1. Open Access and Education Policy: Perspectives of a Politician
By Jörg Tauss, MP (German Bundestag)
開放近用與教育政策: 政治家的願景 / 約爾格・陶斯，德國聯邦議員
The current dominant publication practice in the academic world is out of kilter, in particular from the
point of view of science and research policy. The practice, often described as paradoxical, is as follows:
a research area, as a rule financed by public funds, generates academic results whose commercialisation
is undertaken by a scholarly publisher. The usage rights in the resulting publications are made available
to other scientific and scholarly organisations, for example libraries, which are required to pay for
them, again using public funds. The specialist publishing sector is dominated, both nationally and
internationally, by a small number of large companies whose publication and pricing policies tend to be
somewhat opaque, due to their de facto monopoly. The financial risk faced by these publishers in the
current academic production system is, to say the least, limited thanks to the dual flow of public funds
into the publication cycle. In an expert opinion delivered to the Committee on Legal Affairs of the
German Bundestag, Professor Hilty of the Max Planck Society rightly describes this situation as a
privatisation of public funds.
從科學和研究政策的角度來看，主流的學術出版實務屬於失調的狀態。這種實務是矛盾的：由
公帑資助的研究領域，產生的學術成果，被學術出版社商掌控其商品化的市場。圖書館之類的
其他科學和學術團體，還是需要以公帑支付費用給學術出版市，才能使用這些學術出版品。不
論國內或國際，專業的學術出版都有極少數的大型公司掌握，在壟斷的情況上，它們的出版和
定價政策，都是曖昧不透明的。在當前的學術生產體系裡，這些出版社從供給與需求兩方收取
公帑支付的費用，幾乎沒有財務危機。在德國聯邦議會的法律委員陳述專家意見時，普馬學會
的希爾蒂教授把這種情況描述為，公帑私有化。
Therefore, against the background of tight public-sector budgets, it is becoming increasingly difficult
for academic institutions to find the money to purchase current publications and thus to adequately
fulfil their responsibility to disseminate information. As a result, more and more libraries worldwide
are looking for alternatives, and not just for reasons of cost.
在公部門預算吃緊的風潮下，學術機構愈來愈難找到足夠的錢，購買出版物履行其散布資訊的
責任。因此，不祗是成本的關係，基於其他因素，全球的圖書館都努力尋找其他方案。
In the medium term, this situation is likely to seriously limit the effectiveness of the German and
indeed the global system of education and science. It must be the task of politicians to counter this
threat. Modern copyright law that is in line with the demands of the information and knowledge society
plays a key role here. This law must be couched in unambiguous terms that reflect the interests of
authors, and thus of science and scholarship. It is clear, from this demand, that this is not primarily a
cost-saving exercise designed to relieve public-sector budgets.
中長期來看，這局面可能嚴重限制德國乃至全球的教育和科學事業，政治家必須面對此威脅。
資訊與知識社會在當代的著作權法裡，扮演關鍵的角色。著作權法本身必須以明確的措辭，反
映作者，即科學和學術的利益。從這個觀點來看，很顯然地，修訂著作權法的目標，不是從省
錢的做法，以減輕公部門預算壓力。
The proposed amendments to German copyright law, the so-called 'second basket' of the
implementation of the EU directives currently under discussion, does not take proper account of this
dimension. At best, it can only represent a small intermediate step in view of the altered requirements
of the information and knowledge society. To date, current law favours specialist publishers, who, from
2. the point of view of education and science policy, make a contribution to added value, which, while
important, should not be exaggerated. Rather, modern copyright law, both science and research-
friendly, must look more on those generating current knowledge, and also at modern forms of
distribution.
依照歐盟指導，德國正在討論俗稱'第二籃'的著作權法修正案，沒有納入此議題。最多祗能在改
變資訊與知識社會的需求裡，將此現象納入。迄今為止，現行法律有利於專業出版社，從教育
和科學政策的角度來看，不應誇大附加價值的貢獻。相反地，對科學和研究友善的現代著作權
法，必須更重視產生當代知識與以當代媒體型式散布知識的層面。
At present, academic research findings are made available to no more than a small group, sometimes at
excessive cost. This conflicts with the demands of a knowledge society with future potential, for which
untrammelled access to information and knowledge at a proportionate cost is a precondition. The
monopolised prices currently held by international publishers are disproportionate.
目前，學術研究成果祗能提供給一小群人使用，常常花了太多的成本才能用到。祗有在適度成
本的前提下，將不受限制近用資訊和知識列為先決條件，才能消弭與知識社會未來潛能需求之
間衝突。現今由國際性出版社壟斷的價格，確實不相稱。
What is needed at this point is a paradigm shift. The principle must be that knowledge produced by
public funds is seen as public property, and is thus made available to the public comprehensively,
unimpeded and at appropriate cost. According to this principle, and irrespective of the selected means
for Open Access publication, the future will see not just the user, but indeed the actual producer of
knowledge bearing the costs in the publication and distribution chain. The Internet is a prime candidate
for the medium of dissemination of academic information, as it opens up new paths for the publication
of research results. Herein lies the great merit and value of the Open Access approach pursued by
research organisations.
