Q1. Describe your extended self – the possessions and their attrib.docx

Q1. Describe your extended self – the possessions and their
attributes that relay your identity. Include all four (4) levels of
the extended self: individual, family, community, and group.
For each level, discuss three (3) possessions to include each
possession’s attributes and explain what that possession means
to you and/or expresses about you. Your Activity responses
should be both grammatically and mechanically correct, and
formatted in the same fashion as the Activity itself. If there is a
Part A, your response should identify a Part A, etc. In addition,
you must appropriately cite all resources used in your response
and document in a bibliography using APA style. (A 3-page
response is required.)
Q2. Plan separate advertising executions for a cosmetics
product that targets the Believer, Achiever, Experiencer, and
MakerVALS2 types. How would the basic appeal differ for each
group? Describe. (A 1½-page response is required.)
1968
Paul Ehrlich publishes
The Population Bomb
David Lam, How the world survived the population bomb,
University of Michigan Population Studies Center, 2011
The concerns of the sixties are typified by Paul Ehrlich’s 1968
book The Population Bomb. The words on this cover,
“Population control or race to oblivion,” give a sense of the
book’s alarmist tone. There were many other books that
sounded the alarm about population growth, though The
Population Bomb continues to be the best known and is

estimated to have sold 3 million copies.
Photo source:
http://www.ilkahartmann.com/members/jbrave/phototext.nsf/ima
ges/993D4B8B184511E888256FD4002CD147
*
“The world, especially the developing world, is rapidly running
out of food…. In fact, the battle to feed humanity is already
lost, in the sense that we will not be able to prevent large-scale
famines in the next decade or so.”
- Paul Ehrlich, The Population Bomb, 1968
Urbanization of the
World’s Population
“Urbanized societies, in which a majority of the people live
crowded together in towns and cities, represent a new and
fundamental step in man’s social evolution.”
Kingsley Davis
Urbanization of the
World’s Population
“The large and dense agglomerations comprising the urban

population involve a degree of human contact and of social
complexity never before known.”
Kingsley Davis
More and more people are living in urban areas
DeStefano et al (2005)
*
63.pdf
European Urban Research
in Global Context
Robin Hambleton
Dean
College of Urban Planning and Public Affairs,
University of Illinois at Chicago
Presentation to the European Urban Research Association
(EURA) Conference, Warsaw, Poland
11-13 May 2006

in Global Context
• Prelude: Positive Urban Images
• Part 1: Global Urban Trends
• Part 2: Urban Challenges – Pointers for Research
• Part 3: Exploring the Nature of Urban Research
Positive Urban Images
Bombay (Mumbai)
Berlin
Sources: Mumbai in Pictures:
http://www.cs.utah.edu/~suyash/Images/Mumbai/Mumbai.ht
ml; Berlin Tourism Site: http://www.berlin.de
http://www.berlin.de

Chicago
London
Sources: Getty Images
/
Melbourne
Milan
Sao Paulo
Shanghai
Sources: Estação Metrópole;
http://www.estacaometropole.bravehost.com/ and Getty
Images
http://www.estacaometropole.bravehost.com

Tokyo
Warsaw
Sources: Explore Japan: http://www.jnto.go.jp/eng/
and City of Warsaw Official Website ‘E-Warsaw’
http://www.e-warsaw.pl/
http://www.jnto.go.jp/eng
http://www.e-warsaw.pl
Global Urban Trends
World Population Growth
• Total world population is projected to grow from
2.5 billion in 1950 to 8.2 billion in 2030.
0
1
2
3

4
5
6
7
8
9
19
50
19
55
19
60
19
65
19
70
19
75
19
80
19
85

19
90
19
95
20
00
20
05
20
10
20
15
20
20
20
25
20
30
W
or
ld
P
op
u

la
tio
n
(b
ill
io
n
s)
2.5 billion
6.5 billion
8.2 billion
Total Population
Source: United Nations World Urbanization Prospects,
http://esa.un.org/unup/
1
http://esa.un.org/unup
The world goes urban in 2007
• In 2007, for the first time ever, more people will

live in urban areas than in rural areas.
0
1
2
3
4
19
50
19
55
19
60
19
65
19
70
19
75
19
80
19
85

