Diabetes is a disease where the body cannot properly produce or use insulin, resulting in high blood sugar levels. There are three main types of diabetes: type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes. Type 1 is an autoimmune disease where the body destroys the cells that produce insulin. Type 2 develops due to insulin resistance and lack of exercise and overweight/obesity often contribute to risk. Gestational diabetes only occurs during pregnancy. Symptoms vary but include excessive thirst, hunger, and urination. Treatment involves monitoring blood sugar, exercise, diet, and medications like insulin or metformin depending on the type of diabetes.

1. What is diabetes?
Diabetes is a diseasethataffects your body’s ability to produce or use insulin.Insulin isa hormone. When your
body turns the food you eat into energy (also called sugar or glucose),insulin isreleased to help transportthis
energy to the cells.Insulin actsas a “key.” Its chemical messagetells the cell to open and receive glucose.If you
produce littleor no insulin,or areinsulin resistant,too much sugar remains in your blood.Blood glucoselevels are
higher than normal for individualswith diabetes.There are two main types of diabetes: Type 1 and Type 2.
What causes diabetes?
Type 1 diabetes
Type 1 diabetes is believed to be an autoimmune condition.This means your immune system mistakenly attacks
and destroys the beta cells in your pancreas thatproduce insulin.Thedamage is permanent.
What prompts the attacks isn’tclear.There may be both genetic and environmental reasons.Lifestylefactors
aren’t thought to play a role.
Type 2 diabetes
Type 2 diabetes starts as insulin resistance.This means your body can’t use insulin efficiently.Thatstimulates your
pancreas to produce more insulin until itcan no longer keep up with demand. Insulin production decreases,which
leads to high blood sugar.
The exact causeof type 2 diabetes is unknown. Contributingfactors may include:
 genetics
 lack of exercise
 being overweight
There may also beother health factors and environmental reasons.
Gestational diabetes
Gestational diabetes is due to insulin-blockinghormones produced duringpregnancy. This type of diabetes only
occurs duringpregnancy.
What are the symptoms?
General symptoms of diabetes include:
 excessivethirstand hunger
 frequent urination
 drowsiness or fatigue
 dry, itchy skin
 blurry vision
 slow-healingwounds

2. Type 2 diabetes can causedark patches in the folds of skin in your armpits and neck. Since type 2 diabetes often
takes longer to diagnose,you may feel symptoms at the time of diagnosis,likepain or numbness in your feet.
Type 1 diabetes often develops more quickly and can causesymptoms likeweight loss or a condition called
diabetic ketoacidosis.Diabetic ketoacidosiscan occur when you have very high blood sugars,but littleor no insulin
in your body.
Symptoms of both types of diabetes can appear at any age, but general ly type 1 occurs in children and young
adults.Type 2 occurs in peopleover the age of 45. But younger people are increasingly beingdiagnosed with type
2 diabetes due to sedentary lifestyles and an increasein weight.
How are different types of diabetes treated?
No matter what type of diabetes you have, you’ll need to work closely with your doctor to keep itunder control.
The main goal is to keep blood glucoselevels within your target range. Your doctor will letyou know what your
target range should be. Targets vary with the type of diabetes, age, and presence of complications.
If you have gestational diabetes,your blood sugar targets will belower than people with other types of diabetes.
Physical activity is an importantpartof diabetes management. Ask your doctor how many minutes per week you
should devote to aerobic exercise.Diet is also crucial to good control.You’ll also need to monitor your blood
pressureand cholesterol.
Treating type 1
All people with type 1 diabetes must take insulin to live becausedamage to the pancreas is permanent. There are
different types of insulin availablewith different times of onset, peak, and duration.
Insulin isinjected justunder the skin.Your doctor will showyou how to properly injectand rotate injection s ites.
You can also usean insulin pump,which is a device worn outside your body that can be programmed to releasea
specific dose.There are now continuous blood glucosemonitors as well that check your sugar 24 hours a day.
You’ll need to monitor your blood sugar levels throughout the day. If necessary,you may also need to take
medication to control cholesterol,high blood pressure,or other complications.
Treating type 2
Type 2 diabetes is managed with diet and exercise,and can also betreated with a variety of medications to help
control blood sugar.The first-linemedication is usually metformin (Glumetza, Glucophage, Fortamet, Riomet). This
drug helps your body use insulin moreeffectively. If metformin doesn’t work, your doctor can add other
medications or try something different.
You’ll need to monitor your blood sugar levels.You may also need medications to help control blood pressure and
cholesterol.
Prevention
There’s no known prevention for type 1 diabetes.

3. You can lower your risk of type 2 diabetes if you:
 control your weight and manage your diet
 exerciseregularly
 avoid smoking,high triglycerides,and lowHDL cholesterol levels
If you had gestational diabetes or have prediabetes, these habits can delay or prevent the onset of type 2 diabetes.
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