Pacific Oil Case Summary

Pacific Oil Case Summary
Pacific Oil Company is a Sweetwater Oil company of Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. It was founded in 1902. One of the major chemical lines of
Pacific's is the production of vinyl chloride monomer (VCM). "VCM is subjected to the process of polymerization, in which smaller molecules of
vinyl chloride are chemically bonded together to form larger molecular chains and networks." Pacific Oil's first major contract with the Reliant
Corporation was in 1979. The contract between Pacific Oil and Reliant was a standard one for the industry and due to expire in December of 1982.
The contract was negotiated by the purchasing managers in Europe then it was reported to the vice presidents in the states. In February 1982, Jean
Fontaine marketing vice... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This would be a net reduction $4 million per year. The proposal went back to Paris for further discussion. By of May 15, they had agreed on a
revision of the formula price that would adjust the price downward by alsmot one cent per pound. May 27 Hauptman contacted Gaudin to talk about the
remaining issues in the contract. Gaudin hoped that Reliant would be willing to agree to extend the contract five years from the point of singing.
Reliant had serious reservations about committing the company to a five–year contract extension. Reliant wanted to make a commitment for only a
two–year contract renewal. After several phone discussions on August , 17, Gaudin and Hauptman agreed to a three–year contract renewal. Remaining
contract issues will be discussed in September. September 10 Remaining important issues before signing the contract was the minimum quantity
requirements should be raised to 10 percent each year. Hauptman's minimums were too low. No meetings were held until late October. In November
the agreement consisted of 205 million pounds of minimum quantity purchases in the first year, 210 million in the second year, and 220 million in
the third year. October 24 Pacific had decided not to develop its own product lines for either PVC or fabricated products. December 14 A year had
passed in deliberations, but still few technical issues remained, such as delivery pipeline being metered. Pacific was in charge of maintaining the
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Investigating the Reactions Between Polyvinyl Alcohol and...
Investigating the Reactions between Polyvinyl Alcohol and Borax in Making a Rubber Ball
Introduction
Chemistry, while usually thought of as being practiced mostly in labs, actually affects everyone, everywhere. Chemistry and chemical processes are
constantly occurring. We are dependent on them. The air that we breathe, the food that we eat, and thousands of other simple and confusing things
depend on chemistry. In this particular case, the relationship between Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) and Sodium Borate (Borax) is being investigated. PVA
is a water soluble synthetic polymer (Maciborski, and Salamone), while Borax is a natural mineral with many household uses. It can be used as
herbicide, to bleach teeth, as a household cleaner, and a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The decision was made to manipulate the ratio of PVA to borax, as that would allow for different results. The first ratio chosen was 10:1, as it was
thought to be a good starting point. However, many experiments are needed to reach a conclusion, so more ratios were tested out; the ratios 5:1, 3:1,
and 2:1 were included as well, to get a variety of results. With all these different options, it would be possible to see which ratio was the closest and
how that would impact the rest of the experiment.
The Borax and PVA were poured from their respective beakers into a smaller (100mL) beaker, and then the solutions were stirred together thoroughly.
This was done for all the ratios. 20 mL of PVA and 2 mL of Borax were used for the 10:1 ratio; 10mL PVA and 2mL Borax for the 5:1. 12 mL PVA
and 4mL Borax for the 3:1; and 10mL PVA and 5mL Borax for the 2:1 ratio.
The mixtures, after being made, were all allowed to rest in the beaker for 5 minutes. After the allotted time, the mixtures were taken out of the beakers
using rubber gloves, since they are a mild skin irritant due to the fact that they contain Borax ("Material Safety Data Sheet"). They were then molded
into a ball and tested for durability, shape retention, and bounce. The ones having the best of all the aforementioned qualities (5:1, 3:1, and 2:1 ratios)
were then saved and put into plastic bags to be used in the succeeding

Personal Narrative Essay: Air Transgender Renewal
Mr. Casey, First of all I appreciate your reply. I am however deeply concerned regarding exactly what type of cushion was ordered since two very
important questions were never answered that are required for me to give approval. Was this cushion ordered to be 3 inches thick or 3 ВЅ inches
thick? As you might recall that was a question that I asked Robert numerous times which never got answered. Also, since the cushion that was
being discussed has an "air bladder" does it come with a backup bladder in case of leaks? As I'm sure you know since you have been with ATG
Rehab and now Numotion since 2002, once the bladder isn't capable of holding air, the entire cushion is literally rendered useless. Since the cushion
is designed for the bladder insert, the cushion has a unique gap in the cushion where the bladder attaches with velcro that fills in the area depending
on how much air pressure is added. Also, Robert Padgett was supposedly ordering a similar type cushion for back support. I was never told exactly
what the thickness of that cushion would be. Obviously the specifications of the back cushion are equally as important since it will... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Since the reasons were not within my control I'll make sure to give a fair explanation for my absence. Since the only public servant that you have
directly pointed out as being one of your contacts is the Governor's office are drop your name in my letter to his office stating that you did try to
expedite the items that I needed, but like others at Numotion didn't feel it was vital enough to assure that my batteries were replaced in a timely
manner which not only resulted in my absence in Sacramento but directly contributes to my ongoing challenges to even get around my own

Fischer Esterification Of A Carboxylic Acid And...
NAME: _______Amy Hua____________________________
Experiment 6a: Fischer Esterification of a Carboxylic Acid and Identification of the Product By GC, Micro–Boiling Point and IR Spectroscopy
Experiment 6b: Synthesis of Biodiesel
Summary of Points for Experiment 6:
ItemPossible PointsActual Points
Pre–Lab2Notebook:N/AN/A
Purpose/Table of Reagents2
Corrections2
Blank Spaces2
Signatures2
TLC (1 in notebook)2
Coherent2
Conclusions (absent here)1
Sub–Total =15multiply Sub–Total x 3 =45Report:N/AN/A
Introduction2
Data and Calculations7
Less Points–Missing Data0
Unknown Identity12
Data Analysis / Conclusions5
Less Pts–Missing Attach0TOTAL71minus any page overage0minus for late reports0minus for TA points0
FINAL TOTAL POINTS71
INTRODUCTION

In the first part of this experiment, an ester product will be isolated and purified from unknown alcohol. Then the product ester will be identified
through analysis of boiling point, gas chromatography, and IR spectroscopy. In the second part of the experiment, Biodiesel will be synthesized from
vegetable oil by transesterification.
DATA AND CALCULATIONS
FISCHER ESTERIFICATION UNKNOWN ID:
UNKNOWN NUMBER: ___F________________________
UNKNOWN ID (name): ___Octyl Acetate__________________ (10 points)
UNKNOWN STRUCTURE: (2 points)
MASS OF PRODUCT ESTER: ____0.4599g_______________
% YIELD: ___97.44%_______________________
Yield Calculations:
Theoretical

Conversion Of Reactants In A Saponification Reaction Lab...
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The main objective of this lab was to observe the effects of conversion of reactants in regard to temperature and time. The main reactants that were used
are ethyl acetate and sodium hydroxide in a saponification reaction. The expected products were sodium acetate and ethanol. This reaction was
conducted in a batch reactor in isothermic conditions and adiabatic conditions. The variables of interest in this reaction are Conductivity, temperature,
time and concentration.
The reactants used were 400 ml of 5.0% ethyl acetate and 400 ml of 2.3% Sodium hydroxide. This is equivalent to 9.2 grams of sodium hydroxide
which has 0.23 moles. The measured conductivity of the sodium hydroxide initially before the start of the experiment was 112.2 mS/cm. The sodium
hydroxide was mixed with the acetic ether and recordings of the conductivity were recorded down in intervals of 10 seconds to approximately 3
minutes.
In the experiment conducted, during the adiabatic reaction, a gradual temperature increase was noted over the period. The temperature increase was
accompanied by a decrease in the conductivity measured. This is attributed to the increase in conversion percentage of the reactants. The increase in
conversion percentage is due to the temperature increase which caused the reaction of the reactants as they form a new product and this consequently
causes the temperature increase.
During the isothermic reaction, the temperature of the reaction was maintained at a