19
90
19
95
20
00
20
05
20
10
W
o
rld
P
o
p
u
la
tio
n
(b
ill
io
n

s)
Rural
Urban1.8 billion
0.7 billion
3.5 billion urban in 2010
3.3 billion rural in 2010
2
0
1
2
3
4
5
6

7
8
9
19
50
19
55
19
60
19
65
19
70
19
75
19
80
19
85
19
90
19
95

20
00
20
05
20
10
20
15
20
20
20
25
20
30
W
or
ld
P
op
ul
at
io
n
(b

ill
io
ns
)
Total Population
Rural
Urban
The future is largely urban
• By 2030, there will be 5 billion people living in
urban areas (61% of the estimated world
population of 8.2 billion).
8.2 billion
5.0 billion
3.2 billion
3

64
51
29
17
61
55
87
80
0
20
40
60
80
100
World Europe North America Asia
U
rb
an
P
op
ul

at
io
n
(%
)
1950 1975 2000 2015 2030
Urbanized populations by
continent
• The population is urbanizing at different rates in different
continents
4
Country population projections
• Projections for 2000 – 2050 suggest some countries will
grow at a spectacular rate, while some will actually decline.

5
1 India 572 1 Russian Federation - 35
2 Pakistan 162 2 Ukraine - 23
3 Nigeria 141 3 Japan - 15
4 Congo 127 4 Italy - 7
5 China 118 5 Poland - 7
6 Bangladesh 114 6 Romania - 5
7 USA 111 7 Germany - 4
8 Uganda 103 8 Belarus - 3
9 Ethiopia 102 9 Bulgaria - 3
Population increase (top nine) Population decline (top nine)
Population change 2000-2050 (millions)
Largest urban agglomerations
• Some of the biggest mega-cities used to be in Europe
• But not anymore…
6
1 New York 12.3 1 Tokyo 36.2
2 London 8.7 2 Mumbai (Bombay) 22.6

3 Tokyo 6.9 3 Delhi 20.9
4 Paris 5.4 4 Mexico City 20.6
5 Moscow 5.4 5 São Paulo 20.0
6 Shanghai 5.3 6 New York 19.7
7 Rhine-Ruhr North 5.2 7 Dhaka 17.9
8 Buenos Aires 5.0 8 Jakarta 17.5
9 Chicago 4.9 9 Lagos 17.0
10 Calcutta 4.4 10 Calcutta 16.8
1950 (population, millions) 2015 (population, millions)
World urban population (%): 1950
Source: Data from United Nations, World Urbanization
Prospects, 2001 Revision (New York: United
Nations Population Division, 2002), www.unpopulation.org.
Brunn et al (2003).
7
http://www.unpopulation.org

Brunn et al (2003).
8
Brunn et al (2003).
9
Urban Challenges –
Pointers for Research
The big picture
• The world is both globalizing and urbanizing
• Economic functions of cities and city regions are
changing rapidly: growth of the ‘knowledge economy’

• Horizontal connectivity aided by new information and
communication technologies in transforming societies
• New opportunities arise in a ‘flat world’*
• But there is great danger of a growing ‘digital divide’
*Thomas L. Friedman (2005) The World is Flat. New York:
Farrar, Straus and Giroux
10
Globalization and
uneven development
‘Cities present some of the starkest…contrasts:
homeless people living in cardboard boxes, next
to skyscrapers…; growing gaps between
[salaries and housing costs]…; enormous levels
of consumption alongside great pyramids of
waste…; and hitherto unseen patterns of
segregation…’
Kofi A. Annan, Secretary-General, United Nations, 2001
Source: United Nations Center for Human Settlements (Habitat)
(2001) Cities in a
globalizing world. London: Earthscan Publications
11
Mapping the challenges
• Caution – cities and localities vary

• Overarching challenge – creating sustainable
cities and city regions
• Cross-cutting themes:
1) Economic restructuring
2) Social needs
3) Urban environmentalism
4) City leadership, management and local democracy
5) Intergovernmental relations
12
Source: Themes reflect papers submitted to the City Futures
International Conference, 2004:
www.uic.edu/cuppa/cityfutures
http://www.uic.edu/cuppa/cityfutures
Theme 1) Economic restructuring
• Re-examining theories of economic development
• From manufacturing to services
• Impact of information and communication
technologies

