ContentsAbstract2a)PEST Analysis2Political3Eco.docx

Contents
Abstract 2
a) PEST Analysis 2
Political 3
Economic 3
Social-Cultural-Demographic 4
Technology 4
b) Scenario Analysis 5
Scenario 1 5
Scenario 2 6
Scenario 3 6
Scenario 4 7
Boeing: 7
Lockheed Martin 8
Northrop Grumman 8
Revenues and cost 9
Revenue Drivers 9
Costs/Expenses 10
Choices and Consequences 11
Diversification 12
Better off and ownership tests 13
Works Cited 16
Abstract:
This analytical paper focuses on United Technologies
Corporation (UTC) and its subsidiaries, UTC Aerospace
Systems, Pratt & Whitney, Sikorsky, UTC Climate Controls, &
Security, and Otis.
1. Do a thorough environmental scan, such as a PEST analysis,
for your firm. Using this analysis and any other information you

believe to be relevant, do a scenario analysis for your firm
along the lines of the one we did in class on Day #2. Identify 4
mutually exclusive scenarios based on two variables, explain
why you chose these particular variables, and then explain the
major strategic choices your firm would face in each of these 4
different scenarios.
a) PEST Analysis:
United Technologies Aerospace Systems, formerly known as
Hamilton Sundstrand, is a global aerospace company which
offers a wide range of technologically advanced aerospace and
industrial products and aftermarket services to its customers. It
is a relatively young but rapidly developing company that plays
a very important role in the modern space engineering and
aviation market. The company was created in 2012 when UTC
merged its subsidiary, Hamilton Sundstrand with the newly
acquired Goodrich Corporation. The company’s product
portfolio includes electric power generating, distribution,
management and control systems, fuel and special fluid pumps
and engine control systems. These products are used in various
systems including actuation systems, air management systems,
auxiliary power systems, electric systems, engine and control
systems, propeller systems, and space systems. The company
serves both commercial and military customers. Some of the
company’s top commercial customers include Airbus, Boeing,
and Rolls Royce, to name a few. This PEST analysis is an
environmental scan of UTC Aerospace Systems and the
aerospace industry.
· Political:
The aerospace industry is a highly regulated industry, especially
for companies such as UTC Aerospace Systems who conduct
business with the Federal government. UTC Aerospace Systems
provides services to the Department of Defense Intelligence
Community, Department of Homeland Security, and Department
of State, among others. Due to its status as a contractor to the

U.S. government, the company’s business is strictly regulated
by several domestic and international laws. Some of the laws
that regulate UTAS’s business with the government include the
Truth in Negotiation Act; Federal Acquisition Regulations; and
False Claims Act and the International Traffic in Arm
Regulation. Any amendments to these laws would directly
impact the company’s business. In addition to the domestic laws
mentioned above, the company’s business is also regulated by
various foreign laws and regulations related to import-export
control and the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act. Even though the
Federal government’s business comprises a relatively small
percentage (20%) of the company’s business, any failure to
adhere to these regulations may result in fines, penalties, or
suspension from receiving additional contracts.
· Economic:
UTC Aerospace Systems is a provider of flight control systems,
engine control systems and fire protection and detection
systems for aircraft manufactures; thus, the company’s business
is directly impacted by the airline industry. The company was
adversely affected by the global economic slowdown when
airline travel took a hit between 2008 and 2009. However, in
recent years, the air transport industry has begun witnessing a
positive impact on its operations. According to Airbus, the
demand for new aircraft is expected to grow an average of 1,400
per year to reach 27,800 new aircrafts by 2030. It is likely that
this prediction will have a positive impact on the demand for
airframe and engine components as well as aerospace turbine
engine repairs. As a provider of flight control systems and
engine control systems, UTC Aerospace Systems has the
potential to benefit from this positive long-term outlook of the
air transport industry.
· Social-Cultural-Demographic:
Due to the nature of the company’s business, it is not directly
affected by social, cultural and demographic factors such as
social stratification/mobility, race, religion, or health practices.
However, education and technical skills are important to UTAS