Commercial Roofing In Dallas
Roof Problems Defined | Commercial Roofing Dallas Eventually any roof will have problems. Factors such as weathering, age, a lack of
maintenance and the failure to provide timely repair are detrimental to commercial roofing in Dallas. The following are some of the common problems
in roofing to watch for during the biannual roof inspection. Crazing: Crazing is the development of fine cracks on a single–ply membrane. Crazing
occurs on the top layer of a single ply membrane, and if left unattended, will eventually turn into a crack leading to roof failure as water penetrates it.
Crazing should receive prompt attention from a professional roofer. Seam Failure: Seam failures occur as the roofing material shrinks and loses
elasticity. Seam failure... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Blocked gutters can cause water to seep into walls, through the roof, into the insulation, and can result in both structural and foundation damage.
Mold is not only damaging to the building's roof and structure, it can cause health issues in employees, and customers depending on the type and
quantity that is present. Examples of health issues include allergies, sinus issues, asthma and can be a serious threat to persons with a weakened
immune system. Longhorn Construction's Emergency services: Severe storms and hail can cause damage to your building's commercial roofing in
Dallas. The roof is a building's first line of defense, and it is vulnerable to severe storms and the destructive consequences of roof leaks, high winds
and punctures from hail events. Always inspect the roof and drains after severe weather events and hail, and remove debris. Prompt repair can provide
the difference between roof repair and replacing a roof. Our roofing professionals can assess the condition of the roof, estimate the expected lifespan,
and identify the best means to ensure the integrity of your building. A Longhorn Construction professional can provide the roof repair you need to
secure your building's

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Gil Dosimeters
Dosimetry systems developed in standards laboratories utilize calorimetry, ionization and chemical methods for determining absorbed dose to water.
One chemical method, the gel dosimeter, in which substances carrying dosimetric information are suspended in a gel matrix, allows dose distributions
to be measured in three dimensions (3D), promising true 3D quality assurance measurements in radiotherapy treatment planning. Gel dosimetry has
many advantages compared to conventional dosimetry techniques such as ion chambers, TLDs and films. This dosimeter not only records the radiation
dose distribution in 3D with good spatial resolution, but also has the ability to integrate radiation doses from multiple directions. These advantages are
particularly significant in dosimetry situations where steep dose gradients exist, such as in intensity–modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) and
stereotactic radiosurgery. This 3D dosimeter is radiologically soft–tissue equivalent with properties that may be modified depending on the application.
The readout techniques that have been developed include magnetic ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The genipin gel dosimeter composed of genipin which is extracted from the fruit of Gardenia Jasminoides Ellis (widely used in herbal medicine)
(Djerassi et al. 1961). The Genipin can react with proteins or amino acids present in materials such as gelatin, and form molecular cross–links. A
recently developed application of genipin–gelatin cross–linking is the 3D dosimetry in radiotherapy applications (Jordan 2008). Genipin–gelatin
(genipin gel) is a light to dark blue radiochromic gel which bleaches quantitatively after irradiation. Radiochromic genipin gel undergoes a fast
bleaching process which produces a dose image with sufficient stability and sensitivity to be used as a 3D dosimeter for doses less than 100 Gy
(Davies et al.,

Enhancement Of Optical And Electrical Studies On Pva Ag...
Enhancement of optical and electrical studies on PVA–Ag nanocomposite films
xxxxxxxxxxx
Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
ABSTRACT
In the present work, PVA–Ag nanocomposite films with thickness 0.18 mm, constant silver content (0.4 wt. %) and different time of reactions (0.1, 3,
5, 7, 9 h) were prepared by chemical reduction methods. Surface topology, optical and electrical properties of PVA–Ag nanocomposite were studied
using absorption spectroscopy, electrometer, atomic force microscope (AFM) and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy were used to characterize the
prepared nanocomposites. Optical absorption coefficient studies showed a peak at 427 nm for all samples, in addition to the peak at 200 nm for
undoped PVA film. There is observable change in the absorbed intensity at 427 nm with the time of reaction. The refractive index was found increase
with increasing the time of reaction. It was found that the root mean square (RMS) roughness. Frank–poole emission is the prevailing transport
mechanism for all samples. While PL intensity at 427 nm increase as the time of reaction is increased.
Keywords: UV–Vis spectroscopy, electrical properties, polyvinyl alcohol.
Correspondence to: ( @yahoo.com).
1–Introduction In recent years, polymer nanocomposites have been the subject of intensive research because of the electrical characteristics of such

Case Study : The Pacific Oil Company
The Pacific Oil Company a well–established oil company with an assorted diversified product line including "Vinyl Chloride Monomer (VCM)".
(Lewicki, 2010, p. 583) As one of the pioneer producers of VCM, Pacific Oil cornered the market share for contracting, distributing and selling their
niche product, VCM worldwide. One of Pacific's longtime customers was Reliant Corporation. This partnership was more than a decade old and was
strong. However, if Pacific Oil decided to further diversify its product line to include Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) a VCM derivative, "it would not want to
be in the position of supplying a product competitor with the raw materials to manufacture the product line, unless the formula price was extremely ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(Lewicki, 2010, p. 585) Fontaine and Gaudin did not prepared to negotiate the full contract. They did not anticipate nor prepare to resolve additional
issues. Due to their inexperience, Fontaine and Gaudin were not the correct pairing to conduct the renegotiation, as well, they did not have decision
making authority. They had to contact senior level management in order to reach a final agreement. This delay extended the negotiation timeline.
Adding to the already stressful situation, the prospect of losing Reliant as a consistent client prosed a potential major issue, especially relating to
supply as it would be difficult to identify another client to fill the former demand level. Also, Pacific senior leaders delayed their decision to expand
into PVC products, over a year. This delay created uncertainty with the forecast for VCM and derivate products, which had a negative marketing impact
for one of the top essential products. Also, contributing to the list of weaknesses, Fontaine's definition of a successful negotiation differed from the
corporate office, in that, he linked a successful negotiation outcome to keeping Reliant as a client by extending the current terms of the contract, solely.
However, just as important, Fontaine neglected to take into account all the other potential issues or points of