• Changing role of human and social capital
• Significance of the ‘creative class’
• Challenge of the ‘dual labour market’ and the
‘digital divide’
• City as an entertainment machine
13
Theme 2) Social needs
• Affordable housing
• Access to jobs
• Transport to serve all residents
• Settlement patterns: geographical segregation
• Urban education
• Urban health
• Crime, policing and community safety
• Embracing the multi-cultural city
14
Theme 3) Urban environmentalism
• City planning for unprecedented rapid urban
growth in some continents
• Urban transport – the access/environment
tradeoff

• Energy demands and consumption
• Water supply and sanitation
• Mixed use urban development
• Urban design and green buildings
• Balancing mega-projects and neighborhood
renewal
15
Theme 4) City leadership,
management and local democracy
• Innovation in city leadership
• Rethinking the roles of politicians and officers
• Comparing approaches to metropolitan
governance
• Enhancing the legitimacy of government through
participation
• Hearing all voices and overcoming gender, class
and ethno-religious divides
• Improving public/private collaboration
• A new role for city regions?
16
Theme 5) Intergovernmental relations
• Multi-level governance to improve
competitiveness and social cohesion

• Roles and relationships – from supranational to
neighborhood
• Intergovernmental fiscal flows
• Powers of local authorities in relation to tax
raising and local action
• Revitalizing democratic accountability at all
levels
• New roles for city regions and neighborhoods
17
Exploring the
Nature of Urban Research
The meaning of ‘urban’
• A term used to describe towns and cities
• Used here to refer to cities, metropolitan
areas, and city regions
• ‘Urban’ can also be used to describe a
‘way of life’ which may exist beyond the
boundaries of urban areas*
*Louis Wirth (1938) Urbanism as a way of life. American
Journal of Sociology, 44:1-24, July 1938.

18
Traditional definition of research:
‘Original investigation undertaken to gain knowledge
and understanding.’*
Research: the traditional model
*UK Research Assessment Exercise. RAE 01/2005. Annex B.
19
Ask
questions
Advance
knowledge
Research
Traditional research process
20
Ask new
questions
Advance
knowledge
Research
• Advances in knowledge often raise new

questions requiring further research
Social scientific research and
the city
• Research on the city
• Research for the city
• Interdisciplinary study to enlighten policy
21
Source: Murray Stewart (ed) (1972) The City: Problems of
Planning. London: Penguin
Engaged urban research:
features
• Partnership with urban stakeholders
• Multi-disciplinary
• Lesson drawing for policy and practice
• Strong emphasis on dissemination and
policy impact
22
23

‘Original investigation undertaken to gain knowledge and
understanding and influence policy and practice.’
Ask
questions
Advance
knowledge
Urban
research
Draw
lessons
Engaged urban research process
The changing role of the
university
• The traditional ‘European’ model of
research and teaching
• The US Land Grant university – research,
teaching and service (Morrill Act, 1862)
• The modern urban university – research,
teaching, engaged scholarship and a
contribution to community leadership
24

The redefinition of scholarship
• The scholarship of discovery
• The scholarship of integration
• The scholarship of application
• The scholarship of teaching
Source: Ernest L. Boyer (1990) Scholarship reconsidered.
Priorities of the professoriate. New Jersey:
Carnegie Foundation
25
The triangle of engaged
scholarship
Policy and
Practice
Research Education
Source: Robin Hambleton (2006) Rethinking the role of the
modern urban university – insights from the
USA. Milan: Politecnico di Milano
26

Implications for urban research
• Scale of global changes requires a rapid
expansion of engaged urban research
• New alliances need to be formed at an
international level among universities,
governments and cities
• European urban researchers should build
bridges with scholars in other continents
• The European Urban Research Association
(EURA) should receive ‘core funding’ from the
EC to promote comparative urban research
27
A skills agenda for urban
research
• Important to advance the field of comparative
urban studies
• Universities should value the four dimensions of
scholarship identified by Boyer
• Crucial for urban researchers to become more
skilled in engaged research including:
– Comparative methods
– Negotiating access/understandings
– Lesson drawing
– Dissemination

28
Further information
Sources: websites
– United Nations World Urbanization Prospects
– European Urban Knowledge Network (EUKN)
http://www.eukn.org
– College of Urban Planning and Public Affairs
(CUPPA) City Futures International Conference
http://tigger.uic.edu/cuppa/cityfutures/
29
http://www.eukn.org
http://www.eukn.org
http://www.eukn.org
http://www.eukn.org
http://tigger.uic.edu/cuppa/cityfutures