because it has to acquire, train, and retain employees with high
education levels and technical skills. As a leader in the
aerospace industry, UTC Aerospace is constantly striving to
provide top quality products and services to its customers. In
order to achieve this high standard, the company is committed
to investing in recruiting and training top talent from around the
world. The company also offers rewards and benefits in order to
keep its employees satisfied and increase its retention rate.
· Technology:
UTC Aerospace Systems operates in a highly competitive
market that is subject to rapid technological changes. Due to
this rapid pace, introduction of products using new technologies
or adoption of new industry standards has the potential to make
existing products obsolete or unmarketable. Thus, in order for
UTC Aerospace Systems to continue to operate successfully and
compete effectively in the aerospace industry, it has to
continuously innovate and introduce new products that gain
market acceptance. In addition, the company has to understand
its customers’ requirements and adapt to emerging technologies
in the market.
b) Scenario Analysis:
This scenario analysis is based on an increase in demand for
commercial aircrafts and a decline in the United States Defense
budget. I chose these two mutually exclusive variables because
a change in demand for commercial aircrafts and the Federal
defense budget will alter the company’s business strategy. Both
variables pose very plausible scenarios due to the current state
of the economy.
Reduction in U.S. Defense Spending
Yes
No
Increase in demand for commercial aircrafts
Yes

· Market to commercial aircraft manufacturers and continue to
develop innovative technology for space systems.
· Differentiate itself from competition on compliance and
superior quality
No
· Invest more in R&D for space systems
· Establish partnerships with space companies such as Space X
· Achieve 100% compliance with government regulations
· Scenario 1:
Demand for additional aircrafts is likely to soar in the near
future primarily due to the predicted positive outlook on air
travel across the globe. Airbus has predicted that the aircraft
market is expected to reach approximately $3.5 billion by 2030.
On the other hand, the Federal government is expected to reduce
its defense budget in upcoming years for various reasons
including, the decision to withdrawal troops from Afghanistan
and Iraq as well as reduction in weapons procurement. If this
scenario were to occur, there would be a significant drop in new
contracts being awarded to defense contractors including UTC
Aerospace Systems. This scenario would have an impact on the
company’s revenue however; it would not be a detrimental
impact. Since the company procures a majority of its parts for
commercial customers, it would not have to drastically alter its
business strategy.
· Scenario 2:
Under this scenario, there would be an increase in demand for
commercial aircrafts and no decline in the Federal defense

budget. If this scenario were to occur, UTC Aerospace Systems
would have to strive to maintain its status as an industry leader
and differentiate itself from competitors by continuing to
provide superior quality products and services to both its
commercial and military customers. The company could achieve
this on the military side by being 100 percent compliant with all
government regulations in order to continue to win government
contracts. On the commercial side, it would have to provide top
quality products and services at competitive rates.
· Scenario 3:
This scenario presents a decrease in commercial aircrafts and a
decline in the U.S. Defense budget. In this scenario, the
company would have to focus on establishing strong
partnerships with NASA and space companies such as Space X
and Virgin Galactic. Since the idea of commercializing space
travel has been gaining traction lately, UTC Aerospace Systems
could capitalize on this opportunity and strengthen its Space
Systems program.
· Scenario 4:
Under this scenario, UTC Aerospace Systems would have to
rely primarily on its defense contracts due to the decrease in
commercial aircrafts. In order to gain more military contracts
from the government, the company would have to ensure 100
percent compliance with all relevant government regulations.
This would be a challenge especially since the company was
recently found deficient in complying with certain regulations.
2. Do a thorough application of the competitor analysis
framework on your company’s main competitors; see articles
and slides for February 19. Discuss what the key points would
be if one of your main competitors applied the same framework
to your company.
There are a lot of companies in the world that share the aviation
and aerospace market with UTC Aerospace Systems, but only

few have a similar influence and market power. This competitor
analysis framework focuses on three of the company’s major
competitors, Boeing, Lockheed Martin, and Northrop Grumman.
These three companies serve an interesting role because they
are both competitors and customers of UTAS.Boeing:
As one of the largest manufacturer of commercial and military
aircrafts, Boeing, along with its subsidiaries, designs, develops,
manufactures, sells, services, and supports commercial and
military aircrafts, satellites, missiles, missile defense, and
launch systems. The company is divided into five main
divisions: Commercial Airplanes, Boeing Military Aircraft,
Global Services and Support, Boeing Capital Corporation, and
Network and Space Systems. Boeing strives to maintain its
position as an industry leader through the creation of new and
innovative airplanes to meet its customers’ needs. Some of
Boeing’s key strengths include strong financial performance,
diversified aerospace and defense business, and leading market
position. Its weaknesses include pending litigations, and debt &
contractual commitments.
Lockheed Martin:
Lockheed Martin is a leader in research, design, development,
manufacturing, and integration of technological systems. The
company operates in four divisions: Electronic Systems,
Information Systems and Global Services, Aeronautics, and
Space Systems. Unlike its other counterparts, a majority of
Lockheed’s business is derived from the Federal government.
The company’s main goal is to continually improve global
security for its customers. One of Lockheed’s key strengths
include its position as a global leader in providing tactical and
transport aircraft, missile defense, maritime surveillance, and
space-based systems. On the other hand, one of its weaknesses,
similar to other competitors is legal proceedings. The company
has been involved in a lengthy legal battle which may possibly
result in fines and penalties.
Northrop Grumman:
Similar to Lockheed, Northrop considers itself as a leader in