Essay about Organic Chemistry Ii Lab Report
Torres 1
Luis A. Torres
Group #11
USC Chemistry 322b
Formal Lab Report
6th November 2015
I.
II.
Enzymatic Resolution of 1–Phenylethanol and Diastereomer Analysis
Objective/Abstract
Enzymatic transesterification reaction was performed to study the resolution of diastereomers using 1H–NMR analysis. The stereo–selectivity of
acylase I, an enzyme, for a 50:50 racemic mixture of 1–phenylethanol was determined. In the first of a two–step reaction, 1–phenylethanol was reacted
with vinyl acetate with the help of acylase I to form an ester, unreacted 1–phenylethanol, and vinyl alcohol. The unreacted 1phenylethanol was
separated from the ester by column chromatography and confirmed by thin–layer chromatography (TLC). In the second ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
In the first reaction of this experiment, 1–phenylethanol was reacted with vinyl acetate, using the acylase I enzyme. The enzyme's chirality results in a
preferred reaction with one alcohol enantiomer over the other. In the second reaction, the unreacted alcohol is reacted with (R)–(–)–acetoxyphenylacetic
acid to create a diastereomer. By comparing the 1H–NMR spectra of the final product diastereomers, we can determine which alcohol enantiomer the
enzyme preferred to react with.
We relied on column chromatography to separate the unreacted 1–phenylethanol from the phenylethyl acetate ester. Column chromatography is a useful
laboratory technique aimed at separating aqueous and organic components of a mixture.
Torres 3
For this experiment, the lab was separated into groups of four. Each member of the group was responsible for using a sample of 1–phenylethanol. The

samples used were detailed in the Objective/Abstract section of this report.
IV.
Results and Discussion
1
H–NMR Analysis:
The 1H–NMRs were produced for all 4 samples, and segments of each can be seen below in Figures 1 – 4. The integrations at 1.5 ppm refers to the
(R)–1–phenylethanol while the integrations at 1.4 ppm refers to the (S)–1–phenylethanol. I was unable to use my own unreacted alcohol because TLC
analysis shows that I was unable to separate my alcohol from the ester during column chromatography. I used an unreacted alcohol

Introduction Of Pvc ( Chloride )
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION OF PVC
1.2 A BRIEF INTRODUCTION OF PVC
Since its discovery in 1933, Pipe has grown to become one of the world's most widely used and recognized thermoplastic materials. The versatility of
this unique plastic material is demonstrated by the diversity of its use and applications. The original application for pipe was as a substitute for rubber
in electrical insulation during World War II. Pipe has since become one of the world's most widely utilized thermoplastics. Today's modern pipe resins
are highly engineered for much more rigorous applications such as pressure–rated gas and water pipe, landfill membranes, automotive fuel tanks and
other demanding applications. The performance benefits of polyethylene pipe in these original oil and gas related applications have led to its use in
equally demanding piping installations such as potable water distribution, industrial and mining pipe, force mains and other critical applications where
a tough, ductile material is needed to assure long–term performance. Polyvinyl–Chloride (PVC) is a plastic product which has matchless versatility. It
effective lyre places wood, paper and metal in several applications. As such plastic pipes have been progressively replacing conventional pipes like
G.I., Cast Iron, Asbestos Cement or Stone–ware for a number of important and uses. Among the various types of plastic pipes which are commonly
used for such applications PVC pipes are the most widely used all over the world on

Plastic Advantages And Disadvantages
Look at the things around us–sunglasses, lunch boxes, ball–point pen, and many kinds of products we use every day; look at the garbage bags lie on
the street, and the water bottle lies on the beach... many things around us are made of plastic. As a result, plastic is one of the most used materials in
our daily lives. Admittedly plastic has some advantages; however, the disadvantages outweigh its advantages because of it is hard to decompose,
wastes resources and contains toxic and harmful substances.For instance, plastic is very hard to degrade. The molecules in plastic are strong, so it is
hard to break the bond between atoms in it. Based on the scientific research, one plastic bag needs approximately 200 years to decompose into soil. It
will lead to plenty of environmental problems. According to Yamashita, Takada, Fukuwaka, and Watanuki, there is a marinepollution in the Pacific
Ocean, which kills a large amount of marine life. The researchers claimed the process of biomagnifications in which is about small fish ingests
plastic which concentrates with their bodies. When larger birds eat them, they will absorb those toxic substances as well. As this process upgrades,
human eats the species which contains toxins, they will become sick as well. These are caused by overuse of PVC plastic. The polluted area is fitting
in the area that people use plastic products, and the pollution level in the Pacific is in proportion to the amount of PVC plastic products. This concludes

Recycling Waste Of Recycling
Although recycling of Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) based plastics decrease the amount of these polymers that end up in municipal waste, the cost of
recycling these plastics for the producer are an important factor to weigh in to whether they should be recycled or not. PVC is a soft and flexible
plastic used to make clear plastic food wrapping, computer cables, and even pipes and parts for plumbing. Because PVC contains numerous toxins,
food products using PVC require virgin material for their construction. In general, there are two types of PVC recycling processes, mechanical and
feedstock, which include their own respect costs, purposes, and benefits. Although there are a large number of costs for the producer for recycling
PVC from the toxicity to the inefficacy of its recycling process, there are many benefits that include reducing the amount of PVC in municipal waste
and its usefulness as a recycled product. In general, virgin PVC itself is already relatively toxic as its main component is vinyl chloride, which is a
carcinogen. Once PVC is recycled once, its chemical properties deteriorate, and its toxicity becomes more harmful, meaning its usefulness as a food
container product no longer exist. Therefore, recycled PVC cannot be used to its previous full potential lead companies to think whether it is worth it
to recycle this polymer. Although recycled polymers are cheaper to produce, their "quality decreases due to contamination with each recycling cycle"
(1), and with

Jenna Uzdarwin. 1/30/17. Animal Harm By Pollution: Jenna
Jenna Uzdarwin
1/30/17
Animal Harm by Pollution: Jenna (Sea/Land Animals)
It is known today that 60% of the plastics being dumped into bodies of water get ingested by animals in the oceans (Center for Biological Diversity,
http://www.biologicaldiversity.org/campaigns/ocean_plastics/). Humans use plastics everyday, but what we don't realize is that after recycling our
bottles, they end up being dumped into our oceans where ocean life mistakes a plastic bag for a jelly fish. Today plastics can be one of the main causes
of intestinal blockage which ends up clogging the animal 's stomach, not allowing them to digest any kinds of food eventually dying off (Macklin,
2015). Although there is no way that all researchers will be able to prevent ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Conserve–energy–future.com. 2017. Conserve Energy Future, Inc. 13 January, 2017. http://www.conserve–energy–future.com
/causes–effects–solutions–of–plastic–pollution.php
Macklin, Malorie. 2015. One Green Planet Co. 19 August, 2015 http://www.onegreenplanet.org/environment
/ways–plastic–pollution–impacts–animals–on–land/
Chemical compounds that are commonly heard of today such as BPA (bisphenol A) is a toxic compound found mostly in plastics and then are dumped
into oceans that begin to poison our waters where humans, but mostly animals drink and ingest through the nose. (Barry, 2009). Another toxic chemical
such as PVC (polyvinyl chloride) can be harmful to animals on land and in sea can leak from plastic water bottles. This intoxicates the water where
animals drink and swim, causing them to grow ill and maybe even die. (Breast Cancer Fund, http://www.breastcancerfund.org/clear–science
/environmental–breast–cancer–links/plastics/?referrer=https://www.google.com/) By eliminating much of the plastics consumption that ends up in the
oceans, we will prevent animals and humans also from being affected by the harmful chemicals being produced.
Barry. Carolyn. 2009. National Geographic Co. 20 August, 2009 http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2009/08
/090820–plastic–decomposes–oceans–seas.html

