and methods to diagnose it. By determining these factors, the future of the
organism can be determined and lives can be saved. Today, many new diseases are being examined in hopes of containing ailments and treating those
who have contracted them. One such ailment is an organism called New Delhi Metallo–beta–lactamase, more ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
The matching structure of NDM–1 inhibits the effectiveness of the antibiotics that share the same chemical structure. Carbapenems are relatively new
antibiotics that are used to treat organisms that have mutated and developed resistances to older antibiotics such as penicillins and cephalosporins.
NDM–1 is further resistant to carbapenems because it secrets the enzyme carbapenemase. This secretion inhibits the antibiotics from synthesizing the
bacteria's cell wall in order to disable the bacteria. It is concerning that NDM–1 already has a strong resistance to the more effective carbapenems.
Unfortunately the life cycle for this organism is unknown as of yet. This uncertainty aids in making NDM–1 a threat to society. Once it is understood
how NDM–1 bacteria are transmitted, the health threats associated with the organism can be diagnosed and treated more easily. NDM–1 is easily
transmitted because it resides in the plasmids of the bacteria, which provides an ideal surface for horizontal gene transfer. Thus, NDM–1 can easily
transfer from one bacterial strain to another or from one bacterial genus to another. Because the main strains of bacteria that produce NDM–1 (
escherichia coli, klebsiella pneumoniae, and enterobacter cloacae) reside in the bowels if the body, the disease is often spread through fecal material.
Once the bacterium is transferred, a variety of symptoms may arise: a urinary tract infection, a bloodstream infection or sepsis,
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