global security. The company creates products, services, and
solutions for aerospace, electronics, and information systems.
Northrop’s five main business sectors are: Aerospace Systems,
Electronic Systems, Information Systems, Shipbuilding, and
Technical Service. The company has differentiated itself from
its competitors by extending its technology to assist in building
ships for the U.S. Military. Some of Northrop’s strengths
include, its wide business operations, strong focus on research
and development, and improved profitability. One of its biggest
weaknesses is the decline in sales volume, Northrop was
significantly impacted by lower sales volume in 2011 and 2012.
In order for UTC Aerospace Systems to maintain its position in
the industry, it has to focus on enhancing its strengths and work
on improving its areas of opportunities. The company's
strengths are in its long lasting business growth, which is more
than eighty years by now.
3. Do a comprehensive analysis of your company’s business
model, including both the revenues and costs framework from
“Note on Business Model Analysis for the Entrepreneur” and
the choices and consequences causal loop framework from the
"Competing through Business Models" reading.
Revenues and cost
Business model can be defined as a design for the successful
operation of a business, identifying revenue sources, customer
base, products, and details. A business model analysis looks at
both revenue drivers and key expenses. Some of the key factors
that influence total revenue are revenue streams, revenue
models/sources, and relative size and importance. On the other
hand, the main components of key expenses include, cost
drivers, cost structures, and cost centers. Below is an analysis
of United Technologies Aerospace Systems’ business model.
Revenue Drivers:
UTC Aerospace is a world leading supplier of integrated

aerospace solutions. The company employs over 42,000
employees worldwide. In 2014, the company generated over $
14 billion dollars in net sales with over $2 billion in operating
profit. UTC Aerospace Systems is a multiple revenue stream
company. The revenue streams are categorized under aerospace
and industrial. The main facets of the company’s aerospace
category include designing, developing, manufacturing, and
marketing of a wide range of systems and products for
commercial and military aircrafts, homeland security, and space
applications. Some of the company’s product offerings include
gearboxes, primary and secondary flight controls and actuation
systems, torpedo propulsion systems, launch vehicle hydraulic
power units, and fire protection products for military vehicles
and civilian and military aircrafts.
Under the industrial category, UTC Aerospace Systems provide
specialty pumps and metering, rotary screw air and gas
compressors, pneumatic tools and high-speed centrifugal pumps,
to name a few. These products are also used in chemical
processing, water and waste treatment, and oil and gas
production.
Another revenue stream from UTC Aerospace Systems is
aftermarket services. The company provides spare parts,
overhaul and repair support, military customer support and
logistics, business aircraft support, worldwide repair services,
and engineering and technical support and fleet and
management solutions. All these products and services comprise
of the UTC Aerospace Systems revenue stream. Due to the
nature of the business, the company’s revenue source is
volume/unit-based. UTC Aerospace Systems has participated in
a variety of development programs including the Airbus 380
program, Boeing 787 program, and NASA’s International Space
Systems. In terms of relative size and importance, there are
various challenges in the industry which can impede revenue
growth. Some of these challenges include stringent government
regulations and Intellectual Property laws.
Costs/Expenses:

Cost drivers are comprised of fixed, semi-variable, variable, and
non-recurring costs. A significant percentage of the company’s
costs are restructuring costs from the acquisition of Goodrich
Corporation. Other costs include foreign currency translation
linked to transactions with foreign customers and suppliers; and
acquisitions and divestitures. Production costs also make up a
significant portion on the company’s expenses. Due to the
volatility of prices of raw materials such as cobalt, chromium
steel, cooper, aluminum, and nickel that are used in some of the
products, the company is subject to increasing production costs.
In terms of cost structures, inventory, and payroll also
contribute to the company’s key expenses. Choices and
Consequences
A company’s choice includes policies, assets, and governance.
For UTC Aerospace Systems, its fundamental vision is to lead
in providing quality products and services. One of the policies
that drive the company’s vision is the ACE operating system
which stands for Achieving Competitive Excellence. This
system is focused on the drivers of competitive excellence —
company’s employees and its work processes. Such technique of
empowered employee’s work and leadership operation together
is aimed to create better conditions for business operation in
each UTC Aerospace Systems’ branch across the globe. This
brings benefits to its shareholders and customers.
In terms of assets, UTC Aerospace Systems owns the
intellectual property for many of the parts that it produces.
Furthermore, the recent acquisition of Goodrich also
contributed to the company’s resources. Decision-making rights
in the company rest primarily with top executives at the
corporate level.
4. If your company is a multi-business firm, explain the logic
behind its corporate strategy and diversification. Analyze this
diversification using concepts from relevant course readings
(articles from April 23), including specifically both relatedness
and the better off and ownership tests. Compare your firm’s

diversification to that of other firms in your company’s
industries.
Diversification:
A diversified firm is a company with business units competing
in different industries. UTC is considered as one of the leading
providers of high technology products and services to the
aerospace industries and building systems. The company
operates primarily through five business segments, Otis, UTC
Climate, Controls & Security, Pratt & Whitney, UTC
Aerospace, and Sikorsky. The five business segments are further
categorized into two groups: aerospace (Pratt, UTC Aerospace
Systems, and Sikorsky) and commercial businesses (Otis, UTC
Climate, and Controls and Security). With business operations
in over 180 countries across the globe, the company’s product
offerings range from elevators, air conditioning systems, fire
and security systems to helicopters and aerospace systems
products. For the 2014 fiscal year, Otis and UTC Climate, the
building and industrial systems segment, brought in a total of
$29.8 billion in net sales. Pratt & Whitney brought in $14.5
billion with UTC Aerospace Systems following closely behind
with $14.2 billion and Sikorsky with $7.5 billion in net sales.
UTC’s diversified portfolio is considered as one of its core
strengths.
The logic behind corporate diversification is centered on
corporate goals. There are four concepts of corporate
diversification logic: concept of fit; concept of corporate
management of business units; concept of assembly of the
portfolio; and generic functional policies. All the UTC business
units operate independently under separate management
however; there are some generic functional policies that are
applicable across all business segments. One of these policies is

the Achieving Competitive Excellence (ACE) operational
system discussed above. The company’s strategy has been and
continues to be to maintain a balanced and diversified portfolio
of businesses. To this end, UTC aims to achieve earnings from
new product development and product improvements, structural
cost reductions, operational improvements, and incremental
earnings from investments in acquisitions.
As discussed above, the five business units are grouped into two
segments, aerospace systems and building and industrial
systems. The business units within the aerospace systems utilize
similar sources, for example, suppliers and customers. Another
resource that is shared among all the business units is research
and development. UTC has a robust R&D team which focuses
on developing new technology products and services to enhance
and maintain its technological advantages.
Better off and ownership tests:
The “better off” test determines whether the presence of the
corporation in a given market improve the competitive
advantage of other business units over and above what they
could achieve on their own. On the other hand, the ownership
test asks whether ownership of the business unit produce a
greater competitive advantage than an alternative arrangement
would produce. A company is likely to pass both tests when it
has some shared resources that (i) create competitive advantage
for the business units, and (ii) is difficult to trade efficiently via
the market.
UTC has a strong market presence; it has been consistently
ranked among Fortune 50 companies for years. The company
maintains a dominant position and achieves profitable growth,
stellar performance and successful expansion of its offerings
through the help of the success of its existing business units. In
this sense, even though the individual business units could
operate successfully on their own, together they have created a
powerhouse of strong businesses. For example, UTC Fire &