Further information
Sources: published
– Ernest L. Boyer (1990) Scholarship reconsidered. Priorities of
the
professoriate. New Jersey: Carnegie Foundation
– Stanley D. Brunn, Jack Williams and Donald J Zeigler (eds)
(2003)
Cities of the World. New York: Rowman and Littlefield.
– Thomas L. Friedman (2005) The World is Flat. New York:
Farrar,
Strauss and Giroux
– Robin Hambleton, H.V. Savitch and M. Stewart (eds) (2003)
Globalism
and local democracy. Basingstoke: Palgrave
– Murray Stewart (ed) (1972) The City: Problems of planning.
London:
Penguin
– United Nations Center for Human Settlements (Habitat)
(2001) Cities in
a globalizing world. London: Earthscan
30
Acknowledgements
Special thanks to ChaNell Marshall and
Karla Walter, Research Assistants at
CUPPA, for their help in preparing this

presentation.
CUPPA website: www.uic.edu/cuppa
College of Urban Planning and Public Affairs
31
http://www.uic.edu/cuppa
Urbanization of the World’s PopulationWhat are the factors that
determine population growth in cities?
1) Birth rate2) Death rate3) Rural-to-urban migration and/or
Immigration
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006
*
How Many Millions of People Live in the
World’s Largest Megacities?
Megalopolis
Illustrates the difference between strict city proper definitions
and broader urban agglomerations.

Norman Borlaug, “Father of the Green Revolution” 1970 Nobel
Peace Prize Winner
Discovered ho to breed wheat that was disease resistant and that
would grow in difficult environments.
There is no better poster boy for innovation for this address
than Norman Borlaug, the American agronomist considered to
be the Father of the Green Revolution, winner of the Nobel
Peace Prize in 1970. Borlaug did research at the International
Wheat Improvement Program in Mexico in the sixties, taking
his newly developed varieties to India and Pakistan beginning in
1965.
*
Julian Simon
If we’re going to talk about population and resource prices it
makes sense to bring in Julian Simon. Simon, who died in
1998, regularly attended PAA when I started attending in the
early eighties. He was a bit of a gadfly, always taking
provocative positions, and he certainly had an impact on the
population-resource debate.
Click
Simon’s 1981 book, The Ultimate Resource, was filled with
graphs of things like the price of coal and the price of copper
over time, as far back as he could find data. The overall pattern
was of falling prices, though with lots of short-term volatility.
On the cover of this second edition it says “Every trend in
material welfare has been improving – and promises to do so,

indefinitely.” You can’t get much more optimistic than that.
Simon is certainly the poster boy for optimism about the
world’s ability to survive the population bomb. “The Ultimate
Resource” of the book’s title is human ingenuity, which Simon
argued is never in short supply and always comes up with
solutions to the pressures created by population growth.
Simon’s book included predictions that were in many ways
more audacious than the predictions made by Paul Ehrlich and
Lester Brown about food shortages.
Photo source:
http://studentsforliberty.org/news/the-little-guide-to-julian-
simon/
*
Los Angeles
Bombay
Chicago
Melbourne
Sao Paulo

Tokyo
New York
Millions of Discarded Tires in a Dump in Colorado, U.S.
*
Discarded Solid Waste Litters Beaches
*
Leaking Barrels of Toxic Waste at a Superfund Site in the U.S.
*
Effects of Acid Rain

Acid deposition destroys structures and living organisms
© 2006 Population Reference Bureau
The ecological footprint dvdJourney to planet earth
1960
World population reached 3 billion

Time Magazine
January 1960
David Lam, How the world survived the population bomb,
University of Michigan Population Studies Center, 2011
In 1960 world population reached 3 billion. This was a big deal
at the time, as indicated by this Time Magazine cover from
January 1960. As Time pointed out, the increase from 2 billion
to 3 billion took only 30 years, a very short period by historical
standards. The previous billion was added in about 150 years,
while the billion before that took from the beginning of the
human race.
*
“The world, especially the developing world, is rapidly running
out of food…. In fact, the battle to feed humanity is already
lost, in the sense that we will not be able to prevent large-scale
famines in the next decade or so.”
- Paul Ehrlich, The Population Bomb, 1968
Tool-making, agriculture, and industrialization each enabled
humans to sustain greater populations.
Figure 7.5
Technology Innovation
Norman Borlaug, “Father of the Green Revolution” 1970 Nobel
Peace Prize Winner