Essay On Down Membrane
Synthesis and performance of cellulosic nonwoven forward osmosis membrane blend for water desalination
Abstract
Recently, forward osmosis (FO) acquired a growing research area, because of its great potential for low energy consumption and simple configuration
of equipment used. Accordingly, FO was investigated in a broad range of applications, comprising seawater and brackish waterdesalination, wastewater
treatment, food processing and power generation. The development of FO process can be governed by two major factors; the development of
high–performing draw solutions and highly efficient FO membrane. It is the fact to say that, the core of the advancement in the FO process is
dedicated to membrane materials development to fabricate ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Fouling in FO membrane is physically reversible process that decreases the need for chemical cleaning compared to reverse osmosis (RO) membrane [7,
8].
The development of FO process can be managed by two major factors:1) the development of high–performing draw solutions and 2) using highly
efficient FO membrane.
The desired FO membranes consist of the following characteristics: (1) an ultrathin semi–permeable active layer with a high water flux and high solute
rejection; (2) a thin supporting layer with high porosity and low internal concentration polarization (ICP); (3) hydrophilic nature to enhance water flux
and reduce membrane fouling; and (4) sufficient mechanical strength and robust to sustain backwash, cleaning and vibration in industrial operations [9,
10]. Recently, efforts were done to develop new types of FO membranes with better properties. Based on the fabrication methods, the newly developed
membranes can be classified into two main kinds: cellulosic and thin film composite (TFC).
Nowadays, the most common commercially FO membrane has been the asymmetric CTA membrane. In spite of the CTA membranes have proper
characteristics that including high chlorine resistant and high hydrophobicity, they possess some drawbacks that hinder the future development. The
CTA membranes have limited stability to pH, temperature and microorganisms. Accordingly, the feed and draw solutions must be maintain at pH
between 4 and 6 and temperature below

Plywood Garage Research Paper
The plywood siding bottom by the base plate of the wood frame on the west, east and south side of the garage is completely rotted and is separated
from the base plate. Furthermore, some of the wooden studs are also damaged by termites. On the west side, the wood frame around the small
wooden door, and the door itself, is rotted and termite damaged. The soffit over the small door is also severely rotted. In addition, all the wall studs
on the south side wall are completely destroyed by termites. These studs on the south wall have no load bearing capacity and are a major cause of the
structural failure of the garage. Regardless of any wind event, it is only a matter of time before the garage structure would collapse due to the termite
damage

Polyvinyl Acetate Lab Report
Inquisition of the polymers formed between Polyvinyl Acetate, Polyvinyl Alcohol, and Sodium Borate
Cheriann Baker
CHS 2440L 006
Laura Anderson
Mestiyage Dona Chamithri Jayawardana
October 21, 2014
Introduction
A monomer is a compound that can react with at least two other monomers and form polymers (Monomer). Polymers are very large molecules that are
made up of repeating monomers. Polymers can be formed into linear and nonlinear structures. Most polymers consist of two or more different types of
monomers (Polymer).
A bouncy ball can be formed from a ratio of polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl alcohol, and sodium borate. This experiment is designed to find the ideal ratio
of the above compounds to create a substance that has the qualities ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The balls that contained 4% polyvinyl alcohol didn't stay in a ball like structure for more than ten to fifteen minutes. The balls that contained 4%
sodium borate and polyvinyl acetate were able to bounce and retain their shape and stayed in a circular ball shape much longer than the balls that
had the 4% polyvinyl alcohol. The balls were able to keep their shape because the polyvinyl acetate cross links with the sodium borate when they are
reacted together. The 4% polyvinyl alcohol doesn't cross link with the borate so the bouncy balls weren't able to retain their shape. The bouncy balls
that consisted of a two to one ratio of polyvinyl acetate and 4% sodium borate produced the best bouncy balls in this experiment. Those bouncy balls
bounced the highest after there were placed in the cold and hot temperature environments. They were able to be stretched further than the other balls
and retained their shape after being dropped repeatedly. A two to one ratio of polyvinyl acetate and 4% sodium borate was the ideal ratio, in this
experiment, to produce a bouncy

PAE Synthesis Lab Report
2.2 Materials and Methods: Polyamino–ether was obtained from the collaborator Dr. Kaushal Rege lab in Arizona state University. All other chemicals
were obtained from Sigma–Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). 2.2.1 Synthesis of the bioreducible modified–PAE: The obtained PAE polymer was synthesized by
reacting neomycin with glycidyl ether at molar ratio of 1:2 as reported in detail by Rege et al. previously[14]. The modified bioreducible PAE(mPAE)
was synthesized by a simple one step reaction with Traut's reagent as described previously[15]. Briefly, 10g of PAE was dissolved in 1ml of ddH20
(Double distilled water) and was allowed to react with 1.85 g(5–times molar excess) of 2–iminothiolane hydrochloride (IH) at room temperature for 15
h[16]. The product was dialyzed using a dialysis membrane (MWCO = 1,000 Da) against 5 mM HCl for 24 h followed by dialysis against 1 mM HCl
solution for 24 h. The purified mPAE was lyophilized and stored at–20В°C for future use [17].... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The mPAE was collected after extensive dialysis and freeze dried for future use. The modification of amino groups (–NH2) is shown as representative

Therm Eze Essay
INDEX
S. No.| Title| 1.| Introduction| 2.| Company Background| 3.| Product (Description and Cost Analysis)| 4.| Statistics| 5.| Focus Groups| 6.| Strengths and
Weaknesses| 7.| Recommendations| 8.| Conclusion| 9.| References|
INTRODUCTION
* Written By:–William A. Preshing
Denise Walters. * Organization:– Tanner Company. * Product:–THERM–EZE. * Primary Focus:– Segmentation, Targeting, Positioning. * Secondary
Focus:– Channels and Channel Management, Pricing Strategy. * Task Identification:–To Develop a Strategy for an unchanged market.
COMPANY BACKGROUND
Mr. Tanner owned the Tanner Company, which operated three businesses in western Canada– a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Also he hired Richard McKay an experienced sales person a salary of $ 40 000 per year.
STATISTICS
* In British Columbia, 15.3 per cent of the population has arthritis. That is about 600,000 people * Arthritis and related conditions can lead to death
(2 per 100,000 die from arthritis). * Juvenile arthritis (JA) is one of the most common chronic illnesses in Canada, affecting 1 in 1000 boys and
girls under the age of 16. * Aboriginal Canadians are harder hit by arthritis, especially older women. (Aboriginal women are affected the most, 70%
aged 65 and older live with the disease, compared to 50% of non–Aboriginal women in the same age group.) * Long–term disability accounts for
almost 80% of the economic cost of arthritis. People aged 35–64 incurred 70% of these costs. * The direct cost of arthritis in Canada is estimated at
$4.4 billion each year.
Therm–eze had an introductory opportunity to slide into the competitors and acquire almost 50% Market Share.
FOCUS GROUPS CONSUMER MARKET:
USES Substitute for other sources of heat. Apply heat to ease the pain. Can be used anytime. Better pain relief from Arthritis.

PRICE
Arthritics patients can afford up to $ 20(CAD).
OUTLET
Drug Store or Departmental store. Guarantee provided by the store as a part of their retail policy.
FEATURES
Portable and Controlled heat. Reusable.

Eastman Industry Analysis
Eastman Chemical Company – Executive Summary
Eastman Chemical Company, which was spun–off from parent company Eastman Kodak in 1994, was founded by George Eastman in 1920. Eastman
Chemical is a global specialty chemical company that produces a broad range of products found in items people use every day. With a portfolio of
specialty businesses, Eastman works with customers to deliver innovative products and solutions while maintaining a commitment to safety and
sustainability. Eastman serves customers in approximately 100 countries and had 2014 revenues of approximately $9.5 billion. The company is
headquartered in Kingsport, Tennessee, and employs approximately 15,000 people around the world. See link for detailed company information: ...
Value–Chain Analysis: Primary Activities| Support Activities| * Marketing and Sales| * Inbound Logistics| * Manufacturing| * Procurement| *
Environmental Strategies| * Technology and Development (Non– Product)|
Eastman's Relative Balance Sheet Ratios (In millions): Current Ratio: 157%| Quick Ratio: 82%| Cash Ratio: 11%| Inv. Turnover: 484%| Capital
Intensity: 169%| Return on Assets: 4.6%|
See Appendix D for detailed income/ equity performance vs. competitors.
Competitive Strategies * Critical Success Factors * Continue to provide unique chemicals at an efficient and economical rate * Diversify strategies to
compete on a globalized level * Continue to be a leader in environmental conservation * Continue to make acquisitions and grow the company's
capacity
* Eastman must align itself in its strategies based on differentiation. With the vastness of the chemical industry market, Eastman must stick with their
specialized products and continue to innovate their processes to insure their competitive advantage. In their industry, it is too difficult for a company
of their size to try and compete on a lower cost level.
Smaller competitive companies like Ashland and Celanese must also focus on a differentiation strategy. Like Eastman, they do not have the level of
production or sales to effectively compete