現在需要的是典範轉移。基本原則是，公帑產生的知識必須視為公共財，向公眾全面公開，在
適當的費用下，不受阻礙地使用。在此原則下，以任何方式出版開放近用出版品，其費用不再
由使用者承擔，而是由實際生產知識者，承擔出版和分銷的費用。網際網路是散布學術資訊的
潛在媒體，為出版研究成果開啟新的路徑。因此，這個優點及價值就是研究機構追求開放近用
的基礎。
The sustainable concepts are obvious. It is regrettable that policymakers are once again looking to
apply outdated approaches in their second round of reforms.
這個概念的持續性，是顯而易見的。令人遺憾的是，決策者們再次以過時的辦法，加諸於第二
次的改革。
The most fundamental task for policymakers today must be to create forward-looking framework
conditions that provide an incentive for tomorrow’s knowledge society — and this must include
copyright law. Without a socalled ‘third basket’ of the implementation of the EU directives that takes
into account the concerns of education, science, scholarship and research, this cannot be achieved.
今天，決策者面臨的基本工作必須是建立前瞻性的框架條件，為明天的知識社會建立包括著作
權法在內的誘因。倘著沒有所謂'第三籃'的歐盟指導，將教育、科學、學術和研究一併納入考
量，這是無法實現的。
p.103-104
開放近用 : 機會及挑戰, http://tinyurl.com/dck7v9
Open Access : Opportunities and Challenges. A handbook [開放近用 : 機會及挑戰] / European
Commission, German Commission for UNESCO. -- Luxembourg : Office for Official Publications of
the European Communities, 2008. -- 144 p., 14.8 x 21.0 cm. -- ISBN 978-92-79-06665-8. -- EUR
3. 23459, http://tinyurl.com/3q8wo5
Open Access : Chancen und Herausforderungen : ein Handbuch. -- Bonn : Deutsche UNESCO-
Kommission, 2007. -- 136 Seiten. -- ISBN 3-927907-96-0.
http://www.unesco.de/fileadmin/medien/Dokumente/Kommunikation/Handbuch_Open_Access.pdf
![the point of view of education and science policy, make a contribution to added value, which, while
important, should not be exaggerated. Rather, modern copyright law, both science and research-
friendly, must look more on those generating current knowledge, and also at modern forms of
distribution.
依照歐盟指導，德國正在討論俗稱'第二籃'的著作權法修正案，沒有納入此議題。最多祗能在改
變資訊與知識社會的需求裡，將此現象納入。迄今為止，現行法律有利於專業出版社，從教育
和科學政策的角度來看，不應誇大附加價值的貢獻。相反地，對科學和研究友善的現代著作權
法，必須更重視產生當代知識與以當代媒體型式散布知識的層面。
At present, academic research findings are made available to no more than a small group, sometimes at
excessive cost. This conflicts with the demands of a knowledge society with future potential, for which
untrammelled access to information and knowledge at a proportionate cost is a precondition. The
monopolised prices currently held by international publishers are disproportionate.
目前，學術研究成果祗能提供給一小群人使用，常常花了太多的成本才能用到。祗有在適度成
本的前提下，將不受限制近用資訊和知識列為先決條件，才能消弭與知識社會未來潛能需求之
間衝突。現今由國際性出版社壟斷的價格，確實不相稱。
What is needed at this point is a paradigm shift. The principle must be that knowledge produced by
public funds is seen as public property, and is thus made available to the public comprehensively,
unimpeded and at appropriate cost. According to this principle, and irrespective of the selected means
for Open Access publication, the future will see not just the user, but indeed the actual producer of
knowledge bearing the costs in the publication and distribution chain. The Internet is a prime candidate
for the medium of dissemination of academic information, as it opens up new paths for the publication
of research results. Herein lies the great merit and value of the Open Access approach pursued by
research organisations.
現在需要的是典範轉移。基本原則是，公帑產生的知識必須視為公共財，向公眾全面公開，在
適當的費用下，不受阻礙地使用。在此原則下，以任何方式出版開放近用出版品，其費用不再
由使用者承擔，而是由實際生產知識者，承擔出版和分銷的費用。網際網路是散布學術資訊的
潛在媒體，為出版研究成果開啟新的路徑。因此，這個優點及價值就是研究機構追求開放近用
的基礎。
The sustainable concepts are obvious. It is regrettable that policymakers are once again looking to
apply outdated approaches in their second round of reforms.
這個概念的持續性，是顯而易見的。令人遺憾的是，決策者們再次以過時的辦法，加諸於第二
次的改革。
The most fundamental task for policymakers today must be to create forward-looking framework
conditions that provide an incentive for tomorrow’s knowledge society — and this must include
copyright law. Without a socalled ‘third basket’ of the implementation of the EU directives that takes
into account the concerns of education, science, scholarship and research, this cannot be achieved.
今天，決策者面臨的基本工作必須是建立前瞻性的框架條件，為明天的知識社會建立包括著作
權法在內的誘因。倘著沒有所謂'第三籃'的歐盟指導，將教育、科學、學術和研究一併納入考
量，這是無法實現的。
p.103-104
開放近用 : 機會及挑戰, http://tinyurl.com/dck7v9
Open Access : Opportunities and Challenges. A handbook [開放近用 : 機會及挑戰] / European
Commission, German Commission for UNESCO. -- Luxembourg : Office for Official Publications of
the European Communities, 2008. -- 144 p., 14.8 x 21.0 cm. -- ISBN 978-92-79-06665-8. -- EUR](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7)