Discovered how to breed wheat that was disease resistant and
that would grow in difficult environments.
There is no better poster boy for innovation for this address
than Norman Borlaug, the American agronomist considered to
be the Father of the Green Revolution, winner of the Nobel
Peace Prize in 1970. Borlaug did research at the International
Wheat Improvement Program in Mexico in the sixties, taking
his newly developed varieties to India and Pakistan beginning in
1965.
*
Los Angeles
Bombay
Chicago
London

Milan
Melbourne
Sao Paulo
Tokyo
New York
Boston
12.pdf

in Global Context
Robin Hambleton
Dean
College of Urban Planning and Public Affairs,
Presentation to the European Urban Research Association
(EURA) Conference, Warsaw, Poland
11-13 May 2006
in Global Context
• Prelude: Positive Urban Images
• Part 1: Global Urban Trends
• Part 2: Urban Challenges – Pointers for Research
• Part 3: Exploring the Nature of Urban Research
Positive Urban Images
Bombay (Mumbai)
Berlin
Sources: Mumbai in Pictures:

ml; Berlin Tourism Site: http://www.berlin.de
Chicago
London
/
Melbourne
Milan

Sao Paulo
Shanghai
Sources: Estação Metrópole;
http://www.estacaometropole.bravehost.com/ and Getty
Images
Tokyo
Warsaw
Sources: Explore Japan: http://www.jnto.go.jp/eng/
and City of Warsaw Official Website ‘E-Warsaw’
http://www.e-warsaw.pl/
Global Urban Trends

World Population Growth
• Total world population is projected to grow from
2.5 billion in 1950 to 8.2 billion in 2030.
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
19
50
19
55
19
60

19
65
19
70
19
75
19
80
19
85
19
90
19
95
20
00
20
05
20
10
20
15
20
20

20
25
20
30
W
or
ld
P
op
u
la
tio
n
(b
ill
io
n
s)
2.5 billion
6.5 billion
8.2 billion
Total Population

1
The world goes urban in 2007
• In 2007, for the first time ever, more people will
live in urban areas than in rural areas.
0
1
2
3
4
19
50
19
55
19
60

19
65
19
70
19
75
19
80
19
85
19
90
19
95
20
00
20
05
20
10
W
o
rld
P

o
p
u
la
tio
n
(b
ill
io
n
s)
Rural
Urban1.8 billion
0.7 billion
3.5 billion urban in 2010
3.3 billion rural in 2010
2

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
19
50
19
55
19
60
19
65
19
70

19
75
19
80
19
85
19
90
19
95
20
00
20
05
20
10
20
15
20
20
20
25
20
30

W
or
ld
P
op
ul
at
io
n
(b
ill
io
ns
)
Total Population
Rural
Urban
The future is largely urban
• By 2030, there will be 5 billion people living in
urban areas (61% of the estimated world
population of 8.2 billion).
8.2 billion

5.0 billion
3.2 billion
3
64
51
29
17
61
55
87
80
0
20
40
60

80
100
World Europe North America Asia
U
rb
an
P
op
ul
at
io
n
(%
)
1950 1975 2000 2015 2030
Urbanized populations by
continent
• The population is urbanizing at different rates in different
continents
4

Country population projections
• Projections for 2000 – 2050 suggest some countries will
grow at a spectacular rate, while some will actually decline.
5
1 India 572 1 Russian Federation - 35
2 Pakistan 162 2 Ukraine - 23
3 Nigeria 141 3 Japan - 15
4 Congo 127 4 Italy - 7
5 China 118 5 Poland - 7
6 Bangladesh 114 6 Romania - 5
7 USA 111 7 Germany - 4
8 Uganda 103 8 Belarus - 3
9 Ethiopia 102 9 Bulgaria - 3
Population increase (top nine) Population decline (top nine)
Population change 2000-2050 (millions)