Reflection Paper On Slime
On a summer afternoon, as I make my way up to Ling's house, I was full of excitement because I knew, as I get there, my boredom will be
extinguished! If you read this, just know that you are in for a long ride of reading what I did at Ling's house! Ling and I were making satisfying
videos of slime, we were making fascinating slime. Plus, we were talking about Minecraft and school too! Ling got her iPad and all of her crunchy
slime plus she went to the video app so we could make satisfying slime videos. Ling and I wanted to make a satisfying slime video with the crunchy
purple slime first, so we did. At first, when we recorded the crunchy purple slime, it was not loud enough to be in a satisfying slime ASMR
Youtube video, so we tried to poke the slime harder while we recorded the slime. (ASMR is Autonomous sensory meridian response, which means
a tingling sensation on the skin.) Additionally, we poked the slime so the slime would look satisfying to watch. If you want to know how to poke
slime to make it look satisfying for your satisfying video, you would need to poke it with 2, 3, or 4 fingers like how Ling and I did the poking.
Ling and I wanted to do something fun but it was hard to visualize of something fun to do, it was making slime! The hardest thing to think about was
what kind of slime Ling and I wanted to make. We were thinking about all of the types of slimes Ling doesn't have. Finally! Ling thought of a slime to
make, crunchy clear slime! As people can

Silver Nanoparticle Synthesis Lab Report
Materials Used. For silver nanoparticle synthesis, silver acetate (AgAc–166.91g/mol) was procured from Sigma Aldrich and oleylamine from. Thiol
terminated polystyrene (PS–SH) Mn–1100, Mw–1230, PDI–1.12 was procured from Polymer Source Inc. Canada. The polymer for micelles
Polystyrene–b–4vinylpyridine (PS–b–4VP) Mn(PS)=18,500; Mn(P4VP)=40,500; PDI–1.10 was procured from Polymer Source Inc. Canada. The Si sol
precursor tetra ethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) was procured from Sigma Aldrich. Sodium borohydride and p–nitrophenol was procured from Sigma Aldrich
(99.9%) and Across Organics (95%) respectively. Organic solvents including Toluene and Methanol were procured from Acros Organics and
Chloroform from Fischer chemicals and Ethanol from VWR PROLABO was of analytical grade and used as received. Millipore water (18.2 ohm cm
at 25 degree C, cleaned with Pure Lab Plus В® ultra purification system) was used as solvent throughout the experiment and used as received.
Synthesis of Polystyrene Capped Silver Nanoparticles. Silver nanoparticles were synthesised using a simple method described by Hiramatsu [Hir01].
For the... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
10mg of PS–SH was dissolved in chloroform in 1:1 proportion with the nanoparticles and added to silver nanoparticle/chloroform dispersion drop by
drop under stirring. 5ml more chloroform was added to the AgNP/PS mixture and was stirred for 24hours. Thereafter Ag/PS mixture was
reprecipitated in 10ml of Methanol and centrifuged at 13500 RPM for 10 minutes. To remove the rest of OlAm and excess of PS–SH, repeated (6–8
times) centrifugation/redispersion steps were performed by adding chloroform as a solvent (ca. 5 ml) and methanol as flocculating agent (ca. 10 ml
for each step). Final product was collected and dried under argon to give a fine metallic powder of ca. 11mg

Mixture Of Ortho And Para Nitrophenol Lab Report
During this experiment the crude product (mixture of ortho and para nitrophenols) was run through a column chromatography. The point of the column
chromatography was to separate the nitrophenols and purify them. During the experiment the crude product was ran through the silica with two
different solvents. 60:40 DCM/hexanes was used to form the first band while 50:50 DCM/EtOAc was used to form the second band. The reason for
this method was that there had to be a change in solvent for the para product because since it is polar it was expected to run very slowly through the
column and therefore needed a more polar solvent to speed it up, ethyl acetate. As expected two different yellow bands were observed. Each band
represented one of the nitrophenols, with the bottom band being the ortho–nitrophenol since it is less polar and stayed within the solvent and therefore
ran through the column quickly. The para product stayed at the top because it was similarly polar to the Silica and had the ability to hydrogen bond to
it. Once the bands were formed fractions were taken from the yellow bands. Fraction 1–5 was from the ortho product and fractions 6–10 were from the
para product. The fractions formed were than ran through TLC chromatography to test the true purity of the products and the success of the column
chromatography separation. The first TLC plate containing fractions 1–5, surprisingly did not have any spots (Figure 1b). This is was unexpected
because fractions 1–5 were

Pva Reaction Lab Report
The polyvinyl alcohol (Mw Вј 125,000 gm/mole, polydispersity index: PDI Вј 0.25), and silver nitrate (AgNO3, 99.8% purity) were purchased from
the SigmaeAldrich Chemicals.
The PVA–Ag nanocomposite films were prepared by the in–situ chemical reduction method [8e12]. Sample b with 0.4 wt % of silver was prepared by
dissolving silver nitrate in 5 mL of bidistilled water and 1.5 g of PVA in 50 mL of the bidistilled water. The temperature of PVA solution was kept at 65
C for 2 h. When the PVA becomes completely dissolved, the AgNO3 solutionwas added drop by drop by using a burette at constant 65 C for 0.1 h. The
process of in–situ mechanism involves a chemical AgГѕ from AgNO3 dispersion in polyvinyl alcohol and in–situ AgГѕ/Ag reduction–reaction with ...
The product results in a metal
Ag–polyvinyl alcohol complex, dispersed in the solution. After evaporating part of water, a derived viscous solution is casted (in hot conditions at 65
C). In addition to, active OH–groups (free from
H–bonding) in polyvinyl alcohol molecules of refreshed surfaces act as head groups to adsorb AgГѕ and drive a directional AgГѕ
/ Ag growth (see Scheme 1). Addition ofsilver nitrate solution to the polymer solution turns the reaction mixture to a faint yellow color.
The solution is simply poured into a Petri–dish and the solvent is allowed to evaporate for 3 days at room temperature. The prepared films are then
separated from the Petri dishes. The films were divided into five groups b1, b2, b3, b4 and b5 corresponding to different g doses 25, 50, 75, 100 and
125 KGy respectively.
The films were irradiated in air by the g irradiation cell

Disadvantages Of Laminated Glass
Global glass industry generates about $75 billion in annual revenue; laminated glass has significant proportion in it. Despite the increased use of
laminated glass(two monolithic layers of glass joined with an elastomeric interlayer–usually PVB to form a unit)as a cladding material for architectural
glazing applications ,as a structural material, material for wind shield, transparent insulating material for automobiles the mechanical properties and the
structural capabilities of PVB laminated glass are not well known. Laminated glass industry requires more attention and laminated glass have great
potential of improvement. The present paper includes comprehensive review with conclusions and further suggestions of around two hundred research
articles and patents in the science of laminated glass. The objective of the work include comprehensive understanding of technicalities of `laminated
glass, identify gaps in the literature, find a lack of consistency in reported results across the studies, flaw in previous research based on its design, data
collection instruments, sampling, or interpretation.
Index Terms: laminated glass, PVB, wind shield
Introduction ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Two layers of glass and PVB in between are put together under heat and pressure to make LG. Interlayer improves mechanical properties such as
impact resistance, tensile strength and fracture toughness of the laminated glass. It also increases the area of impact which increases the impact
resistance as a result. As stated before, interlayer in between keeps together broken pieces that can possibly cause dangerous incidents or accidents. The
LG as a system dampens the energy of impact improving the brittle structure when compared with monolithic glass structure. LG is mainly used in
automotive industry and structural applications. LG act as a barrier to UV radiation and it also dampens

