17. Physics of echo
Sound
-Audible range 20Khz
-Medical ultrasound Megahertz range(2-15 MHz)
Advantages of imaging with ultrasound
- Directed as a beam
- Reflected from small objects
- Non-ionizing
- Less expensive
- Real time nature
20. Velocity
• Speed at which a sound wave travels through a
medium
• Determined by density and stiffness of media
-Slowest in air/gas
- Fastest in solids
• Average speed of ultrasound in body is 1540m/sec
21. Frequency
Number of cycles per second
Units are Hertz
Ultrasound imaging frequency range 2-15Mhz
22. Low the frequency, higher the
penetration and lower the resolution
Higher the frequency, lower the
penetration and higher the resolution
27. Electrical energy converted to
sound waves The sound waves are reflected by
tissues
Reflected sound waves are converted to
electrical signals and later to Image
28. Image Formation
Electrical signal produces ‘dots’ on the screen
Brightness of the dot is proportional to the strength of
the returning echoes
Location of the dot is determined by travel time
29.
30.
31. Interactions of ultrasound with tissue
• Transmission
• Reflection
• Refraction
• Scattering
• Attenuation
32. Transmission
Not all the sound wave is reflected, some continues
deeper into the body
These waves will reflect from deeper tissue
structures
33. Reflection
Occurs at a boundary between 2 adjacent tissues or
media
The amount of reflection depends on differences in
acoustic impedance (z) between media
The ultrasound image is formed from reflected
echoes
Acoustic impedance=density of medium x velocity
34. Refraction
This occurs when an ultrasound beam passes at an
angle other than 90 degrees, from one tissue into
another with change in velocity
It increase with the increasing angle of incidence
It passes deeper into the body where it gives rise to
artifacts
35.
36. Scattering
Redirection of sound in several directions
Caused by interaction with small reflector or rough
surface
Only portion of sound wave returns to transducer
37. Attenuation
The decrease in the intensity of the ultrasound wave
as they pass through tissues
• Results from absorption , reflection , scattering and
beam divergence