Largest urban agglomerations
• Some of the biggest mega-cities used to be in Europe
• But not anymore…
6
1 New York 12.3 1 Tokyo 36.2
2 London 8.7 2 Mumbai (Bombay) 22.6
3 Tokyo 6.9 3 Delhi 20.9
4 Paris 5.4 4 Mexico City 20.6
5 Moscow 5.4 5 São Paulo 20.0
6 Shanghai 5.3 6 New York 19.7
7 Rhine-Ruhr North 5.2 7 Dhaka 17.9
8 Buenos Aires 5.0 8 Jakarta 17.5
9 Chicago 4.9 9 Lagos 17.0
10 Calcutta 4.4 10 Calcutta 16.8
1950 (population, millions) 2015 (population, millions)

Brunn et al (2003).
7
Brunn et al (2003).
8
Brunn et al (2003).
9

Urban Challenges –
Pointers for Research
The big picture
• The world is both globalizing and urbanizing
• Economic functions of cities and city regions are
changing rapidly: growth of the ‘knowledge economy’
• Horizontal connectivity aided by new information and
communication technologies in transforming societies
• New opportunities arise in a ‘flat world’*
• But there is great danger of a growing ‘digital divide’
*Thomas L. Friedman (2005) The World is Flat. New York:
Farrar, Straus and Giroux
10
Globalization and
uneven development
‘Cities present some of the starkest…contrasts:
homeless people living in cardboard boxes, next
to skyscrapers…; growing gaps between
[salaries and housing costs]…; enormous levels
of consumption alongside great pyramids of

waste…; and hitherto unseen patterns of
segregation…’
Kofi A. Annan, Secretary-General, United Nations, 2001
Source: United Nations Center for Human Settlements (Habitat)
(2001) Cities in a
globalizing world. London: Earthscan Publications
11
Mapping the challenges
• Caution – cities and localities vary
• Overarching challenge – creating sustainable
cities and city regions
• Cross-cutting themes:
1) Economic restructuring
2) Social needs
3) Urban environmentalism
4) City leadership, management and local democracy
5) Intergovernmental relations
12
Source: Themes reflect papers submitted to the City Futures
International Conference, 2004:
www.uic.edu/cuppa/cityfutures

Theme 1) Economic restructuring
• Re-examining theories of economic development
• From manufacturing to services
• Impact of information and communication
technologies
• Changing role of human and social capital
• Significance of the ‘creative class’
• Challenge of the ‘dual labour market’ and the
‘digital divide’
• City as an entertainment machine
13
Theme 2) Social needs
• Affordable housing
• Access to jobs
• Transport to serve all residents
• Settlement patterns: geographical segregation
• Urban education
• Urban health

• Crime, policing and community safety
• Embracing the multi-cultural city
14
Theme 3) Urban environmentalism
• City planning for unprecedented rapid urban
growth in some continents
• Urban transport – the access/environment
tradeoff
• Energy demands and consumption
• Water supply and sanitation
• Mixed use urban development
• Urban design and green buildings
• Balancing mega-projects and neighborhood
renewal
15
Theme 4) City leadership,
management and local democracy
• Innovation in city leadership
• Rethinking the roles of politicians and officers
• Comparing approaches to metropolitan
governance
• Enhancing the legitimacy of government through

participation
• Hearing all voices and overcoming gender, class
and ethno-religious divides
• Improving public/private collaboration
• A new role for city regions?
16
Theme 5) Intergovernmental relations
• Multi-level governance to improve
competitiveness and social cohesion
• Roles and relationships – from supranational to
neighborhood
• Intergovernmental fiscal flows
• Powers of local authorities in relation to tax
raising and local action
• Revitalizing democratic accountability at all
levels
• New roles for city regions and neighborhoods
17
Exploring the
Nature of Urban Research

The meaning of ‘urban’
• A term used to describe towns and cities
• Used here to refer to cities, metropolitan
areas, and city regions
• ‘Urban’ can also be used to describe a
‘way of life’ which may exist beyond the
boundaries of urban areas*
*Louis Wirth (1938) Urbanism as a way of life. American
Journal of Sociology, 44:1-24, July 1938.
18
Traditional definition of research:
‘Original investigation undertaken to gain knowledge
and understanding.’*
Research: the traditional model
*UK Research Assessment Exercise. RAE 01/2005. Annex B.
19
Ask
questions
Advance
knowledge
Research