A Short Story : The Story Of Minuteman
Before Minuteman there was an abandoned warehouse with a janitor as its only employee. Until one day, a recently fired principal named Freddy
saw this abandoned warehouse driving home and decided to build a new school that he could run and make the students that attended miserable.
For just like the catholic god, who created the heavens and earth in six days and rested on the seventh, Freddy took seven days to work up the
blueprints of his new school. On the first day he designed the in school suspension room (ISS) to punish the children foolish enough to get sent
there. Next, on the second day he designed the cafeteria as a large rectangular room with a high sailing and put a skylight in it to blind the children
as they ate. On the third day Freddy went to work on the trades hall giving it no heating or cooling system this way it would be way to hot in the
spring or summer and freezing in the winter. About half way through the week on the fourth day Freddy personally thought he had a stroke of genius
with his idea to build something he called the IRC. The IRC was a large square like surface in the center of the school that added about one to two
minutes of walking time to get to whatever class you had next.
Unfortunately making all the students pass through the IRC in between classes caused them most of the time to be late. Now with the IRC in place
and causing the students to be late he needed a way to make being late against the rules but, at that moment Freddy realized that he didn't have a list
of rules. So, on the fifth day Freddy wrote the Minuteman handbook. The handbook was basically just a set of rules that the students had to follow or
face harsh punishments such long stays in ISS, detention, or if Freddy was in the mood expulsion. On the sixth day Freddy designed the electrical and
plumbing systems. He designed the electrical system to always fail so we would have blackouts and the plumbing system to have low water pressure
so the toilets would flood easily and the water fountains would never work. Next, on the seventh and final day he rested and admired his blueprints that
he designed for the perfect school that he could torture children at.
Now with these blueprints construction on the

Designing Products Or Deliver Services Safely And...
Learning Aim: Examine common engineering processes to create products or deliver services safely and effectively as a team.
Product: Screwdriver
PICTURE
Processes:
Making the steel bar
Making the Handle
Assembly
Quality Control
INTRO
The screwdriver was firstly seen in the 19th century, which came from the flat bladed bit used in a carpenters brace.
The function of a screwdriver is . A screwdriver has three main parts. A shaft, a tip and a handle.
P1
The materials mostly used to make the parts is plastic for the handle, steel bar and chromium (or nickel) for the steel tip of the screwdriver.
For the steel bar, large amounts of green wire is sent to a factory. The wire is drawn to the correct size diameter by amachine and after the wire is made
into a rod. Then the rod is made to its correct size by being put inside a die. To produce the correct strength for the wire goes through heating
treating. It is heated for around 12 hours for the best strength. Once this is done, by using a string forge the wire is straightened and is put in a cold
forming press. This makes the wire have its correct length by cutting it, it also forms the screwdriver tip and the wings for the handle for it to correctly
fit. After this, by the heated wire. Blades are formed for the tip from the dies. This is done when the screwdriver goes in the press. After all this the tool
has formed wings and it is worn down.
Then the automatic tipping machine makes the point on the bar. After one more

Structure, Photoluminescence And Electrical Properties Of...
Structure, Photoluminescence and electrical properties of PVA–Ag nanocomposite films
A .G. El–Shamy, and W. Attia and K.M.Abd El
–Kader *,
Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
ABSTRACT
In the present work, PVA–Ag nanocomposite films with thickness 0.18 mm, constant silver content (0.4 wt. %) and different time of reactions (0.1, 3, 5,
7, 9 h) were prepared by chemical reduction methods. Structure, surface topology, photoluminescence and electrical properties of PVA–Ag
nanocomposite were studied using x–ray diffraction (XRD), electrometer, atomic force microscope (AFM) and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy
were used to characterize the prepared nanocomposites. X–ray patterns showed the existence of Ag–nanoparticles within the PVA polymeric matrix
with face centered cube (FCC) phase. It was found that the root mean square (RMS) roughness decrease with increasing the time of reaction. While PL
intensity at 427 nm increase as the time of reaction is increased. Frank–poole emission is the prevailing transport mechanism for all samples.
Keywords: UV–Vis spectroscopy, electrical properties,polyvinyl alcohol.
Corresponding author; K.M.Abd El–Kader
E–mail: kamalmarei@yahoo.com
1–Introduction 1. Introduction
Recently, polymer–metal nanocomposites are a subject of interest due to their electrical and mechanical properties make them useful for different
applications such as photonics, electronics and bio–engineering

Disadvantages Of Plastic Recycling
Another approach to plastic recycling is to actively collect plastic from a large region, and to either recycle or resell the scrap. Vikoz Enterprises Inc.
sends collection and transport vehicles to plants and areas across the U.S. and Canada. Because of their active effort to collect plastic, Vikoz is the
largest plastic recycler in the U.S. and Canada (12)
Biggest types of recycled plastic
There are 7 standard recycling codes for plastic, shown with a triangular 'chasing arrow' symbol with a number inside as pictured in figure 2, in the
appendix. The first plastic is PET/PETE, Polyethylene Terephthalate. PET is used in most water and soda bottles and also in some packaging. PET is
susceptible to leaching and bacterial growth, so it should not be reused, but it is easily be recycled.
High–Density Polyethylene, HDPE, is a stiff plastic that is often used to make products such as milk jugs, oil bottles, toys, and plastic bags. HDPE
is also very durable, and often used for outdoor furniture and other products that require weather resistance and durability. HDPE is a very safe
plastic, and is easily recycled for secondary uses or reused.
PVC or Polyvinyl Chloride is a soft flexible plastic that is used for pipes, computer cable sheaths, children and pet toys and packaging. PVC is also
resistant to outdoor exposer and is used to make numerous outdoor products. Only about 1% of PVC is recycled. PVC leaches numerous toxins during
its lifetime, and therefore should not be reused. Additionally, burning PVC releases many hazardous chemicals including chlorine, which is deadly.
Low–Density Polyethylene, LDPE, is commonly used to make packaging, bottles and grocery bags. LDPE is generally safe to reuse, but it is not
commonly recycled. Few places recycle LDPE, and recycled LDPE is used for secondary uses, such as plastic lumber, landscaping boards, and floor
tiles.
Polypropylene, PP, is a lightweight plastic that is both tough and heat resistant. PP is used for food packaging, disposable diapers, bottle caps, and
packing tape. PP is safe to reuse, and is recycled in some areas. Currently, only 3% of PP is recycled, but more programs are beginning to accept PP
products.
Polystyrene, PS, is a lightweight material