Security, which is part of the building and industrial systems
business segment, is a leader in fire safety and security.
Together with Otis and Carrier, they have a strong competitive
advantage because they are able to capture a significant portion
of the building and industrial systems market. General Electric
(GE) is an example of a firm which has a similar diversification
as UTC. Although GE’s diversification is wider than UTC’s, the
company owns subsidiaries which operate within similar
industries as some of UTC’s business units. One example of a
GE subsidiary which competes with a UTC subsidiary is GE
Aviation.
5. Evaluate any mergers & acquisitions your firm has made and
the overall M&A pattern in your firm’s industry. Explain the
motivations behind these M&A activities in terms of the M&A
types discussed in course readings (including background
articles) from April 23. Evaluate how successful they have been
in terms of value creation (see same articles).
Mergers and acquisitions are fairly common among Fortune 500
companies and UTC is no exception. The motives behind
mergers and acquisitions include: domain strengthening; domain
extension; and domain exploration. As part of its business
transformation strategy, UTC has acquired several higher-
margin service businesses and formed joint ventures with other
partners worldwide. UTC Aerospace Systems was formed in
2012 when UTC acquired Goodrich, a leading global supplier of
systems and services to the aerospace and defense industry, and
merged it with its subsidiary, Hamilton Sundstrand. The
acquisition has provided the company with more integrated
products and services for the next generation aircraft at a more
competitive price. The motive behind this acquisition was to
strengthen UTC’s position in the aerospace industry. Even
though there have been some significant costs that have gone
into the integration process, there have also be some significant
benefits as well. For instance, in fiscal year 2011, Hamilton

accounted for 10.5 percent of UTC’s total revenue however, in
2014, this number increased to nearly 16 percent.
Another example of UTC’s recent acquisition in the building
and industrial systems segment is the acquisition of GE Security
business. The business was integrated into UTC Fire & Security
segment. This acquisition has positioned UTC Fire & Security
to enhance its geographic diversity with a strong presence in the
North American market as well as an opportunity to increase its
product and technology offerings. UTC Fire & Security
provides its products and services under brand names such as
Chubb, and Kidde and sells them directly to consumers, aside
from offering them through manufacturer representatives,
distributors, dealers, and the US retail distribution. By
participating in mergers and acquisitions, UTC continues to
utilize strategic moves to help expand its product offerings and
generate high revenues.
Works Cited
1. Annual Report and Proxy Statements United Technologies
Corporation. http://www.utc.com/Investors/Pages/Annual-
Reports-and-Proxy-Statements.aspx
2. United Technologies Corporation, Company Overview
http://www.lexisnexis.com.ezproxy.lib.uconn.edu/hottopics/lnac
ademic/?shr=t&sfi=AC02NBCmpSrch
3. ICD Research. United Technologies Corporation, SWOT

Analysis.
4. Strategic Defense Intelligence - Business Analysis, Hamilton
Sundstrand.
1
1
Research Paper Guidelines
Specific guidance on the research paper submission is provided
below:
The research paper will be written in the first eight weeks of the
course. The research
paper will be the final course product and will be due the final
day of the course. The
research paper will be graded on both content and format.
A 12-15 page (excluding appendices, table of contents, abstract,
reference, and
bibliography) research paper (case study) is required. This
paper represents 35% of the

final course grade. Students will select a firm operating in the
international business
environment. This paper will be prepared consistent with the
current APA Manual and
will have a minimum of ten different references (No Wiki’s or
Pedia’s). Some of the
bibliography and references will most likely come from the firm
you have chosen: source
documents, e.g., annual reports, and financial statements. As
such this reduces the
need for peer reviewed sources. However, peer reviewed
sources are still important and
should be listed in the bibliography/reference section(s) and
cited in the paper as
appropriate. This paper is due the last day of class.
In addition, the research paper will be prepared consistent with
the following guidelines:
1. This serves as an introduction to the Research Paper. Provide
an overview of the
research design of the paper. Introduce the various topics that
will be addressed in the
research paper. Identify the method(s) that will be used to
collect the data for the topics
and how that data will be evaluated.
2. There will be a brief discussion of the firm to include its
principle goods and services,
market share, geographic locations where it operates, and major
competitors.
3. Evaluate and discuss whether the firm could benefit by using
Activity Based Costing

(ABC). The discussion should include what factor(s) influenced
your decision, the
ramifications of implementing ABC in the international
business environment, and how
you would structure the distribution of costs using ABC for
your firm.
standard costs. The
discussion should include what factor(s) influenced your
decision, the ramifications of
costs, quantity, and variances, and the ramifications of using
standard costs in the
international business environment.
5. Evaluate and discuss how the firm could benefit by analyzing
future projects in terms
relevant costs. This discussion should include the firm’s future
plans, such as,
expansion, consolidation, and downsizing and how relevant
costs could be used in the
decision making.
6. Summary and conclusion(s). The discussion should provide a
brief summary of the
previous sections, and the conclusions you have reached.
This research paper is due the last day of class. Use the link in
Module 9 to submit your paper.
You will only be able to submit this paper once.