Traditional research process
20
Ask new
questions
Advance
knowledge
Research
• Advances in knowledge often raise new
questions requiring further research
Social scientific research and
the city
• Research on the city
• Research for the city
• Interdisciplinary study to enlighten policy
21
Source: Murray Stewart (ed) (1972) The City: Problems of
Planning. London: Penguin

features
• Partnership with urban stakeholders
• Multi-disciplinary
• Lesson drawing for policy and practice
• Strong emphasis on dissemination and
policy impact
22
23
‘Original investigation undertaken to gain knowledge and
understanding and influence policy and practice.’
Ask
questions
Advance
knowledge
Urban
research
Draw
lessons
Engaged urban research process

The changing role of the
university
• The traditional ‘European’ model of
research and teaching
• The US Land Grant university – research,
teaching and service (Morrill Act, 1862)
• The modern urban university – research,
teaching, engaged scholarship and a
contribution to community leadership
24
The redefinition of scholarship
• The scholarship of discovery
• The scholarship of integration
• The scholarship of application
• The scholarship of teaching
Source: Ernest L. Boyer (1990) Scholarship reconsidered.
Priorities of the professoriate. New Jersey:
Carnegie Foundation
25

The triangle of engaged
scholarship
Policy and
Practice
Research Education
Source: Robin Hambleton (2006) Rethinking the role of the
modern urban university – insights from the
USA. Milan: Politecnico di Milano
26
Implications for urban research
• Scale of global changes requires a rapid
expansion of engaged urban research
• New alliances need to be formed at an
international level among universities,
governments and cities
• European urban researchers should build
bridges with scholars in other continents
• The European Urban Research Association
(EURA) should receive ‘core funding’ from the
EC to promote comparative urban research
27

A skills agenda for urban
research
• Important to advance the field of comparative
urban studies
• Universities should value the four dimensions of
scholarship identified by Boyer
• Crucial for urban researchers to become more
skilled in engaged research including:
– Comparative methods
– Negotiating access/understandings
– Lesson drawing
– Dissemination
28
Further information
Sources: websites
– United Nations World Urbanization Prospects
– European Urban Knowledge Network (EUKN)
http://www.eukn.org
– College of Urban Planning and Public Affairs
(CUPPA) City Futures International Conference
http://tigger.uic.edu/cuppa/cityfutures/
29

http://www.eukn.org
http://www.eukn.org
http://www.eukn.org
http://www.eukn.org
Further information
Sources: published
– Ernest L. Boyer (1990) Scholarship reconsidered. Priorities of
the
professoriate. New Jersey: Carnegie Foundation
– Stanley D. Brunn, Jack Williams and Donald J Zeigler (eds)
(2003)
Cities of the World. New York: Rowman and Littlefield.
– Thomas L. Friedman (2005) The World is Flat. New York:
Farrar,
Strauss and Giroux
– Robin Hambleton, H.V. Savitch and M. Stewart (eds) (2003)
Globalism
and local democracy. Basingstoke: Palgrave
– Murray Stewart (ed) (1972) The City: Problems of planning.

London:
Penguin
– United Nations Center for Human Settlements (Habitat)
(2001) Cities in
a globalizing world. London: Earthscan
30
Acknowledgements
Special thanks to ChaNell Marshall and
Karla Walter, Research Assistants at
CUPPA, for their help in preparing this
presentation.
CUPPA website: www.uic.edu/cuppa
College of Urban Planning and Public Affairs
31
“Urbanized societies, in which a majority of the people live
crowded together in towns and cities, represent a new and

fundamental step in man’s [and woman’s] social evolution.”
Kingsley Davis
How Many Millions of People Live in the
World’s Largest Megacities?
Water
625,000 tonnes
Fuel
9,500 tonnes
Food
2,000 tonnes
Daily Inputs
U.S. city of 1 million people
Daily Outputs
Air pollutants
950 tonnes
Rubbish
9,500
tonnes
Sewage
500,000
tonnes
13.bin

The wealth gap
The richest 20% of the world’s population consumes 86% of its
resources, and has 80 times the income of the poorest 20%.
Figure 7.25
Millions of Discarded Tires in a Dump in Colorado, U.S.
*
Discarded Solid Waste Litters Beaches
*
Leaking Barrels of Toxic Waste at a Superfund Site in the U.S.

*
We will add nearly 6 million people by 2030,
an increase of 36 percent from 2000
the equivalent of two cities the size of Chicago
*

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