Materialized Soccer Ball Research
PACE SPEECH
I have always wanted to know if the type of soccer ball I use in my soccer games will help me improve in my skills. Do you think professionals check
and do research on the type of soccer ball they use? Do you think using two different materialized soccer balls effect the distance the ball travels
when a force is applied to it? Scoring a goal in a soccer game is a difficult thing to do, but what if you know what the material of a soccer ball is and
how helpful it could be. Well the material used on a soccer ball may be more responsive off the foot than other types of material. If you go to score a
goal from a further distance and you have the ball that is very responsive then it'll go straight to the back of the net. If I test two different types of
materialized soccer balls to see which ball will travel the furthest, then ball, PU (Polyurethane) will travel the greater distance, because this type of
material is used more for outdoor, it's tough and adapts to a wide temperature range. This way the ball won't rip and tear apart, it will last longer than
PVC (Poly Vinyl Chloride) material. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Although Polyurethane has good characteristics but Poly Vinyl Chloride also has some of its own. PVC is divided into hard and soft, it's more
affordable and durable, and it generally used in training, indoor, futsal and street soccer. Soccer balls use to be made from pure leather, which has
more water resistance and is not protective, until 1970 they coated leather with PU, synthetic material to protect from damages and is more playable on
wet

Preparation Of The ( 2 Nitrophenyl ) Acrylate Using The...
Preparation of 3–(2–Nitrophenyl)acrylate Utilizing the Wittig Reaction
Introduction:
The Wittig reaction, named after Georg Wittig, produces an alkene from an aldehyde or ketone reacting with a phosphonium ylide (a Wittig reagent).
The Wittig reaction is typically stereoselective, which makes the Wittig reagents more difficult to work with but use of the Wittig with different allyl
substituents prove to make the Wittig more versatile which can lead to the synthesis of a wide range of alkenes, styrenes, stilbenes, and 1,3–dienes
which can then be used to synthesize more complex bioactive compounds such as leukotrienes which are used to treat asthma1. The Wittig reaction is
also favored over other reagents because it can be used under
milder ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The calculated total yield by mass was 78.6% which includes impurities. Of the impurities in the final product analyzed by NMR, include various
forms of hexanes and acetone–solvents which were not completely evaporated
–as well as triphenylphosphine oxide, which was unsuccessfully separated by column chromatography. The majority of desired product was in the trans
configuration, with relative integration of 3.30:0.62 of trans to cis configuration. The trans configuration protons would be more downfield in chemical
shift and this was used to distinguish the ratio of product configuration
PO
NO2
O O
P
NO2
O
H
O
O
NO2
O
OH
NO2
O

O
P
O
NO2
O
O
P
O
1 2 3 4
6 5 7 which was produced. In this experiment, the trans isomer was expected to be the major product not only because trans alkenes are more stable but
also because the phenyl substituents for the phosphoylide were anion stabilizing. This stabilization for the anion gives the antioxaphosphetane
intermediate, which then produces the trans alkene.
There was a low yield for the product, as much of the reactant remained in the analysis sample, despite what seemed to be a decent yield by mass.
This could be because of poor mixing after the reaction was heated since much of the reactant had solidified. Another source of error could be in
separating products since the fractions from column

Chemistry Of Zinc Acetate Dihydrate
The chemicals used in the experiment were analytical reagent grade and were used without further purification. Zinc acetate monohydrate
[Zn(CH3COO)2 .H2O] Merck > 98%, and sodium hydroxide (99.5%, NaOH) pellets were purchased from R &M chemicals (UK). Indium nitrate
trihydrate, distilled water was ethanol used throughout the experiments, PEG 20000, Triton X–100. For device fabrication materials were procured
from Solaronix. In a typical synthesis process, the reaction solution was prepared by mixing 6g of Zinc acetate dihydrate in 70:30 ratio of ethanol/water.
The ZnO precursor containing In–dopant was prepared with 0.0, 1.0, 3.0 and 5.0 mole % of indium. A thick white gel was formed after the addition
of NaOH into the reaction solution, the mixture was kept under magnetic stirring for 24h to provide perfect growth, the resulting white gel was dried
and finally calcined at 200ВєC for 5h. The as–prepared pristine ZnO:P and ZnO:In3+ samples were characterized via X–ray diffraction (XRD) using
Cu–KО± radiation (О»= 1.54056 Г…) in the 2Оё range of 20В°–80В° [Bruker Advanced–D8 powder X–ray diffractometer]. The scanning speed and
steps were 2В°/ minute and 0.02В° of 2Оё respectively. The XRD data were analyzed by Rietveld refinement technique using FULLPROF program to
confirm the phase formation as well as to obtain the lattice parameters, space group and crystal system [2]. The microstructures and crystal structures of
the nanoparticles were obtained using Transmission Electron

Porphyrin
There are many unique compounds that can be synthesized using methods of chemistry that are serve as biological importance in the human body.
Porphyrins are an example of one of these compounds and it helps create many substances utilized by the body, like hemoglobin (National Library of
Medicine, 2013). Porphyrin, when it is in its purified form, can be mixed with several metals to form metalloporphyrins, for example if magnesium s
the metal mixed with the porphyrin it can create chlorophyll (Weldegirma, 2014). An important characteristic to porphyrin is that it is aromatic and
this is determined by utilizing Huckel's rule. Huckel's rule simply uses two different formulas, 4n+2 and 4n, and the amount of pi electrons present in
a compound to determine if a compound is either aromatic or non aromatic. One must simply count up the amount of delocalized pi electrons present
and if it is satisfied by 4n+2 it is aromatic, but if it satisfied by 4n then it is nonaromatic. For example, porphyrin has 18 delocalized pi electrons, it
cannot be nonaromatic because if one ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A possible explanation for a low percent yield is that the starting materials did not completely react with each other meaning that the reaction did not
produce the full amount of product possible, which could be avoided by allowing the reflux to continue for more time. For copper
tetraphenylporphyrin the theoretical yield was 0.023g and the actual was 0.0274g, making the percent yield 118%. Possible explanation for a large
percent yield could have been due to the product not being completely dry when being weighed or the presents of contaminates in the final product. A
TLC was conducted during the synthesis of tetraphenylporphyrin; this is useful in monitoring the progression of the reaction because it helps identify
what is present in the reaction in terms of starting materials and

Fischer Esterification
Fischer Esterification
By Bohlin
Abstract:
In this experiment, an unknown alcohol underwent a Fischer Esterification reaction by reacting it with acetic acid as well as sulfuric acid catalyst. The
unknown product material was purified through distillation and characterized by analyzing an IR spectrum and determining the density of the product.
In addition, the boiling point test was performed to test for an ester. Lastly, the starting material, an unknown alcohol, was determined after finding out
the product and examining the IR spectrum for the reactant.
Procedure:
An acetate was synthesized by reacting an alcohol with acetic acid. Since the acetic acid, a carboxylic acid, is less reactive than the acetate, an ester, the
sulfuric ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The very strong peak at 1033 cm is due to a o–ch–c stretch and is diagnostic of a o–ch2–c antisymmetric stretch for primary acetates with the literature
value of 1060–1030 cm.
Also, the similarity between the database reference of Isobutyl Acetate, reference IR data graph included, and the experimental IR would also suggest
that the products are the same and suggest that the unknown reagent was Isobutyl Alcohol.
The density of the product was not able to be recorded due to spillage.
The smell had no distinguishable characteristics to be used for identification.
Based on the boiling point of the ester,119.0 C, the data suggests Isobutyl Acetate was the product and would suggest Isobutyl Alcohol as the unknown
alcohol reagent.