1
Research Paper Guidelines
Specific guidance on the research paper submission is provided
below:
The research paper will be written in the first eight weeks of the
course. The research
paper will be the final course product and will be due the final
day of the course. The
research paper will be graded on both content and format.
A 12-15 page (excluding appendices, table of contents, abstract,
reference, and
bibliography) research paper (case study) is required. This
paper represents 35% of the
final course grade. Students will select a firm operating in the
international business
environment. This paper will be prepared consistent with the
current APA Manual and
will have a minimum of ten different references (No Wiki’s or
Pedia’s). Some of the
bibliography and references will most likely come from the firm
you have chosen: source
documents, e.g., annual reports, and financial statements. As
such this reduces the
need for peer reviewed sources. However, peer reviewed
sources are still important and
should be listed in the bibliography/reference section(s) and
cited in the paper as
appropriate. This paper is due the last day of class.

In addition, the research paper will be prepared consistent with
the following guidelines:
1. This serves as an introduction to the Research Paper. Provide
an overview of the
research design of the paper. Introduce the various topics that
will be addressed in the
research paper. Identify the method(s) that will be used to
collect the data for the topics
and how that data will be evaluated.
2. There will be a brief discussion of the firm to include its
principle goods and services,
market share, geographic locations where it operates, and major
competitors.
Activity Based Costing
(ABC). The discussion should include what factor(s) influenced
your decision, the
ramifications of implementing ABC in the international
business environment, and how
you would structure the distribution of costs using ABC for
your firm.
standard costs. The
discussion should include what factor(s) influenced your
decision, the ramifications of
costs, quantity, and variances, and the ramifications of using
standard costs in the
international business environment.
5. Evaluate and discuss how the firm could benefit by analyzing

future projects in terms
relevant costs. This discussion should include the firm’s future
plans, such as,
expansion, consolidation, and downsizing and how relevant
costs could be used in the
decision making.
6. Summary and conclusion(s). The discussion should provide a
brief summary of the
previous sections, and the conclusions you have reached.
This research paper is due the last day of class. Use the link in
Module 9 to submit your paper.
You will only be able to submit this paper once.
Running head: SAMPLE PAPER 1
Sample Paper in APA Format
A Student
Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University

SAMPLE PAPER 2
Abstract
An abstract is not an introduction to the paper; it is a summary
of the entire paper. It is a single
paragraph, double-spaced, containing between 150 and 250
words. The paragraph is left-
justified, with no indentations. In the abstract you will have
your research question or paper
topic, your research methods, your data analysis, the types of
literature documents reviewed, any
participants involved, your results, and your conclusions. If this
is a research paper, you may also
want to put in some areas for further research suggested by your
findings. The individual reading
your abstract should be able to know the basics of your paper in
just a few moments. You will
notice no words on this page are in bold face type.
Keywords: (this is optional, if you have any keywords you want
to put here to help
researchers find your paper in a database. Just enter each word
separated by a comma)

SAMPLE PAPER 3
Sample Paper in APA Format
This is where the body of the paper begins. This is your
introduction to the topic of your
paper. The first line of the paragraph is indented one-half inch.
Do not press the enter key at the
end of the line. Allow the text to wrap to the next line. Only use
the enter key when you are
ready to start a new paragraph...like now.
Heading Levels
There are five heading levels in APA format and each one is
handled differently. This is
level one. It is centered; uses upper and lower case letters, and
is bolded.
Heading Level Two
Heading level two is left-justified, uses upper and lower case
letters, and is bolded.
Heading level three. This heading level is indented, capitalizes
only the first word, is
bolded, and is followed by a period. The text follows the period.
Heading level four. This heading level is indented, italicized,
capitalizes only the first

word, bolded and is followed by a period. The text follows the
period.
Heading level five. This heading level is indented, italicized,
capitalizes only the first
word and is followed by a period. It is not bolded. The text
follows the period.
Here are some possible headings for your paper, depending on
the type of paper you are
submitting. Check with your instructor for further guidance.
Notice that these headings are
centered and bolded as they are main, level one headings.
Literature Overview
Method
Results
Data Analysis
SAMPLE PAPER 4
Discussion
Conclusions

SAMPLE PAPER 5
References
Angeli, E., Wagner, J., Lawrick, E., Moore, K., Anderson, M.,
Soderlund, L., & Brizee, A.
(2010, May 5). General format. Retrieved from
http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/
http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/

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