Esperanto is the most widely spoken artificial language in the world with approximately 2 million speakers worldwide. It was created in 1887 by the Polish-Jewish ophthalmologist Ludwik Lejzer Zamenhof

2. March 24th marks the birth anniversary of Dario Fo, an Italian actor, playwright, comedian, singer,
theatre director, songwriter, painter, and political campaigner known to the world for his Nobel prize-
winning play “Mistero Buffo”. The play, staged in 1969, is a series of monologues drawn from the
Biblical apocrypha, Italian folk tales and the Commedia dell’Arte. One of the most peculiar features of
the “Mistero Buffo” is the language in which it is performed, Grammelot. This constructed language,
which goes back before the 1500s, comprises of dialects of the Po river valley, invented words which
emulate stereotypical sounds of different foreign languages and gestures which assume a critical
role in the spectator understanding of the play.
On the occasion of Dario Fo’s birth anniversary, let’s take a look at other artificial or constructed
languages.
Esperanto
Esperanto is the most widely spoken artificial language in the world with approximately 2 million
speakers worldwide. It was created in 1887 by the Polish-Jewish ophthalmologist Ludwik Lejzer
Zamenhof with the objectives to make the study of a language as easy as possible and to make
communication easy between people from different countries and cultures.

3. Fun fact: In the Charlie Chaplin movie “The Great Dictator”, the shop signs in the Jewish ghetto are
written in Esperanto.
Klingon (tlhIngan Hol)
The Klingon language was originally developed by Dr. Marc Okrand for the American movie and TV
series Star Trek. As per the Klingon Language Institute website, although Klingons have never
existed, the language has been developed from gibberish to a proper tongue with its own writing
system, grammar, vocabulary, figures of speech and regional dialects. A Klingon version of “A
Christmas Carol” (tlhIngan ram nI’ bom) was premiered in 2007 in Minnesota.
Fun fact: Dr. d’Armond Speers, a Klingon speaker, raised his son Alec to speak Klingon as a first
language. After his fifth birthday, though, Alec stopped responding to his father in Klingon.

4. Toki Pona
Toki Pona was invented in 2001 by Sonja Elen Kisa, a Toronto-based translator and linguist. This is
possibly the world’s smallest language, with only little more than 100 words and 14 letters. With such
a small basic vocabulary, a lot of words are created as compound words, for example “purple” would
be translated as “laso (blue) loje (red)”. Toki Pona mainly borrows from European languages such as
English, Finnish, and Dutch, but also from Chinese, Acadian French and Tok Pisin.
Fun fact: The creation of compound words in Toki Pona is quite subjective and entirely depends on
the individual perception and different situations. For example, the term “car” could be translated as:
“tomo tawa”
(indoor space) + (moving)
if you mean it like a space used for movements

5. Fun fact: In the Russian translation of the novel, most of the Russian-borrowed terms are retained in
their English transliteration.
In the past, people have created artificial or constructed languages with the main objective of making
communication easier and break the language barriers between people speaking different
languages. Of all the languages mentioned in this article, Esperanto seems to be the best example.
However, Grammelot too was initially developed with this objective; jesters travelling from one end to
the other of Medieval Europe, who could not speak all the languages of the countries they visited,
created a language made of onomatopoeic sounds, gestures and words which simulate the
stereotypical sounds of those foreign languages, so that everybody would understand and enjoy
their performances. In the last couple of centuries, however, the so called “artlang” or artistic
languages began to arise. This particular type of artificial languages generally serves aesthetic or
artistic purposes and includes Klingon, Dothraki, Nadsat, but also Na’vi (from the movie “Avatar”),
Quenya and Sindarin (from Tolkien’s “The Lord of the Rings”).

6. People have been inventing languages since centuries; many think that St. Hildegard of Bingen’s
Lingua Ignota, which was created in the XXII century, is the first example of artificial language.
Creating an accurate list of constructed languages seems like a daunting task as there exists
thousands of languages simply created for artistic purposes (the now closed website langmaker.com
listed more than 1,900 invented languages in 2007).
So, what seems to be the future of artificial languages? Given the data in our hands, it is easy to
predict that the number of these kinds of languages is just going to increase in the future as artificial
languages are increasingly used in literary work, TV series and movies to add realism to the story.
The public has been extremely receptive to these new languages, with people learning the artificial
tongue and using it for online or offline everyday communication.