Based on the supporting data above it is suggested that the unknown alcohol was Isobutyl Alcohol.
References:
IR Spectra Database –

Plastic And Its Effects On The Marine Ecosystem
Plastic has become a staple, and the use of plastic products is abundant in everyday life even if it is not apparent. The production and use of
plastics has increased dramatically over the last sixty years, and a vast majority of plastic being produced is not recovered after it is used. It is clear
that much of what we have today would not be possible without plastics, but the fact that it is not biodegradable and toxic creates a product that just
takes up a vast amount of space and poisons animals. The overflow of plastic eventually makes its way into the ocean and is affecting marine life at
an alarming rate. Plastic debris pollutes oceans all over the world as it breaks down into smaller pieces and are ingested by a large range of species.
Animals exposed eat the plastic products and it causes health problems throughout the marine ecosystem. Some humans rely on these animals for food
without knowing that they have been exposed to toxic products. The smallest organisms or exposure to chemicals can wreak havoc on the human body
causing serious illness. It is clear that much of what we have today would not be possible without plastics, but the fact that plastic is not biodegradable
and toxic creates a product that takes up a vast amount of space and poisons animals. Plastics contain chemicals that can interfere with the bodies
natural functions and can cause adverse health issues if left untreated. Plastic pollution is rampant all over the globe exposing everyone

Advantages Of Recycling Plastic
Science Fair Research Paper
Zachariah Alzubi and Yosef Ismael
Best Methods of Recycling Plastics
Recycling has grown rapidly over these past few decades. Almost every single household in America has a recycling bin. You can find recycling bins
anywhere like in your school or at a dumpster nearby and I'm sure there are plenty at home. You can almost recycle anything from glass, to Styrofoam,
and especially plastic. There are many things around your house that are probably made of plastic, if you're just drinking a water bottle and you finish
it toss it in the recycling bin instead of wasting it in the garbage. You never know, you might end up using that same water bottle again in the future.
Recycling plastics doesn't only benefit the wellbeing of earth itself it also benefits consumers so they can have a wide range of products made from
plastic recycling like the utensils you eat with or any kitchen gadgets or even your dinner table at home. Recycling plastic began in 1972 in
Conshohocken, Pa. They had the first mill to accept residential plastics and began their operations there. Then in the 1980s many U.S citizens began
curbside collection programs in which they recycled plastics and other materials that could be recycled. In 1984 is where recycling really started to
expand they had topped over 100 million pounds in recycled plastic for the first time in US history and from their they continued to expand and the
number in recycled plastic increased and is still increasing

Essay about Herman Miller Business Case
Herman Miller Business Case
1. Executive summary
Herman Miller, an environmental leader in the office furniture industry that offers a wide variety of products including seating, systems furniture, filing
storage, desks, tables and health care. In 1989, the company decided to adopt a triple–bottom–line philosophy, so it established and changed company's
environmental direction by adopting "Perfect Vision" initiative that targeted zero landfill, zero hazardous, waste generation, zero air and water
emissions.
In 1997, the company decided to implement a cradle–to–cradle (C2C) protocol based on eco–effectiveness vs. eco–efficiency and Waste equals food;
which consisted of four key elements: biological and technical nutrients; ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
DfE team were evaluating three alternatives: Herman Miller to collect chairs; retailers to collect the chairs; third party company would collect them or
customer could return them directly.
3.3 Issues facing the company and/or industry * Herman Miller international market was significant. Most of Herman Miller's customers were
multi–national; therefore, tighter environmental regulations contributed to realize that the company needed to change its sustainability approach in order
to stay ahead of the industry standard. * Moving toward environmental sustainability implied to review and redesign industrial processes that would
generate less toxic pollution and deplete natural resources.
3.4 Opportunities for the company * Leader of residential, office furniture and workspace design. * One of top four suppliers in the U.S. office
furniture industry. * Company offered innovative good designed and high quality products. * Sustainability strategy was one of their competitive
advantages. * Company stay ahead of the game by setting new industry environmental standards.
3. Problem identification and analysis The company analyzed that the way their products were designed using the cradle–to–grave process released
toxic material

Bismuth Synthesis Essay
Bismuth(III) metal is relatively inert, soft and malleable. The world production of bismuth(III) is about 5000 tones per year [1]. Bismuth is seen as
the least toxic heavy metal for human being and is widely used in medical applications for its good antimicrobial properties. Bismuth(III) compounds
are used in cosmetics, pigments and a few pharmaceuticals, nearly 70% of the production being used for this purpose. Bismuth(III) compounds have
been used in medicines for more than 200 years in variety of gastrointestinal disorders, because of their demulcent properties [2]. Presently, bismuth is
used in the cosmetics industry for the preparation of creams and hair dyes, while some of its colloidal salts due to their antiseptic, astringent and diuretic
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Synergistic mixture of N–n–octylaniline and trioctylamine used for extraction and separation of bismuth(III) [8]. Literature survey revealed that
4–methyl–N–n–octylaniline [9] and N–n–hexylaniline [10] were used for the solvent extraction of bismuth(III). The metal ion in the organic phase was
stripped and determined titrimetrically. It also suffers from multiple extraction of bismuth(III) with 1622 hymine [11] in different solvents from nitric
acid, mercury, thorium and uranium interfered seriously. Many reports show that extraction of bismuth(III) is carried out by using high molecular
weight amines as liquid anion exchangers such as, 1622 hymine [11], amberlite LA–1 [12], tri–iso–octylamine [12], aliquot 336 [12], tri–n–octylamine
(TOA) [13–15], tris (2–ethylhexyl) amine [16] and C10C12 primary amines [17]. Other authors have proposed the extraction of Bismuth from acid or
highly acidic solutions of HCl, HBr, HNO3 and/or H2SO4 using Cyanex 925, Cyanex 921, 2–bromoalkanoic acid and Cyanex 302 as extractant
[18–21]. Bismuth(III) in alloy samples was determined extractive spectrophotometrically using 1–amino–4,4,6–trimethyl–(1H,4H) pyrimidine–2–thiol
[22]. Spectrophotometric and atomic absorption spectrometric methods have been developed for the determination of fluoroquinolone antibacterials by
ion–pair complex formation with bismuth(III) tetraiodide [23]. A study on bismuth(III) extraction and its separation from other elements was carried
out with triphenylarsineoxide [24]. Cyanex–925 in xylene was used for extraction separation of bismuth(III) from aqueous solution [25].
Bis–(2,4,4–trimethylpentyl) monothiophosphinic acid (cyanex 302) [26] is predominant organophosphorus extractant used for the extraction of
bismuth(III). Bismuth was extracted quantitatively with 0.05M 18–crown–6 in methylene chloride

Method For Determining Leachability Toxicity...
6.4.11 Method for Determining Leachability
пѓ Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP)
Reference: USEPA Method 1311
Apparatus:
1.Agitation apparatus: The agitation apparatus must be capable of rotating the extraction vessel in an end–over–end fashion at 30 В±2 rpm.
2.Extraction vessels: Jars or bottles with sufficient capacity to hold the sample and extraction fluid. Two liter normal capacity bottles are recommended.
The vessel type is determined by the analysis of interest.
3.Filtration devices
4.Filter holders: Any filter holder, which meets all of the following requirements. Capable of supporting a 0.6 to 0.8 Вµm glass fiber filter
membranes. Has a minimum internal volume of 300 ml (1.5 L recommended) can hold a filter of minimum size 47 mm in diameter (142 mm filter
diameter recommended). Positive pressure filtration units capable of exerting pressures of 350 KPa or more which are commonly called "Hazardous
Waste Filtration Units".
5.NOTE: If the leachate is to be analyzed for metals, the filter must be prewashed with 1 M nitric acid, rinsed with double distilled water (DDW) and
dried before use. Acid washed filters may also be used for other non–volatile extracts.
6.pH meter: Calibrated to within В± 0.05 pH units at 25В°C.
Reagents
All reagents should be of recognized analytical reagent grade.

1.Nitric Acid, 1M
2.Hydrochloric Acid, 1M
3.Sodium Hydroxide, 1M
4.Glacial Acetic Acid
Extraction Fluid
Extraction fluid No 1: Add 5.7 ml of

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